scholarly journals Effect of hydrogen-rich water on periodontal disease, interleukin and blood glucose levels in diabetic

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-40
Author(s):  
Albert Manggading HUTAPEA ◽  
Lina HADI
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Hydrogen Water ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Online Library

ABSTRACT Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levelsassociated with periodontal disease and increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers such asinterleukin. Therapeutic effects of molecular hydrogen for a wide range of disease models and humandiseases have been investigated. This review aims to systematically analyze and review animal andhuman studies investigating the effect of HRW on periodontal tissues, interleukin, or blood glucoselevels. An electronic search was conducted via PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library,LILACS, Science.gov, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CONTROL) using thekeywords "Hydrogen Water", "Diabetes Mellitus", "Interleukin" and "Periodontal disease" for studiespublished between January 2011 to May 2021. After the elimination of duplicate items, the primarysearch resulted in 101 articles. After excluding irrelevant articles based on abstract and title, full texts of45 articles were read to exclude additional unrelated studies. Eight studies were included in this reviewfor qualitative analysis. The results showed that Drinking HRW exerts certain antioxidants for oxidativegingival stress and anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing interleukin and decreasing blood glucoselevels for DM patients. KEYWORDS: HRW, DM, Periodontal disease, interleukin

scholarly journals The burden of Diabetes, Its Oral Complications and Their Prevention and Management

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 1545-1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ashraf Nazir ◽  
Lamiah AlGhamdi ◽  
Mariam AlKadi ◽  
Noura AlBeajan ◽  
Latifah AlRashoudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Systemic Complications ◽  
Oral Complications

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic disease, is a public health problem that affects 8.5% adult population worldwide. The number of adults with DM has risen sharply from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. In 2012, 1.5 million individuals died because of DM and an additional 2.2 million deaths occurred because of high blood glucose level resulting in cardiovascular and other systemic diseases. DM brings huge economic loss to patients, their families, and healthcare systems. Globally, the cost of DM was US$1•31 trillion in 2015.AIM: This review article utilised the prevalence data of diabetes mellitus from the World Health Organization and International Diabetes Federation to provide a comprehensive picture of the disease in different parts of the world.METHODS: Electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Medline via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to search the literature. The library resources of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia were used to retrieve studies on the topics of the present review.RESULTS: Systemic complications of DM include heart attack, kidney disease, limb loss, blindness, and peripheral nerve damage. More than 90% of diabetic patients were found to have oral manifestations. It is known that DM severely damages oral tissues causing periodontal disease, tooth loss, xerostomia, caries, burning mouth disorder, taste and salivary gland dysfunction, delayed wound healing, lichen planus, geographic tongue, and candidiasis. The evidence is mounting about a strong bidirectional relationship between DM and periodontal disease. Unfortunately, many diabetic patients are unaware of the association between DM and oral health, and only a small percentage of them visit the dentist for routine dental check-ups. Changes in lifestyles (control of blood glucose levels and self-care practices), regular dental check-ups with emphasis on periodontal assessment, and reinforcement of oral health instructions can effectively prevent oral complications of DM. Scaling and root planning are effective in improving glycemic control among diabetic patients.CONCLUSION: Dental professionals should be part of the multidisciplinary team that helps individuals with diabetes.

Literature Riview : Pengaruh Terapi Relaksasi Otot Progresif Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Gula Darah Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 921-927
Author(s):  
Oki Yanuarti ◽  
Nuniek Nizmah Fajriyah ◽  
Firman Faradisi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Progressive Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Relaxation Techniques ◽  
Relaxation Therapy ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetes Melitus

AbstractDiabetes melitus is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels in the body, caused by abnormalitized in insulin secretion. One of the non-pharmacological method to reduce blood sugar level is progressive muscle relaxation therapy. This study aims to identify the effect of progressive muscle relaxation techniques in lowering blood sugar. A literature review of studies of progressive muscle relaxation therapy in reducing blood sugar publishedin 2011-2020 was conducted. The average number of respondents was 26 male and female responden with and average age of 55-60. The results showed that progressive muscle relaxation therapy was able to control blood glucose among diabetic. This study concludes that progressive muscle relaxation therapy effectively reduce blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes melitus. The findings suggest that progressive muscle relaxation therapy can be used as non-pharmacological therapy to lower blood sugar levels.Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Progressive muscle relaxation AbstrakDiabetes melitus merupakan suatu penyakit degeneratif yang bermasalah pada sistem metabolik ditandai dengan meningkatnya kadar gula darah dalam tubuh dan disebabkan karena kelainan sekresi insulin. Pada pasien diabetes melitus akan mengalami peningkatan kadar gula darah dalam tubuh, salah satu cara non farmakologis yang dapat dilakukan untuk menurunkan kadar gula darah pada pasien diabetes melitus yaitu dengan terapi relaksasi otot progresif. Tujuan dari Karya Tulis Ilmiah ini yaitu untuk mengetahui gambaran dari pengaruh teknik relaksasi otot progresif terhadap penurunan kadar gula darah pada pasien diabetes melitus. Metode yang dilakukan dengan mencari tiga jurnal penelitian tentang pengaruh terapi relaksasi otot progresif terhadap penurunan kadar gula darah pada pasien diabetes melitus terbit pada tahun 2011-2020. Hasil analisa karakteristik responden dari ketiga jurnal menunjukan jumlah responden rata-rata 26 responden laki-laki dan perempuan dengan usia rata-rata 55-60 tahun. Hasil yang didapatkan setelah dilakukan terapi relaksasi otot progresif kadar gula darah pasien menjadi terkontrol. Simpulan dari karya tulis ilmiah ini yaitu terapi relaksasi otot progresif efektif terhadap penurunan kadar gula darah pada pasien diabetes melitus. Saran bagi perawat atau penderita diabetes melitus terapi relaksasi otot progresif dapat digunakan sebagai terapi non farmakologis untuk menurunkan kadar gula darah pada pasien diabetes melitus. Kata kunci: Diabetes mellitus; Relaksasi Otot Progresif

Sitagliptin: A DPP-4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. CMT.S6227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn MS Johnson ◽  
Kathleen Schurr
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetes Therapy ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Adverse Side Effects ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become an epidemic, with worldwide projections indicating that more than 336 million people will be afflicted with the disease by 2030. T2DM is characterized by inappropriately high blood glucose levels due to a deficiency in insulin secretion, action, or both. Despite the horrific complications that occur with chronic elevations of blood glucose levels, less than half of those with T2DM do not maintain proper glycemic control. Sitagliptin (Januvia, Merck and Co., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey) is a novel diabetes therapy approved for use in the U.S. and Europe. This small molecule inhibits the activity of DPP-4, a peptidase that degrades the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1. Sitagliptin increases glucoregulation in individuals with T2DM both as a monotherapy and in combination with other antihyperglycemic drugs, with a low risk of adverse side effects.

scholarly journals Prediction of the risk of developing diabetes mellitus among Bangladeshi adults by using risk assessment score

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Nazma Akter
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Diabetes Risk ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diabetes Risk Score

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as one of the major health problems worldwide. The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Bangladesh is primarily attributed to rapid urbanization and associated changes in lifestyle, such as sedentary lifestyle, higher calorie food intake and stressful life. Studies support the utilization of riskassessment scoring systems in quantifying individual’s risk for developing T2DM. Thus, a simple risk-assessment scoring system for early screening of T2DM among Bangladeshi adults will be beneficial to identify the high-risk adults and thus taking adequate preventive measures in combating DM.The purpose of the study was to calculate the risk assessment score of developing T2DM within 10 years among Bangladeshi adults. Methods: The cross-sectional observational study was carried out in the outpatient department (OPD) of Medicine, MARKS Medical College & Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh from February 2018 to July 2018 among randomly sampled 205 adult subjects. Subjects undiagnosed with diabetes mellitus and had previous history of high blood glucose during pregnancy or other health examination (i.e. impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or gestational diabetes mellitus) were included. From a review of literature regarding risk factors of developing DM in Bangladesh, the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) system was found to be more useful for the Bangladeshi adults. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) questionnaire was used to collect the data including demographic characteristics and different risk factors and to calculate total risk score for predicting the risk of developing T2DM within 10 years. Results: Among 205 subjects, male and female were 57.1% and 42.9% respectively. The Mean (±SD) age of the study subjects was 37.64±1.07 years. In this study, both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors showed statistically significant association with the FINDRISC among Bangladeshi adults (p<0.05). There was a significant association among FINDRISC with history of previous high blood glucose, and treated hypertensive Bangladeshi adults.33.65% of the Bangladeshi adults had slightly elevated diabetes risk score (DRS). This study predicts that 17.55% of the Bangladeshi adults may have moderate to high risk to develop T2DM within the consecutive 10 years. Conclusion: This study provides a simple, feasible, non-invasive and convenient screening FINDRISC tool that identifies individuals at risk of having T2DM. People with high risk of DM should be referred for early intervention and changes to a healthy lifestyle and primary prevention to prevent or delay the onset of T2DM. Birdem Med J 2020; 10(1): 40-47

scholarly journals Changes in advanced glycation end products, beta-defensin-3, and interleukin-17 during diabetic periodontitis development in rhesus monkeys

2018 ◽  
Vol 243 (8) ◽  
pp. 684-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Jiang ◽  
Yuanmin Li ◽  
Changchang Ye ◽  
Wanhong Wu ◽  
Guangneng Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Advanced Glycation ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
End Products

The bidirectional relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontal disease has drawn great attention; however, the mechanisms underlying their association remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to develop a rhesus monkey model of diabetic periodontitis and explore the potential mechanisms by which DM affects the progression of periodontal disease. Three healthy rhesus monkeys were selected as the control group. Five streptozotocin-induced diabetic rhesus monkeys were chosen as the experimental group. Ligature placement was used to induce periodontitis. The changes in the levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), beta-defensin-3 (BD-3), and interleukin-17 (IL-17) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at different stages during disease progression. Periodontitis was confirmed by clinical assessment, radiographic images, and histological examination. Significant changes in the levels of AGEs and BD-3 in serum were observed at the periodontitis stage in diabetic rhesus monkeys ( P < 0.05). The expression of BD-3 mRNA in the gingiva of diabetic group at baseline was significantly high ( P < 0.05). Diabetic monkeys exhibited significantly enhanced IL-17 mRNA expression at the periodontitis stage ( P < 0.05). Our findings indicated that the rhesus monkey can serve as an ideal model for exploring the pathogenesis of diabetic periodontitis, and the hyperglycemic environment may accelerate inflammatory response and weaken the defense system in periodontal tissues. Impact statement The mechanism underlying the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontal disease is not yet fully understood. Hence, there is a need to establish animal models to reveal the effect of DM on the pathogenesis of periodontitis. In this study, we explored the appropriate methods for inducing periodontitis and shortening the modeling time in rhesus monkeys, to investigate the pathogenesis of diabetic periodontitis and develop innovative therapies. Our results suggest that a hyperglycemic environment might lead to the destruction of periodontal tissues by accelerating inflammatory response and weakening the defense system in periodontal tissues. Therefore, this study has significant treatment implications regarding the regulation of the immune response against periodontal diseases in patients with DM.

scholarly journals Prevalence of people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and the involvement of community pharmacies in a national screening campaign: a pioneer action in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassyano J. Correr ◽  
Wendel Coura-Vital ◽  
Josélia C. Q. P. Frade ◽  
Renata C. R. M. Nascimento ◽  
Lúbia G. Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Previous Diagnosis ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Brazil is one of top 10 countries with the highest number of people with diabetes mellitus (DM), affecting 16.8 million peoples. It is estimated that 7.7 million people (20–79 years) in the country have not yet been diagnosed, representing an under-diagnosis rate of 46.0%. Herein we aimed to screen people for high blood glucose or risk for developing type 2 DM (T2DM) through community pharmacies in Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in November 2018, involving 977 pharmacists from 345 municipalities in Brazil. The study evaluated people between 20 and 79 years old without a previous diagnosis of DM. Glycemia was considered high when its value was ≥ 100 mg/dL fasting and ≥ 140 mg/dL in a casual feeding state. The FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score) was used to estimate the risk for developing T2DM. The prevalence of high blood glucose was estimated and the associated factors were obtained using Poisson's multivariate analysis with robust variance. Results During the national screening campaign, 17,580 people were tested with the majority of the consultations (78.2%) being carried out in private pharmacies. The population was composed mainly of women (59.5%) and people aged between 20 and 45 years (47.9%). The frequency of participants with high blood glucose was 18.4% (95% CI 17.9–19.0). Considering the FINDRISC, 22.7% of people had a high or very high risk for T2DM. The risk factors associated with high blood glucose were: Body Mass Index > 25 kg/m2, abdominal circumference > 94 cm for men and > 80 cm for women; education level below 15 years of study, no daily intake of vegetables and fruits; previous diagnosis of arterial hypertension; history of high blood glucose and family history of DM. Conclusions This is the largest screening study that evaluated the frequency of high blood glucose and its associated factors in a population without a previous diagnosis ever performed in community pharmacies in Brazil. These results may help to improve public health policies and reinforce the role of pharmacists in screening and education actions aimed at this undiagnosed population in a continent-size country such as Brazil.

scholarly journals ANTIDIABETIC AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NICOTIANA TABACUM: POSSIBLE MECHANISMS

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
OLUWAFEMI OMONIYI OGUNTIBEJU
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
High Blood Glucose

Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health problem. Reports predicted that diabetes mellitus could reach a pandemic level affecting people in both developing and developed countries. According to the World Health Organization, high blood glucose is seen as the third highest risk factor for premature mortality in diabetics. For several thousands of years before the adventure of orthodox medications, human beings have been using medicinal plants in the treatment of various disease conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, infertility, bacterial, viral infections, and diabetes mellitus. The beneficial effects of selected medicinal therapies in the treatment and management of diabetes and diabetic complications have been reported. Many medicinal plants across Africa and Asia are known for their rich phytochemicals with effective components that have been observed to effectively reduce high blood glucose either in diabetic persons or diabetes-induced animals. The motivation for the use of medicinal plants includes availability, affordability, knowledge, effectiveness, and safety and some are of the opinion that medicinal plants and their derivatives could be effective and safe alternative treatment for diabetes and diabetic complications. Nicotiana tabacum is one of those plants with antidiabetic and pharmacological potentials which could benefit humans and animals if appropriately utilized; however, less attention has been focused on its antidiabetic properties. In fact, there is a paucity of information on the antidiabetic activities of N. tabacum. Therefore, this paper examines the antidiabetic and other biological activities of N. tabacum.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Pengetahuan Dan Kepatuhan Diet Pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus DiPuskesmas Pekan Labuhan Medan

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 038-045
Author(s):  
Eva Sartika Dasopang
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Health Center ◽  
P Value ◽  
Primary Health Center ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Compliance ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Primary Health

Latar Belakang: Diabetes mellitus merupakan salah satu penyakit metabolisme yang terjadi pada seseorang karena terjadinya peningkatakan kadar gula darah melebihi batas normal. Peningkatan kadar gula terjadi karena adanya gangguan pada sekresi insulin dan kerja insulin. Salah satu cara untuk mencegah resiko terjadinya komplikasi dan kekambuhan pada diabetes mellitus adalah dengan menerapkan kepatuhan diet pada penderita diabetes mellitus. Kepatuhan diet pada penderita diabetes mellitus harus diperhatikan karena diet merupakan salah satu factor untuk menstabilkan kadar gula dalam darah menjadi normal dan mencegah terjadinya komplikasi pada penderita diabetes mellitus Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini di desain secara cross sectional. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh pasien diabetes mellitus yang melakukan kunjungan di Puskesmas Labuhan Medan pada bulan Juli 2017.Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling.Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuisioner dan analisis data menggunakan metode Chi square. Hasil: Penderita Diabetes Mellitus di puskesmas Pekan Labuhan Medan mempunyai tingkat pengetahuan rendah sebesar 2%, sedang 44% dan tinggi 54%.Sedangkan tingkat kepatuhan rendah sebesar 2%, sedang 46% dan tinggi 52%. Kesimpulan: Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa tidak terdapat adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara pengetahuan diet dengan kepatuhan diet pada penderita diabetes mellitus di Puskesmas Pekan Labuhan Medan dengan p value 0,001 (< 0,05). Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of metabolism disease due to abnormally high blood glucose level. The high blood glucose levels occur because of interference in insulin secretion and insulin action. One way to prevent the risk of complications and recurrence in diabetes mellitus is to apply dietary adherence to people with diabetes mellitus. Dietary compliance in people with diabetes mellitus must be considered because the diet is one factor to stabilize blood glucose levels to normal and prevent complications in people with diabetes mellitus. Methods: The research design was cross sectional. The population of this study were all diabetes mellitus patients The population in this study were all patients with diabetes mellitus who visited Primary Health Center of Labuhan Medan in July 2017. Sampling was performed by purposive sampling method. Data was collected using questionnaires and data were analyzed using the Chi-square method. Results: Diabetes Mellitus patients at Pekan Labuhan Medan Primary health center have a low level of knowledge of 2%, moderate 44% and high 54%. While the level of compliance was low at 2%, medium 46%, and high 52%. Conclusion: The results showed that there was no significant difference between knowledge of diet and dietary compliance in people with diabetes mellitus at the Pekan Labuhan Primary Health Center, Medan with p-value of 0,001 (< 0,05).

scholarly journals Impact of Use Frequency of a Mobile Diabetes Management App on Blood Glucose Control: Evaluation Study (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Vehi ◽  
Jordi Regincós Isern ◽  
Adrià Parcerisas ◽  
Remei Calm ◽  
Ivan Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Blood Glucose Control ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Group A ◽  
Control Evaluation ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Technology has long been used to carry out self-management as well as to improve adherence to treatment in people with diabetes. However, most technology-based apps do not meet the basic requirements for engaging patients. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of use frequency of a diabetes management app on glycemic control. METHODS Overall, 2 analyses were performed. The first consisted of an examination of the reduction of blood glucose (BG) mean, using a randomly selected group of 211 users of the SocialDiabetes app (SDA). BG levels at baseline, month 3, and month 6 were calculated using the intercept of a regression model based on data from months 1, 4, and 7, respectively. In the second analysis, the impact of low and high BG risk was examined. A total of 2692 users logging SDA ≥5 days/month for ≥6 months were analyzed. The highest quartile regarding low blood glucose index (LBGI) and high blood glucose index (HBGI) at baseline (t1) was selected (n=74 for group A; n=440 for group B). Changes in HBGI and LBGI at month 6 (t2) were analyzed. RESULTS For analysis 1, baseline BG results for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) groups A and B were 213.61 (SD 31.57) mg/dL and 206.43 (SD 18.65) mg/dL, respectively, which decreased at month 6 to 175.15 (SD 37.88) mg/dL and 180.6 (SD 40.47) mg/dL, respectively. For type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), baseline BG was 218.77 (SD 40.18) mg/dL and 232.55 (SD 46.78) mg/dL, respectively, which decreased at month 6 to 160.51 (SD 39.32) mg/dL and 173.14 (SD 52.81) mg/dL for groups A and B, respectively. This represents a reduction of estimated A1c (eA1c) of approximately 1.3% (P<.001) and 0.9% (P=.001) for T1DM groups A and B, respectively, and 2% (P<.001) for both A and B T2DM groups, respectively. For analysis 2, T1DM baseline LBGI values for groups A and B were 5.2 (SD 3.9) and 4.4 (SD 2.3), respectively, which decreased at t2 to 3.4 (SD 3.3) and 3.4 (SD 1.9), respectively; this was a reduction of 34.6% (P=.005) and 22.7% (P=.02), respectively. Baseline HBGI values for groups A and B were 12.6 (SD 4.3) and 10.6 (SD 4.03), respectively, which decreased at t2 to 9.0 (SD 6.5) and 8.6 (SD 4.7), respectively; this was a reduction of 30% (P=.001) and 22% (P=.003), respectively. CONCLUSIONS A significant reduction in BG was found in all groups, independent of the use frequency of the app. Better outcomes were found for T2DM patients. A significant reduction in LBGI and HBGI was found in all groups, regardless of the use frequency of the app. LBGI and HBGI indices of both groups tend to have similar values after 6 months of app use.

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