scholarly journals PERANG KESULTANAN ARU MENGHADAPI KESULTANAN ACEH DI ABAD XVI M

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Ery Soedewo
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Defensive Strategy ◽  
Potential Strength ◽  
Sumatra Island ◽  
The Subject

Aru Sultanate was a state in Sumatra Island cited by numerous local and international sources between 13th and 16th centuries CE. In the middle of 16th century CE, the sovereignty of Aru was threatened by Aceh Sultanate’s aggression to its neighbouring states in Sumatra. Aru Sultanate’s strategic moves to deal with that aggression is the subject matter of this article. The discussion of such strategies is aimed at revealing what options came to surface by the defensive side to counter the aggressor. Historical reviews of two main records of the Portuguese Tomé Pires and Ferna-O Mendes Pinto revealed the potential strength and strategies adopted by Aru Sultanate to repel Aceh Sultanate’s attack. The presence of the fort as a supporting defensive factor allows Aru Sultanate to deploy a defensive strategy in Aru War I. The defensive stance, however, turned into offensive one in Aru Wars II and III as a strong ally, Johor Sultanate came to assist. Despite more alliances were formed with more states, victory ultimately belonged to Aceh Sultanate. Kesultanan Aru adalah salah satu negeri di Pulau Sumatera yang disebut oleh sumber-sumber tertulis lokal dan mancanegara sejak abad ke-13 – ke-16 M. Pada pertengahan abad ke-16 M, kedaulatan Kesultanan Aru terancam oleh agresi Kesultanan Aceh ke negeri-negeri tetangganya di Pulau Sumatera. Langkah-langkah strategis apa yang ditempuh oleh Kesultanan Aru dalam menghadapi agresi Kesultanan Aceh, merupakan permasalahan yang diulas dalam karya tulis ini. Pembahasan tentang strategi yang dipakai oleh Kesultanan Aru dalam menghadapi agresi Kesultanan Aceh bertujuan mengungkap pilihan strategi yang diterapkan oleh pihak yang bertahan dalam menghadapi agresi dari luar.  Melalui kajian historis terhadap data utama berupa dua catatan bangsa Portugis yakni Tome Pires dan Ferna-O Mendes Pinto, diungkap potensi kekuatan dan strategi yang diterapkan oleh Kesultanan Aru dalam menghadapi serangan Kesultanan Aceh. Keberadaan benteng sebagai salah satu unsur kekuatan negara, membuat Kesultanan Aru memilih strategi yang defensif pada Perang Aru I. Strategi Kesultanan Aru berubah dari defensif menjadi ofensif -saat Perang Aru II dan Perang Aru III- setelah memperoleh sekutu yang kuat yakni Kesultanan Johor. Meskipun jalinan persekutuan telah dibentuk oleh Kesultanan Aru dengan sejumlah negeri, namun kejayaan akhirnya menjadi milik Kesultanan Aceh.

scholarly journals Mellem Færeyinga saga og Sigmundarkvæðið eldra / Between Færeyinga saga and Sigmundarkvæði eldra

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Povl Skårup
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The Subject

<p><strong>Úrtak</strong></p><p>Tað føroyska <em>Sigmundarkvæðið eldra </em>varð yrkt í styttri ella longri tíð fyri 1673, tá ið Lucas Debes nevndi tað í sínari bók. Evnið var komið – ígjøgnum millumliðir – úr tí íslendsku søg­ uni <em>Færeyinga saga </em>(her stytt: Fær.s.orig.). Hon varð skrivað fyrst í 13. øld og hvarv aftan á at úrdráttir vórðu skrivaðir av í trimum tekstum: (1) tann serstaka <em>Óláfs saga helga</em>, (2) <em>Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta</em>, (3) søgusavnið <em>Flateyjarbók</em>. Í 1832 og aftur seinni hava hesir úrdráttir verið savnaðir til eina nýggja søgu, ið eisini verður nevnd <em>Færeyinga saga </em>(her stytt: Fær.s.rekonstr.).</p><p>     Spurningurin, ið henda greinin setur, er hesin: Gjøgnum hvørjar millumliðir kom evnið úr Fær.s.orig. til tann føroyska yrkjaran? Svarið er hetta: Gjøgnum Ólafs sögu Tryggvasonar ena mestu ella partar av henni. Í summum vísuuppskriftum finst ymiskt sum má vera komið úr Flatoyarbók, men tað er helst sett inn í vís­ una aftan á 1770, tá ið ein endursøgn av teimum føroysku frásøgnunum í Flatoyarbók kom út á donskum.</p><p>     Ta  síðstu  leiðina  til  yrkjarans  kann  evn­ ið hava verið borið av munnligari frásøgn, ið kom frá lesnaði av tí nevndu søguni um Ólaf Tryggvason. Nær og hvar hesin lesnaður kann hava verið gjørdur, vita vit ikki. Ein møguleiki er: í 16. øld í Bergen ella har um leið.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Summary</strong></p><p>The Faroese <em>Sigmundarkvæðið eldra </em>was composed some time before 1673, when Lucas Debes mentioned it. The subject-matter derived – through intermediates – from the Icelandic <em>Færeyinga saga </em>(abbreviated: Fær.s.orig.). This saga  had  been  composed  shortly  after  1200, and  it  is  now  known  only  from  excerpts  in three texts: (1) the separate <em>Óláfs saga helga</em>, (2) the longest <em>Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar</em>, (3) <em>Flateyjarbók</em>.  These  excerpts  were  recollected  in 1832 and later, forming a new <em>Færeyinga saga</em> (abbreviated: Fær.s.rekonstr.).</p><p>     The  question  raised  here  is:  Which  were the intermediates through which the subject­ matter  had  passed  from  Fær.s.orig. to the poet of <em>Sigmundarkvæðið eldra</em>? The answer adopted here is: Through the longest <em>Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar </em>or parts of it. Some versions of the ballad contain elements which must derive from <em>Flateyjarbók</em>, but they were probably introduced into the ballad after 1770, when the Faroese subject-matter in Flateyjarbók was retold in Danish.</p><p>     The last part of the passing of the subject-matter to the poet may have been an oral tradition originating in a reading of the above-mentioned saga. We do not know when and where this reading occurred. A possibility is: in the 16th century at or near Bergen.</p>

Words

PMLA ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1320-1327
Author(s):  
Colbert Searles
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
The Subject

THE germ of that which follows came into being many years ago in the days of my youth as a university instructor and assistant professor. It was generated by the then quite outspoken attitude of colleagues in the “exact sciences”; the sciences of which the subject-matter can be exactly weighed and measured and the force of its movements mathematically demonstrated. They assured us that the study of languages and literature had little or nothing scientific about it because: “It had no domain of concrete fact in which to work.” Ergo, the scientific spirit was theirs by a stroke of “efficacious grace” as it were. Ours was at best only a kind of “sufficient grace,” pleasant and even necessary to have, but which could, by no means ensure a reception among the elected.

The Taxonomic Structuring of Medical Information and its Usefulness in this Form

1965 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 112-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zinsser
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Central Core ◽  
Diagnostic Strategy ◽  
Programmed Instruction ◽  
Orderly Fashion ◽  
The Subject

An outline has been presented in historical fashion of the steps devised to organize the central core of medical information allowing the subject matter, the patient, to define the nature and the progression of the diseases from which he suffers, with and without therapy; and approaches have been made to organize this information in such fashion as to align the definitions in orderly fashion to teach both diagnostic strategy and the content of the diseases by programmed instruction.

العربية المقاربة المقاصديّة في ردّ ابن فودي على القادح في جلستهم الدعويّة

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alawiye Abdulmumin Abdurrazzaq ◽  
Ahmad Wifaq Mokhtar ◽  
Abdul Manan Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Subject

This article is aimed to examine the extent of the application of Islamic legal objectives by Sheikh Abdullah bn Fudi in his rejoinder against one of their contemporary scholars who accused them of being over-liberal about the religion. He claimed that there has been a careless intermingling of men and women in the preaching and counselling gathering they used to hold, under the leadership of Sheikh Uthman bn Fudi (the Islamic reformer of the nineteenth century in Nigeria and West Africa). Thus, in this study, the researchers seek to answer the following interrogations: who was Abdullah bn Fudi? who was their critic? what was the subject matter of the criticism? How did the rebutter get equipped with some guidelines of higher objectives of Sharĩʻah in his rejoinder to the critic? To this end, this study had tackled the questions afore-stated by using inductive, descriptive and analytical methods to identify the personalities involved, define and analyze some concepts and matters considered as the hub of the study.

HUBUNGAN PROFESIONALISME PENDIDIK TK DENGAN KINERJA PENDIDIK DI TK RAYON IV KOTA DUMAI

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 660
Author(s):  
Ranirizal Ranirizal
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Teacher Performance ◽  
Teacher Professionalism ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Performance Development ◽  
Kindergarten Educators ◽  
Academic Qualifications

Performance is the performance shown by educators, both in quality and quantity in carrying out their duties in accordance with the responsibilities given to them professionally. Educator performance development is a very decisive factor in the success of the education and learning process. In fact, in Kindergarten Rayon IV, Dumai City, there is still a low level of competency standards possessed by educators. The intended competency standard is from the standard academic qualifications and four competencies that must be possessed by a kindergarten educator, namely pedagogic, professional, social and personality competencies. This is evidenced by educators not yet mastering learning material with the maximum known when the learning process educators are not able to explain well the subject matter, and educators have not shown maximum performance in carrying out their duties and functions. The purpose of this study was to see whether there was an influence on teacher professionalism on teacher performance in Dumai IV Rayon Kindergarten. The results of the study prove that there is a significant relationship between the professionalism of Kindergarten educators and the performance of educators in Kindergarten Rayon IV, Dumai City. This is evidenced by the value of Sig (2-tailed) professionalism on educator's performance of 0,000, so the calculation shows 0,000 <0.05. This means that Ha is accepted, that is, there is a significant relationship between the professionalism of Kindergarten educators and the Performance of Educators in Kindergarten Rayon IV, Dumai City.

Justine Pila, The Subject Matter of Intellectual Property

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-144
Author(s):  
Patrick Masiyakurima
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
The Subject

Perpindahan dan Perubahan : Transportasi dalam Struktur Naratif Riwayat Perjalanan ke Amerika di Era Viktorian

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ari J. Adipurwawijdana
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Henry James ◽  
World View ◽  
Democratic Society ◽  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Travel Narrative ◽  
Infrastructure System ◽  
The Subject

ABSTRAKRiwayat yang disajikan penulis Britania era Viktorian tentang perjalannnya ke Amerikamengasumsikan adanya sebuah jaringan prasarana transportasi. Sistem transportasiterkait dengan riwayat perjalanan (travel narrative) dalam tiga hal, yaitu (1) sebagaibasis material bagi perjalanan, (2) sebagai substruktur riwayat, dan (3) sebagai pokokpembicaraan dalam riwayat itu sendiri. Buku Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832)merupakan model bagi cara infrastruktur transportasi menentukan aspek naratologis,yaitu urutan dan perspektif dalam struktur naratif riwayat perjalanan. Karya tersebut jugamenyajikan transportasi sebagai pokok pembicaraan dalam teksnya itu sendiri walaupun tidaksejauh sebagaimana yang tampak pada The Amateur Emigrant (1895) karya Robert LouisStevenson. Dalam hal ini, The American Scene (1907) karya Henry James juga relevankarena, walaupun tidak secara gamblang membicarakan transportasi sebagai topik dantidak pula menampakkan ciri-ciri riwayat perjalanan, karya tersebut merepresentasicara wawasan Britania-Amerika trans-Atlantik dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang lumrah.Wawasan ini juga memandang menganggap perjalanan trans-Atlantik sebagai semacamperjalanan menembus waktu, yang menunjukkan ketidaknyaman para penulis Britaniaabad kesembilanbelas terhadap transformasi sosial ke masyrakat demokratis yangdirepresentasi secara metaforis oleh pemahaman mereka tentang Amerika.Kata kunci: catatan perjalanan Viktorian, transportasi, wisataABSTRACTNarratives presented by Victorian British writers about their travels to America assume theavailability of a transprtation infrastructure system. Such a system is related to the travelnarrative in three things, namely, (1) as a material base for travel, (2) as a narrative substructurehistory, and (3) as the subject-matter of the narratives. Fanny Trollope’s Domestic Mannerof the Americans (1832) is a model for the way transportation infrastructure determinesnarratological aspects, namely order and perspective in the structure of the travel narrative.The piece also presents transportation as a subject-matter in its text although it does notgo so far as do Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Amateur Emigrant (1895). In discussingtransportation Henry James’ The American Scene is also relevant because, despite it’s notexplicitly speaking of transportation as a topic nor does it show the convential characteristicsof the travel narrative, the work represents a British-American trans-Atlantic world viewas a given. This world view also considers trans-Atlantic travels as a kind of voyage acrosstime, implying the discomfort of nineteenth-century British writers concerning the socialtransition into a democratic society represented by America as a metaphor.Keywords: Victorian travel narrative, transportation, tourism

Obywatele Unii Europejskiej – wyborcy Parlamentu Europejskiego – parlamentu ponadnarodowego

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-162
Author(s):  
Stefan Marek Grochalski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Direct Elections

Parliament – an institution of a democratic state – a member of the Union – is not only an authority but also, as in the case of the European Union, the only directly and universally elected representative body of the European Union. The article presents questions related to the essence of parliament and that of a supranational parliament which are vital while dealing with the subject matter. It proves that the growth of the European Parliament’s powers was the direct reason for departing from the system of delegating representatives to the Parliament for the benefit of direct elections. It presents direct and universal elections to the European Parliament in the context of presenting legal regulations applicable in this respect. It describes a new legal category – citizenship of the European Union – primarily in terms of active and passive suffrage to the European Parliament, as a political entitlement of a citizen of the European Union.

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