scholarly journals Muslim Coins as a Commodity and Means of Payment in International and Internal Trade In Volga-Ural Region In 8th- Beginning of 11th cc

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (38) ◽  
pp. 137-151
Author(s):  
Rafael M. Valeev ◽  
◽  
Yuri A. Zeleneev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Principal Part ◽  
Ural Region ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Volga Ural Region

The article examines the spread of Muslim Kufic coins in Eastern, Western and Northern Europe, on the territory of Volga Bulgaria, Ancient Rus, the neighbours of Bulgars – ancestors of the Mari, Udmurt, Mordva and other Finno-Ugric ethnicities during the early Middle Ages in the 8th – beginning of the 11th centuries. The research of these coins shows the list of countries and Muslim dynasties the above-mentioned countries had trade relations with and their chronological framework. Coins of Umayyads, Abbasids, Samanids, Buwayhids, Ziyarids, Qarakhanids and other Muslim dynasties were discovered. Ways of Kufic dirhems expansion and their chronological framework are shown. The main role of Khazar Khanate is marked for the time span of 8th – 9th centuries whereas since X century the principal part was played by Volga Bulgaria. American numismatist T. Noonan designated them as Khazar and Bulgar phases of trade of Kufic coins. Bulgar coins, minted in 902–990-s, participated actively in this process. Together they acted as a commodity and medium of exchange, which reflected the scale of trade operations of the early Middle Ages. The study of Muslim Kufic dirhems allowed the author to clear up the role of Khazar Khanate and Volga Bulgaria in the functioning of Great Silk and Volga routes in the 8th – beginning of the 11th centuries.

Coinage and the Tributary Mode of Production

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Manzano Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Role ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Simple Question ◽  
Mode Of Production

This chapter addresses a very simple question: is it possible to frame coinage in the Early Middle Ages? The answer will be certainly yes, but will also acknowledge that we lack considerable amounts of relevant data potentially available through state-of-the-art methodologies. One problem is, though, that many times we do not really know the relevant questions we can pose on coins; another is that we still have not figured out the social role of coinage in the aftermath of the Roman Empire. This chapter shows a number of things that could only be known thanks to the analysis of coins. And as its title suggests it will also include some reflections on greed and generosity.

scholarly journals On the Nomadic Influence on the Artistic Culture of the Cities of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan in the 6th – Early 13th Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
C. Yu. Markova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Urban Culture ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Work Samples ◽  
Artistic Tradition ◽  
The Middle Ages

The study, the results of which form the basis of this article, is aimed at determining the role of nomadic Turkic peoples in the formation of the urban culture of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan during the Middle Ages. Semirechye from 6th to 8th century, in political terms, was under the rule of the nomadic Turks, who formed their state here (Khaganate). The main role in the emergence of the first urban centers belongs, to a greater extent, to the Sogdians who came from the south. At the same time, the significance of the nomadic peoples in the development of urban culture of the region remains unclear. Some researchers are ambiguous about the influence of the policy of Turkic rulers on the urbanization of Semirechye, and also note the difficulty of identifying the nomadic artistic tradition in the material and spiritual culture of the peoples of southeastern and southern parts of Kazakhstan. All this makes research in this area relevant. The article is based on the results of comparing the pictorial monuments left by the inhabitants of the medieval cities of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan (6th – early 13th centuries), with the epic works of nomadic Turks. The methodological basis of the study is a comparative typological analysis, with the help of which the presence of commonly used motives and plots in different types of art is determined. Methods of description and analogy were used in the analysis of archaeological material. The comparative historical method is necessary to confirm the existence of an epic motive or plot in a certain period using written data. In the course of the work, samples of figured ceramics and fragments of a carved stucco (carving on raw unbaked clay) are considered. General pictorial motives, images, and plots in both types of decorative and applied art, as well as their correspondence in ancient Turkic folklore and written sources are identified. On the basis of a comparative analysis, an interpretation of some images is given, which, in turn, define the ancient Turkic artistic tradition. It is concluded that many motives and images in both types of arts indicate the special role of the nomadic Turks in the formation of a peculiar artistic style in the urban culture of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan during the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals BRIEF INFORMATION ABOUT CONTACTS BETWEEN MUSLIMS OF DAGESTAN AND THE VOLGA-URAL REGION IN THE XVIII-XX CENTURIES.

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-128
Author(s):  
Shamil Sh. Shikhaliev
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Ural Region ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Private Collections ◽  
Volga Ural Region ◽  
Close Contacts

Religious contacts of Muslims of Dagestan and the Volga-Ural region have not been in the focus of any particular research till date. Scarce information from various Tatar theologians, who studied in Dagestan at the end of the 17th – 18th centuries, have already been mentioned by Tatar researchers. However, numerous Arabographic sources in Arabic and Tatar show close contacts of the Muslim elite of these two regions, starting from the Middle Ages. The present article aims to review available sources about the educational and scientific contacts of Dagestanis, Tatars, and Bashkirs. The sources available and analyzed in the article revealed the bilateral nature of these contacts. While at the end of the 17th – 18th centuries a number of Tatar theologians received a proper education in Dagestan and opened madrasahs in the Volga-Ural region according to the Dagestan type, then starting from the second half of the 19th century one can observe a quiet strong influence of ideas that were widespread in the Volga-Ural region on the Dagestan intellectual elite. Moreover, starting from the 20th century, Tatar journals, textbooks and scientific literature began to penetrate widely into Dagestan, as evidenced by their considerable number of manuscripts and old printed books in private collections. Mutual contacts of Muslims of Dagestan and the Volga-Ural region were due to various reasons – traveling in order to receive education, exile, commercial affairs, personal correspondence, etc. The mixing and interpenetration of the educational, scientific traditions of the Muslims of these two regions led to their wider cultural development and closer integration into various institutions of the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals Millennia of continuity in the votive behaviour of Europeans The testimony of tools for determining the value of metal Tisíciletá kontinuita votivního chování Evropanů Svědectví nástrojů k určení jakosti kovu

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-348
Author(s):  
Martin Ježek
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
False Image ◽  
Hallstatt Period

Archaeology has a great deal of experience with how the misinterpretation of finds creates a false image of the past. The main reason for this is down to ideologically-conditioned stereotypes. The paper describes one such case involving hundreds of thousands of finds of one type of artefact, commonly classified as whetstones, pendants, amulets, etc., from the Chalcolithic up to the Early Middle Ages. The article emphasises that although touchstones from ancient burials had already been identified using an electron microscopy half a century ago, the interpretation of these finds corresponding to the paradigm from the early 19th century remains popular to this day. For the chemical microanalysis of metal traces preserved on the surface of these stone artefacts, samples were selected from Russian, Slovakian, Swedish and Ukrainian sites, from the Hallstatt period up to the Early Middle Ages, with special regard for their previous interpretation history. However, the main aim is to point out the symbolic role of tools used to test the value of precious metals outside the grave context. Finds from wet environments in particular reveal the continuity of the behaviour of European over the millennia, regardless of the current ideology or cult, and the diversity of artefacts that were, and still are, chosen as a medium for votive behaviour.

Scriptoria and Libraries

2020 ◽  
pp. 736-768
Author(s):  
Donatella Nebbiai
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Reading Habits ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Book Collections ◽  
Book Collectors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mendicant Orders ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter explores the relationship between scriptoria and libraries during the Middle Ages, from the monastic houses of the early Middle Ages through the changes wrought by the universities and schools after the eleventh century. The author discusses the location of libraries and book collections within monasteries, private libraries and book collectors of the Carolingian period, the role of changing reading habits on the housing of books, the production of library booklists, the function of books withing the Mendicant orders.

scholarly journals On The Question of the Role of Sufism among Tatars of the Late XIX - Early XX: Zainullah Rasulev's “Fawaid Al-Muhimma”

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7418-7420
Keyword(s):  
Ural Region ◽  
Spiritual Practices ◽  
Great Demand ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Islam In Russia ◽  
Volga Ural Region

The study of Tatar Muslim literature is an important part of studying the specifics of Islam in Russia. One of the books related to Islam and published in large numbers is “Fawaid al-muhimma” written by Zainullah Rasulev. This book, published in two editions, is a detailed description of the daily spiritual practices of the Sufi from Naqshbandiya-Khalidiya tariqah. The necessity of publishing a book twice in a large circulation allows us to assume certain features of the spread of Sufism in the Volga-Ural region in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Analysis of the contents of the book allows us to suggest the following: sheikh Zainullah Rasulev’s work “Al-fawaid al-muhimma li-l-muridin al-nakshbandiya wa avrad al-lisaniya wa al-salawat al-ma'asura” is a kind of educational and methodical guide for Muslims who entered the path of tariqa. The book contains detailed information about the daily spiritual practices of Sufi, and, perhaps, could act as a “virtual” murshid, allowing the salik (Muslim who entered the sufi path) to be outside the community of their sheikh and perform all the necessary sufi practices after personal initiation. Perhaps because of the increased popularity of Zainullah ishan there was a great demand for this kind of book, and therefore “Al-fawaid al-muhimma” became the first book published by Rasulev in print and large circulation.

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