scholarly journals A Lesson for Covidiots1,2 About Some Contact Induced Borrowing of American English Morphological Processes Into Dutch

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camiel Hamans
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Morphological Processes

Abstract This paper discusses morphological borrowing from American-English to Dutch. Three processes of non-morphemic word formation are studied: embellished clipping (Afro from African), libfixing (extracting segments from opaque wordforms such -topia from utopia and -(po)calypse from apocalypse) and blending (stagflation < stagnation + inflation). It will be shown that the borrowing of these processes started with borrowing of English lexical material followed by a process of reinterpretation, which subsequently led to the (re-)introduction of the processes in Dutch. Therefore, the traditional distinction between MAT and PAT borrowing turns out to be inadequate. Instead of a clear-cut difference between lexical and morphological borrowing a borrowing cline will be proposed. The respective ends of this cline are MAT and PAT.

WORD FORMATION OF MESSAGING APPLICATIONS FOUND IN PLAY STORE

Lire Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-109
Author(s):  
Giyatmi - Giyatmi ◽  
Sihindun Arumi ◽  
Mas Sulis Setiyono
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Reduction ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Data Display ◽  
Front Part ◽  
The Real ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Blending Process ◽  
Everyday Communication

This study aims at describing the process of word-formation used on messaging applications found in the Play Store. This is descriptive qualitative research. The data are messaging applications written in English and in the form of words. To collect the data, the researchers use observation. The analysis data consists of three steps namely data reduction, data display, and verification. There are 56 data found. There are 6 types of word formations; Affixation (4 data), compounding (15 data), blending (4 data), coinage (8 data), clipping (4 data), reduplication (1 data). However, there are 20 messaging applications that cannot be classified into the type of word formation such as Path, Line, Lemon, etc. They are simple words that have already existed in English and have been used in everyday communication. Meanwhile, nowadays they are used as a name of messaging applications and have different meanings as the real meaning. The suffixes used in the affixation process are –er, -ous, -ster. There are 6 formations of compounding used in the messaging application such as N+N, V+V, N+V, V+N, Adv. + Prep. There are 3 ways of blending process such as taking the whole part of the first word and taking the first syllable of the second, taking the first syllable of the first word and taking the whole part of the second word, taking two syllables from the front part of the first word and taking the last syllable of the second word. Coinage consists of the name of the company and the name of the product. There are two types of clipping found namely fore-clipping and back-clipping. Reduplication happens when there is a copying of the partial part of the word. Apparently, there are morphological processes used in life such as word formation to name the messaging application.

scholarly journals Beyond plain and extra-grammatical morphology: echo-pairs in Hungarian

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marton Soskuthy ◽  
Peter Racz
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Special Function ◽  
Pair Formation ◽  
Context Model ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Grammatical Morphology ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Online Texts ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Large Corpus

This paper presents an investigation of echo-pairs in Hungarian. Echo- pairs are formed by duplicating a base with an altered initial consonant and have diminutive, playful or intimate connotations (e.g. cica `cat' &gt; cica-mica `cat.DIM'). Echo-pairs are commonly seen as an example of extra-grammatical morphology in the literature. Our goal in looking at this phenomenon is to gain a better understanding of the morphological mechanisms underlying extra-grammatical phenomena and shed new light on the distinction between plain and extra-grammatical morphology. We analyse data from (i) a collection of echo-pairs extracted from a large corpus of online texts and (ii) a large-scale online nonce-word experiment with close to 1,500 participants. Our results reveal two key phonological patterns in the data and some additional systematic variation across words and experimental stimuli. We compare two different models of morphology, the Minimal Generalisation Learner and the Generalised Context Model in terms of their ability to capture this variation. We find that echo-pair formation is best captured by lexicon-oriented models like the Generalised Context Model, but only when they rely on a structured similarity metric that encodes broader generalisations about the data. Our results do not support a clear-cut distinction between extra-grammatical and plain morphological processes, and we suggest that some of the peculiar characteristics of extra-grammatical phenomena such as echo-pair formation may simply follow from their special function and the limited set of contexts they appear in.

Innovation on screen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Reichelt
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
American English ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Character Analysis ◽  
Buffy The Vampire Slayer

Abstract This study explores marked affixation as a possible cue for characterization in scripted television dialogue. The data used here is the newly compiled TV Corpus, which encompasses over 265 million words in its North American English context. An initial corpus-based analysis quantifies the innovative use of affixes in word-formation processes across the corpus to allow for comparison with a following character analysis, which investigates how derivational word-formation supports characterization patterns within a specific series, Buffy the Vampire Slayer. For this, a list of productive prefixes (e.g. de-, un-) and suffixes (e.g. -y, -ish) is used to elicit relevant contexts. The study thus combines two approaches to word-formation processes in scripted contexts. On a large scale, it shows how derivational neologisms are spread across TV dialogue and on a much smaller scale, it highlights particular instances where these neologisms are used to aid character construction.

Building the evidence

2019 ◽  
pp. 62-92
Author(s):  
Marilyn May Vihman
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Word Use ◽  
Production Analysis ◽  
Prosodic Structures ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter presents data from six children learning American English at two developmental points: first word use and the end of the single-word period, when templates typically first begin to be identifiable. The chapter lays out procedures for identifying prosodic structures and variants and also consonant inventories, which give insight into the child’s resources for word production. Analysis of the most frequently used prosodic structures is followed by an analysis of each child’s data to permit template identification, based primarily on high proportionate use and adaptation. A developmental comparison of the two data sets shows continued reliance, by all the children, on the default or simplest CV structure, but advances in use of one- and two-syllable structures with codas. Consonant variegation is found to be the single greatest challenge for early word formation.

scholarly journals ADJECTIVE REDUPLICATION IN TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita ◽  
Robert Sibarani
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Toba Batak

This paper aims at exploring adjective reduplication in Toba Batak language. The major issue in this descriptive microlinguistic study is the formations of adjective reduplication. There are some urgent points under discussion, namely, the identification of the morpheme that form the formation of the adjective reduplication, the morphological processes of the word formation, and the meaning emerged as the result of the morphological processes. The result of the analysis shows that there are five types of adjective reduplication in Toba Batak language, they are, (1) full adjective reduplication, (2) partial adjective reduplication with prefix mar- and um-, (3) partial adjective reduplication with infix –um-, (4) partial adjective reduplication with suffix –an, -hian, and –an, and (5) partial adjective reduplication with marsi-i, ha-assa, ma-hu, pa-hu, sa-na, and um-hian. The meanings of the adjective reduplication can be grouped into eight, namely, (1) refers to the basic meaning of the base adjective, (2) in the condition as mentioned in the base adjective, (3) has the characteristic as mentioned in the base adjective, (4) shows degree of comparison, (5) shows differences, (6) shows that something or some one is just so so .... as mentioned in the base adjective, (7) shows that something or some one is too ..., and (8) expresses superlative degree about something or some one.

scholarly journals Deverbal Nominals in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
New Words ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Deverbal Nominals ◽  
Modified Theory ◽  
Phonological Rules

This paper aims at exploring deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language from the view point of generative transformational study. The theory of generative morphology has predictive power to generate new words. Considering the particular rules of word formation in Toba Batak language, Halle’s theory is modified to be adjusted to Toba Batak morphological system. Two new integrated components, Orthographic and Phonological Rules are added between Halle’s Filter and Dictionary. Therefore, there are six components of sets of generative transformational rules as modified theory in this study, i.e. List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, Orthographic Rules, Phonological Rules, and Dictionary. Data analyses were done using modified theory but they refer to Halle’s model as the main theory. This research applied descriptive qualitative method. The data were obtained by using observation methods and their techniques and interlocution method and its techniques. The collected data are voice-recordings and writings. The research findings comprise that deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language are done by attaching: (1) prefix [par-], (2) prefix [paN-], (3) confix [ha-an], (4) confix [paN-an], (5) confix [paN -on], (6) confix [par-an], (7) affix combination [paηin-], and (8) affix combination [paηun-]. The processes of attaching those affixes generate complex words which have different grammatical and lexical meanings. Morphological processes found in the word formation are phoneme deletion, phoneme assimilation, and phoneme addition. The processes of attaching those affixes bring about semantic and phonological idiosyncrasies, therefore, such words must be processed in filter to generate acceptable words in Toba Batak language.

scholarly journals A Feature Percolation Convention of Affixation Processes in Urhobo

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Odeh B. E. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Percolation Theory ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Rich Source ◽  
Grammatical Class ◽  
New Words ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Feature Percolation

This paper seeks to examine headedness in affixation processes in Urhobo using a feature percolation approach. Affixation is a rich source of word formation process in the Urhobo language. The specific objectives are to identify affixation processes in Urhobo, investigate how they are used to derive words and determine headedness in the Urhobo language using a feature percolation theory as a framework. This paper reveals three affixation processes in Urhobo, which are prefixes, circumfixes and suffixes. Affixation is a derivational aspect of morphology and it brings about change in the grammatical class of the word or rather, provides additional semantic information to a word. The paper discovers that new words are derived in the language by attaching an affix either at the beginning (prefix), or to the end (suffix) of a word. This process is very productive in the language. The paper reveals that the head of a word using prefix is left-right branching while for suffixes, it is right-left branching. The prefix and suffix attached to a root to form the circumfix project to be the head of a word. The study observes circumfixes to have two heads. Feature percolation theory is also used to determine the head of a word in Urhobo. The paper concludes by recommending further researches on the use of theories especially morphological theories in analysing morphological processes in Urhobo.

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ADJECTIVE REDUPLICATION IN BATAK TOBA LANGUAGE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
Morphological Processes

This research deals with the investigation of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. The major issue in this descriptive microlinguistic study is to find out the formations of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. There are some urgent points under discussion, namely, the identification of the morpheme that form the formation of the adjective reduplication, the morphological processes of the word formation, and the meaning emerged as the result of the morphological processes. The results of the analysis show that there are five types of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language, they are, (1) full adjective reduplication, (2) partial adjective reduplication with prefix mar- and um-, (3) partial adjective reduplication with infix –um-, (4) partial adjective reduplication with suffix –an, -hian, and –an, and (5) partial adjective reduplication with marsi-i, ha-assa, ma-hu, pa-hu, sa-na, and um-hian. The meanings of the adjective reduplication can be grouped into eight, namely, (1) refers to the basic meaning of the base adjective, (2) in the condition as mentioned in the base adjective, (3) has the characteristic as mentioned in the base adjective, (4) shows degree of comparison, (5) shows differences, (6) shows that something or some one is just so so .... as mentioned in the base adjective, (7) shows that something or some one is too ..., and (8) expresses superlative degree about something or some one.

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