scholarly journals Using pictorial action instructions to build a basic humanitarian engineering project

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Kathleen Paco Cadman ◽  
Du Feng
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
Engineering Project ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Humanitarian Engineering ◽  
Engineering Projects ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Humanitarian engineering projects mitigate environmental hazards disproportionately affecting health in low- and middle-income countries. However, widespread literacy deficits can create barriers in training low-literacy adults to construct these projects, indicating a need for literacy-adapted training materials. A randomized control trial in rural Guatemala tested the usability of pictorial action instructions, compared to demonstration-only methods, in training low-literacy adults (N = 60; n = 30 per group) to construct a solar bottle bulb. Fourteen days after the training, participants individually constructed the solar bottle bulb. The intervention group received pictorial action instructions to guide them, and the control group completed construction based on memory. Usability was evaluated by measuring the effectiveness and efficiency of construction, as well as user satisfaction and self-efficacy levels. Effectiveness and self-efficacy were significantly better among those in the intervention group compared to the control group. Considering this, the findings support the use of pictorial action instructions in training low-literacy adults to construct humanitarian engineering projects. This method may allow more individuals in rural regions of low- and middle-income countries to successfully construct their own humanitarian engineering projects in a way that is sustainable and scalable. Further research is needed to test these instructions in different settings, on a larger scale, as well as to test the long-term effects of using pictorial action instructions. 

scholarly journals Development and Testing of Pictorial Action Instructions for a Basic Humanitarian Engineering Project: A Feasibility Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Kathleen Paco Cadman ◽  
Du Feng
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
Engineering Project ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Best Practice Guidelines ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Humanitarian Engineering

The aim of this study was to develop, refine, and assess the usability of pictorial action instructions (PAI) in training low-literacy individuals to build a basic humanitarian engineering project. Health in low- and middle-income countries is disproportionately affected by environmental hazards, often mitigated by such projects, but widespread literacy deficits often necessitate literacy-adapted materials for training. Project-specific PAI were developed, refined, and tested, with the intent of later testing them abroad. Development was based on best practice guidelines for illustrations and easy-to-understand text. The PAI were then reviewed by literacy specialists for content and formatting. Next, a feasibility study was conducted in Utah with low-literacy immigrants who were trained to use the PAI and provided with tools and materials to individually construct the project. Usability metrics gathered included construction efficiency and effectiveness, user satisfaction, and self-efficacy. Effectiveness was 100% and user satisfaction and self-efficacy were both high. Participants provided feedback to improve the PAI’s clarity by changing item proximity and combining or separating steps, and revisions were made. In future PAI development, it would be beneficial to include low-literacy individuals when making the initial sketches to enhance sequence clarity before finalizing the illustrations.

Effect of a brief training program for primigravid adolescents on parenting self-efficacy and mother-infant bonding in the southeast of Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Moudi ◽  
Behjat Talebi ◽  
Mahnaz Shahraki Pour
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Brief Training ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Limited Health

Abstract Background Annually, about 16 million adolescent girls give birth, accounting for 11% of all births worldwide. Ninety-five percent of these births occur in low- and middle-income countries, and previous studies have addressed the need for parenting interventions in developing countries with limited health care resources to improve parenting behaviors. Objective To explore the effect of a brief training program for primigravid adolescents on parenting self-efficacy and mother-infant bonding. Subjects We enrolled 116 married pregnant adolescents. Methods This quasi-experimental study was conducted during August 22, 2016–February 3, 2017. The intervention group received three sessions of training on neonatal care, while the control group received the routine care. We evaluated parenting self-efficacy using the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy (PMP S-E) questionnaire, the mother-infant bonding using the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) and social support by means of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The participants were followed up for 1 month. Results The mean ages of the intervention and the control groups were 16.37 ± 0.97 and 16.27 ± 1.12 years, respectively. The intervention group obtained higher self-efficacy and bonding scores compared to the control group. The logistic regression model showed that the second (evoking behaviors) and the third (reading behavior or signaling) subscales of the PMP S-E, the route of delivery and women’s educational levels could predict the mother-infant bonding scores. Conclusion Primigravid adolescents can benefit from brief interventions during pregnancy through improving their parenting self-efficacy and mother-infant bonding.

scholarly journals Empowering the Peer Group to Prevent School Bullying in Kosovo: Effectiveness of a Short and Ultra-Short Version of the ViSC Social Competence Program

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliriza Arënliu ◽  
Dagmar Strohmeier ◽  
Jon Konjufca ◽  
Takuya Yanagida ◽  
Christoph Burger
Keyword(s):  
Social Competence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Short Program ◽  
Bullying Programs ◽  
Program Version ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Evidence-based anti-bullying programs are predominantly implemented in high-income countries, although there is a clear need for bullying prevention also in low- and middle-income countries. The present study reports the effectiveness of a short and ultra-short version of the ViSC Social Competence Program that was implemented in nine Kosovar schools. The ViSC program aims to empower adolescents to recognize bullying and to intervene in bullying situations. A quasi-experimental longitudinal control group design was realized to examine the effectiveness of the two program versions regarding different forms of self-reported perpetration and victimization. The short program version was implemented in 10 classes (N = 282, 52% girls, Mage = 13.45), the ultra-short program version was implemented in 13 classes (N = 354, 46% girls, Mage = 13.28), and 23 classes (N = 613, 50% girls, Mage = 13.31) served as control group. Multilevel growth models revealed intervention effects in favor of the ultra-short version when compared to the control group regarding physical victimization. All other effects were not significant. To conclude, educational and social policies supporting the implementation of evidence-based anti-bullying programs need to be issued in low- and middle-income countries, as even ultra-short versions might be effective in contexts with limited available resources.

scholarly journals Pilot Educational Intervention and Feasibility Assessment of Breast Ultrasound in Rural South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 502-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay K. Dickerson ◽  
Anne F. Rositch ◽  
Susan Lucas ◽  
Susan C. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Breast Ultrasound ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Purpose Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide, with high mortality in low- and middle-income countries because of a lack of detection, diagnosis, and treatment. With mammography unavailable, ultrasound offers an alternative for downstaging. The literature reports successful training in various domains, but a focus on the breast is novel. We assessed the feasibility (knowledge acquisition, perceived usefulness, and self-efficacy) of breast ultrasound training for nonphysician providers. Methods Training was implemented for 12 providers at Hlokomela Clinic in Hoedspruit, South Africa, over 3 weeks. Didactic presentations and example cases were followed by a presurvey and test (n = 12). All providers received hands-on training with nurses as models; five providers trained with patients. A post-test (n = 12) assessed knowledge acquisition and a postsurvey (n = 10) assessed perceived program usefulness and provider self-efficacy. Results The pre- to post-test averages improved by 68% in total and in four competencies (foundational knowledge, descriptive categories, benign v malignant, and lesion identification). On the postsurvey, providers expressed that ultrasound could significantly influence breast cancer detection (9.1 out of 10), treatment (7.9 out of 10), and survival (8.7 out of 10) in their community and endorsed moderate confidence in their scanning (6.3 out of 10) and interpreting abilities (5.6 out of 10). Conclusion Our research supports the feasibility of breast ultrasound training as part of a breast education program in low- and middle-income countries. Pre- and post-test results and observed proficiency indicate that training nonphysician providers is achievable; postsurvey responses indicate program acceptance, community-based ownership, and provider self-efficacy with ultrasound. Future work may show that breast ultrasound is viable for early detection where mammography is unavailable.

scholarly journals Prevention of childhood unintentional injuries in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243464
Author(s):  
Anna Tupetz ◽  
Kaitlyn Friedman ◽  
Duan Zhao ◽  
Huipeng Liao ◽  
Megan Von Isenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Unintentional Injuries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Injuries are a leading cause of death and disability among children. Numerous injury prevention strategies have been successful in high-income countries, but the majority of unintentional injuries happen to children living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This project aims to delineate the childhood injury prevention initiatives in LMICs. For inclusion, peer-reviewed articles needed to address unintentional injury, include children <18, assess a prevention-related intervention, contain a control group, and be published after 1988. Two pairs of reviewers evaluated articles independently to determine study eligibility. 74 articles were included. 30 studies addressed road traffic injuries, 11 drowning, 8 burns, 3 falls, 8 poisonings, and 21 an unspecified injury type. The findings show positive effects on injury outcome measures following educational interventions, the need for longer follow-up periods after the intervention, the need for effectiveness trials for behavior change, and the need for an increase in injury prevention services in LMICs. This is the first systematic review to summarize the prevention initiatives for all types of childhood unintentional injuries in LMICs. Increased attention and funding are required to go beyond educational initiatives with self-reported measures and little follow-up time to robust interventions that will reduce the global burden of unintentional injuries among children.

scholarly journals Telemedicine interventions for hypertension management in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254222
Author(s):  
Michael Hoffer-Hawlik ◽  
Andrew Moran ◽  
Lillian Zerihun ◽  
John Usseglio ◽  
Jennifer Cohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Hypertension remains the leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide and disproportionately impacts patients living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Telemedicine offers a potential solution for improving access to health care for vulnerable patients in LMICs. Objectives The purpose of this scoping review was to summarize the evidence for telemedicine interventions for blood pressure management in LMICs and assess the relationships between the telemedicine intervention characteristics and clinical outcomes. Design Published studies were identified from the following databases (from their inception to May 2020): PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. Search terms related to “Low and Middle Income Countries,” “Telemedicine,” and “Hypertension” were used, and clinical outcomes were extracted from the screened articles. Results Our search resulted in 530 unique articles, and 14 studies were included in this review. Five studies assessed telemedicine interventions for patient-provider behavioral counseling, four assessed patient-provider medical management, and five assessed provider-provider consultation technologies. Out of fourteen individual studies, eleven demonstrated a significant improvement in systolic or diastolic blood pressure in the intervention group. Of the eight studies that reported difference-in-differences changes in systolic blood pressure, between-arm differences ranged from 13.2 mmHg to 0.4 mmHg. Conclusions The majority of the studies in this review demonstrated a significant reduction in blood pressure with use of the telemedicine intervention, though the magnitude of benefit was not consistently large. Limitations of the studies included small sample sizes, short duration, and intervention heterogeneity. Current evidence suggests that telemedicine may provide a promising approach to increase access to care and improve outcomes for hypertension in LMICs, especially during events that limit access to in-person care, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. However, high-quality clinical trials of sufficient size and duration are needed to establish the impact and role of telemedicine in hypertension care. The protocol for this review was not registered.

scholarly journals Building capacity in mental health care in low- and middle-income countries by training primary care physicians using the mhGAP: a randomized controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Spagnolo ◽  
François Champagne ◽  
Nicole Leduc ◽  
Michèle Rivard ◽  
Wahid Melki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Mental Health Knowledge ◽  
Group 1

Abstract To address the rise in mental health conditions in Tunisia, a training based on the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) Intervention Guide (IG) was offered to primary care physicians (PCPs) working in the Greater Tunis area. Non-specialists (such as PCPs)’ training is an internationally supported way to target untreated mental health symptoms. We aimed to evaluate the programme’s impact on PCPs’ mental health knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy and self-reported practice, immediately following and 18 months after training. We conducted an exploratory trial with a combination of designs: a pretest–posttest control group design and a one-group pretest–posttest design were used to assess the training’s short-term impact; and a repeated measures design was used to assess the training’s long-term impact. The former relied on a delayed-intervention strategy: participants assigned to the control group (Group 2) received the training after the intervention group (Group 1). The intervention consisted of a weekly mhGAP-based training session (totalling 6 weeks), comprising lectures, discussions, role plays and a support session offered by trainers. Data were collected at baseline, following Group 1’s training, following Group 2’s training and 18 months after training. Descriptive, bivariate and ANOVA analyses were conducted. Overall, 112 PCPs were randomized to either Group 1 (n = 52) or Group 2 (n = 60). The training had a statistically significant short-term impact on mental health knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy scores but not on self-reported practice. When comparing pre-training results and results 18 months after training, these changes were maintained. PCPs reported a decrease in referral rates to specialized services 18 months after training in comparison to pre-training. The mhGAP-based training might be useful to increase mental health knowledge and self-efficacy, and decrease reported referral rates and negative mental health attitudes among PCPs in Tunisia and other low- and middle-income countries. Future studies should examine relationships among these outcome variables.

scholarly journals MANTRA: development and localization of a mobile educational health game targeting low literacy players in low and middle income countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Mueller ◽  
Delphine Soriano ◽  
Andrei Boscor ◽  
Naomi Saville ◽  
Abriti Arjyal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Literacy ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals Household-focused interventions to enhance the treatment and management of HIV in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand C. Mukumbang ◽  
Lucia Knight ◽  
Caroline Masquillier ◽  
Anton Delport ◽  
Neo Sematlane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Perceived Social Support ◽  
World Health ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background HIV remains a major public health challenge in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The initiation of a greater number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) onto antiretroviral therapy (ART) following the World Health Organization’s ‘universal test and treat’ recommendation has the potential to overstretch already challenged health systems in LMICs. While various mainstream and community-based care models have been implemented to improve the treatment outcomes of PLHIV, little effort has been made to harness the potential of the families or households of PLHIV to enhance their treatment outcomes. To this end, we sought to explore the characteristics and effectiveness of household-focused interventions in LMICs on the management of HIV as measured by levels of adherence, viral suppression and different dimensions of HIV competence. Additionally, we sought to explore the mechanisms of change to explain how the interventions achieved the expected outcomes. Methods We systematically reviewed the literature published from 2003 to 2018, obtained from six electronic databases. We thematically analysed the 11 selected articles guided by the population, intervention, comparison and outcome (PICO) framework. Following the generative causality logic, whereby mechanisms are postulated to mediate an intervention and the outcomes, we applied a mechanism-based inferential reasoning, retroduction, to identify the mechanisms underlying the interventions to understand how these interventions are expected to work. Results The identified HIV-related interventions with a household focus were multi-component and multi-dimensional, incorporating aspects of information sharing on HIV; improving communication; stimulating social support and promoting mental health. Most of the interventions sought to empower and stimulate self-efficacy while strengthening the perceived social support of the PLHIV. Studies reported a significant positive impact on improving various aspects of HIV competent household – positive effects on HIV knowledge, communication between household members, and improved mental health outcomes of youths living in HIV-affected households. Conclusion By aiming to strengthen the perceived social support and self-efficacy of PLHIV, household-focused HIV interventions can address various aspects of household HIV competency. Nevertheless, the role of the household as an enabling resource to improve the outcomes of PLHIV remains largely untapped by public HIV programmes; more research on improving household HIV competency is therefore required. Trial registration PROSPERO registration: CRD42018094383.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pendidikan Kesehatan dengan Media Booklet Terhadap Pengetahuan, Sikap dan Tindakan Ibu Tentang Stimulasi Perkembangan Anak Usia Pra Sekolah di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Lubuk Buaya Kota Padang

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1361
Author(s):  
Melda Saputri ◽  
Eva Chundrayetti ◽  
Deswita Deswita
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Test Control

Children are the next generation of the nation, so it takes children with good quality in order to achieve a quality future of the nation. The reality is that low and middle income countries cannot realize the full development potential of children. Appropriate stimulation is needed such as with booklet media so that children develop well. This research is a quantitative study using the "Pre and Post test Control Group" design which aims to see the effect of health education with booklet media on knowledge, attitudes and actions about stimulating the development of preschool children in the work area of the Lubuk Buaya Health Center, Padang City. The population is 959. The sample is 34 respondents, 17 respondents in the intervention group and 17 in the control group. There was an effect of health education on knowledge (p=0.002), attitude (p=0.004) and action (p=0.006) in the intervention group. There was no effect of health education on knowledge (p=0.163), attitudes (p=0.083) and actions (p=0.183) in the control group. It is hoped that nurses in the community educate mothers about stimulating child development and it is hoped that mothers will take the time to read booklets, carry out all forms of stimulation to children according to what is listed in the booklet.

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