scholarly journals Fethiye Bölgesinde Açıkta Satılan Tüketime Hazır Bazı Gıdalarda Koliform Bakteri Sayısının Belirlenmesi

Author(s):  
Mehtap Çiftçi ◽  
Nilgün Öncül

Since coliform bacteria are common both in the intestine and in nature (soil, plant, etc.), they are considered as a sanitation indicator in the food industry. It is known that the majority of bacteria defined as fecal coliform in the coliform group are Escherichia coli. The presence of E. coli or fecal coliform bacteria in any sample is an indication that the necessary hygienic measures are not taken during production, storage, and sale. That means the sample is directly or indirectly contaminated with faeces, and/or other intestinal pathogens may also exist. In this study, raw milk, freshly squeezed fruit juices, unpackaged ice cream, shaved ice, and ice-cold samples were purchased from the famous touristic destination Fethiye and analyzed for coliform bacteria. For this purpose, the samples were purchased from local marketplaces, buffets, cafes, patisseries, restaurants, and roadsides at Fethiye. In total 60 samples were analyzed using Violet Red Bile (VRB) Agar. The results of coliform bacteria ranged

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5868
Author(s):  
Iwona Beata Paśmionka ◽  
Karol Bulski ◽  
Piotr Herbut ◽  
Elżbieta Boligłowa ◽  
Frederico Márcio C. Vieira ◽  
...  

Water reuse is now becoming a global necessity. However, one of the drawbacks in releasing wastewater into the environment is some persistent pollutants that are not completely removed in wastewater treatment plant. Residual bacteria and antibiotics in the inflowing wastewater can contribute to the antibiotic resistance spread in the aquatic environment. This study determined the effectiveness of activated sludge process for fecal coliform bacteria elimination, and also the Escherichia coli resistance to antimicrobial agents as erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, and metronidazole in treated wastewater. The research was carried out using the membrane filtration technique, and the susceptibility of isolates to antimicrobial agents was tested by the disc diffusion method. The concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli differed significantly depending on the seasonal period in which it was carried out. Despite up to 99% reduction in the number of sanitary indicators in biologically treated wastewater, 89% of E. coli isolates resistant to the tested antibiotics was found, while 100% of the isolates were susceptible to metronidazole. Most of the isolates showed resistance to trimethoprim, and the fewest isolates were resistant to ofloxacin, indicating that some strains may react differently to antibiotics.


2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 3771-3778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winfried B. Ksoll ◽  
Satoshi Ishii ◽  
Michael J. Sadowsky ◽  
Randall E. Hicks

ABSTRACT Epilithic periphyton communities were sampled at three sites on the Minnesota shoreline of Lake Superior from June 2004 to August 2005 to determine if fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli were present throughout the ice-free season. Fecal coliform densities increased up to 4 orders of magnitude in early summer, reached peaks of up to 1.4 � 105 CFU cm−2 by late July, and decreased during autumn. Horizontal, fluorophore-enhanced repetitive-PCR DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that the source for 2% to 44% of the E. coli bacteria isolated from these periphyton communities could be identified when compared with a library of E. coli fingerprints from animal hosts and sewage. Waterfowl were the major source (68 to 99%) of periphyton E. coli strains that could be identified. Several periphyton E. coli isolates were genotypically identical (≥92% similarity), repeatedly isolated over time, and unidentified when compared to the source library, suggesting that these strains were naturalized members of periphyton communities. If the unidentified E. coli strains from periphyton were added to the known source library, then 57% to 81% of E. coli strains from overlying waters could be identified, with waterfowl (15 to 67%), periphyton (6 to 28%), and sewage effluent (8 to 28%) being the major potential sources. Inoculated E. coli rapidly colonized natural periphyton in laboratory microcosms and persisted for several weeks, and some cells were released to the overlying water. Our results indicate that E. coli from periphyton released into waterways confounds the use of this bacterium as a reliable indicator of recent fecal pollution.


1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. TOWNSEND ◽  
R. L. IRVING ◽  
A. NAQUI

SimPlate for coliforms and Escherichia coli (CEc) is a new method for the detection and quantification of coliforms and E. coli in food. Internal validation of the method was carried out at IDEXX Laboratories (Westbrook, ME) with 180 food samples representing a variety of different food matrices and compared against three-tube MPN (most probable number), VRBA (violet red bile agar) + MUG, and Petrifilm (E. coli count) methods. SimPlate CEc was highly correlated with each of these methods for the quantification of coliform bacteria (r ≥ 0.90). An insignificant number of food samples were found to contain E. coli; therefore, no meaningful correlation data could be generated. Four hundred forty-four additional food samples were tested at five collaborating laboratories for the presence of coliforms and E. coli using SimPlate CEc and either VRBA + MUG or Petrifilm (E. coli count). Regression analysis of data from SimPlate for CEc versus Petrifilm E. coli count plates generated correlation coefficients (r) of at least 0.89 for total coliforms and at least 0.90 for generic E. coli. Correlation coefficients between SimPlate for CEc and VRBA + MUG data were at least 0.90 for coliforms and at least 0.86 for E. coli. SimPlate for CEc demonstrated better recovery of E. coli than Petrifilm when high populations of bacteria were present. E. coli was not detected in 20 of 50 (40%) raw milk samples tested by the Petrifilm method due to the presence of interfering coliform and noncoliform bacteria. It is concluded that SimPlate for CEc is a suitable alternative for determining numbers of coliform bacteria and E. coli in food.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ola Wagih Hegab ◽  
Eman F. Abdel-Latif ◽  
Ashraf Ahmed Moawad

Background: Soft and hard artisanal cheeses are regularly consumed in Egypt. These products are usually processed from raw milk which may  harbor many pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms.Aim: To evaluate the safety of some artisanal cheeses in Egypt, such as Ras, Domiati, and Mish, through chemical and microbiological examination.Methods: One hundred and fifty random samples of traditional Ras, Domiati, and Mish cheeses (50 each) were microbiologically and chemically analyzed. Counts of total bacteria, presumptive coliform, staphylococci, yeast, and mold were estimated. Furthermore, isolation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was performed, followed by PCR confirmation; isolates of E. coli were examined for the presence of virulence genes; on the other hand, the detection of the five classical enterotoxin genes of S. aureus was performed using multiplex PCR. Regarding chemical analysis, moisture, salt, and acidity content were measured. Correlations between chemical and microbial findings were investigated.Results: Mean counts of total bacteria, presumptive coliform, staphylococci, yeast, and mold were (2 × 108, 3 × 106 and 1 × 107 ), (3 × 105, 5 × 10 and 5 × 102), (1 × 106, 4 × 105 and 1 × 105), (3 × 105, 1 × 105 and 5 × 105), and (7 × 103, 4 × 103 and 3 × 104) for Ras, Domiati and Mish cheeses,  respectively. Serological identification of suspected E. coli revealed that E. coli O125 was isolated from Ras and Domiati samples, E. coli O18 was recovered from Ras samples, while E. coli O114 was isolated from Mish samples. PCR results revealed that all detected isolates of E. coli were positive for both iss (increased serum survival) and fimH (type 1 fimbriae) genes. Concerning isolated S. aureus, all examined products were harboring S. aureus enterotoxigenic strains, with seb and sed genes being the most common. The mean values of moisture, salt, and acidity were (30.03, 56.44, and 58.70), (3.30, 6.63, and 7.56) and (0.65, 0.68, and 0.50) for Ras, Domiati, and Mish cheeses, respectively.Conclusion: Enterotoxigenic S. aureus harboring seb gene and enteropathogenic E. coli (serogroups O18, O114, and O125) were frequently isolated from soft and hard artisanal cheeses in Egypt. Therefore, strict hygienic measures should be applied during their manufacture, handing, and distribution. Keywords: Domiati, E. coli virulence genes, Mish, Ras, S. aureus enterotoxins.


2009 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1203-1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R.H. Campos ◽  
M.C.D.P.B. André ◽  
L.J. Borges ◽  
A. Kipnis ◽  
F.C. Pimenta ◽  
...  

From February 2004 to March 2005, 140 samples of food handlers - hands and nostrils - (92), raw milk (24), and minas frescal cheese (24) were analyzed for the presence of Escherichia coli in a dairy processing plant of Goiás State. Forty-seven E. coli strains were obtained and compared by DNA macrorestriction patterns obtained from pulsed-field gel electrophoresis following XbaI restriction in order to investigate the possible sources of cheese contaminations. Based on PFGE genotyping, one strain isolated from food the hands of a handler and five strains isolated from raw milk were identical or closely related to six strains from cheese suggesting, in these cases, the probable source of E. coli contamination in cheeses. No strain isolated from the nostrils was related to those found in cheeses or milk strains. The results showed high diversity among the strains, demonstrating a lack of predominance of an endemic clone in the dairy plant. This paper highlights the usefulness of PFGE as an epidemiological tool for determining the source of E. coli contamination in the food industry.


2006 ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Ferenc Peles ◽  
András Szabó ◽  
Béla Béri ◽  
Péter Keresztúri

For dairy farms, it is of great importance to insure the appropriate hygienic status of milk and to examine it regularly. Escherichia coli, belonging to the coliform bacteria type of, is a good indicator of contamination, and therefore suitable for characterising the hygienic condition of milk production.The aim of our research was to examine the connection between the Escherichi coli count in bulk tank milk and housing and milking technologies of different-sizes farms. We examined the relation using various statistical methods.Analysing the connection between the E. coli count and the farm size we found no significant difference between the farms. On the basis of the mean values of the E. coli count, we can say that the hygienic conditions are appropriate for mid-sized farms, and tolerable for large farms. We found differences in the hygienic status among the small farms. Half of the eight small farms, had no adequate hygiene. The results of the analysis of the quality categories show that the probability of inadequate quality milk was the largest on small farms (37.5%).Comparing the various housing and milking methods with each other, there were numerical differences in the E. coli count, but these differences were not significant. We got higher E. coli count values on those farms using tied stall barn and bucket milking installation. The reason for this could be that in cases of farms using bucket milking installation, it is harder to meet the requirements.After forming groups by farm size, housing and milking methods, we found that the E. coli counts are adequate on mid-size farms using various housing and milking methods; and tolerable on those large farms using loose housing stable and a milking parlour. At the same time, we found inadequate E. coli counts on the smaller farms using tied stall barns and bucket milking installation.The results show that if there is suitable attention, independent of farm size, housing and milking procedure, it is possible to produce milk with low E. coli counts, and to insure appropriate hygienic conditions.Further detailed examinations are needed to decide which factors of housing and milking technologies influence the E. coli count of bulk tank milk.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Molina ◽  
Alfredo Simancas ◽  
Rafael Tabla ◽  
Antonia Gómez ◽  
Isidro Roa ◽  
...  

Bacteriophages are highly specific predators that drive bacterial diversity through coevolution while striking tradeoffs among preserving host populations for long-term exploitation and increasing their virulence, structural stability, or host range. Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria present in the microbiota of milk and during early ripening of raw milk cheeses have been linked to the production of gas, manifested by the appearance of eyes, and the development of off-flavors; thus, they might cause early blowing and cheese spoilage. Here, we report the characterization of coliphages isolated from manure from small ruminant farms and E. coli strains isolated from goat and sheep raw milk cheese. Additionally, the virulence and host range of locally isolated and laboratory collection phages were determined by comparing the susceptibility of E. coli strains from different sources. In agreement with the high genetic diversity found within the species E. coli, clustering analysis of whole-cell protein revealed a total of 13 distinct profiles but none of the raw milk cheese isolates showed inhibition of growth by reference or water-isolated coliphages. Conversely, 10 newly isolated phages had a broad host range (i.e., able to lyse ≥50% of bacterial hosts tested), thus exhibiting utility for biocontrol and only one cheese-isolated E. coli strain was resistant to all the phages. Whereas there was a high positive correlation between bacterial susceptibility range and lysis intensity, the phages virulence decreased as range increased until reaching a plateau. These results suggest local gene-for-gene coevolution between hosts and phages with selective tradeoffs for both resistance and competitive ability of the bacteria and host-range extension and virulence of the phage populations. Hence, different phage cocktail formulations might be required when devising long-term and short-term biocontrol strategies.


1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 865-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie J. Harwood ◽  
Joseph Butler ◽  
Danny Parrish ◽  
Victoria Wagner

ABSTRACT Total and fecal coliform bacteria were isolated from the cloaca and feces of the estuarine diamondback terrapin. The majority of samples contained fecal coliforms. Escherichia coli was the predominant fecal coliform species isolated, and members of the genusSalmonella were isolated from 2 of 39 terrapins. Fecal coliform numbers are used to regulate shellfish harvests, and diamondback terrapins inhabit the brackish-water habitats where oyster beds are found; therefore, these findings have implications for the efficacy of current regulatory parameters in shellfishing waters.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rajes Katon ◽  
Anhar Solichin ◽  
Oktavianto Eko Jati

ABSTRAK Kerang hijau merupakan jenis hewan bertubuh lunak yang hidup menetap (sessile) dan mendapatkan makanan dengan menyaring (filter feeder). Hal ini mengakibatkan banyak mikroorganisme yang terakumulasi ke dalam tubuh kerang hijau, salah satunya yaitu kelompok bakteri Coliform. Bakteri Coliform dibagi menjadi dua yaitu fecal Coliform dan non fecal Coliform. Fecal Coliform berasal dari limbah kotoran hewan dan manusia contoh bakteri E. coli. Keberadaan bakteri E. coli di luar tubuh digunakan sebagai indikator sanitasi makanan dan minuman apakah tercemar atau tidak. Kondisi perairan Morosari mengalami penurunan kualitas air, hal tersebut disebabkan oleh limbah domestik penduduk yang langsung dibuang ke bantaran sungai. Hal ini memungkinkan adanya cemaran mikroba yang dapat membahayakan kesehatan seperti bakteri. Menurut SNI 01 7388 2009 nilai MPN bakteri E. coli untuk Mollusca, Crustacea, dan Echinodermata segar adalah <3/g. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui kelimpahan  bakteri E. coli pada kerang hijau dan untuk membandingkan kelimpahan bakteri E. coli dengan baku mutu SNI. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli 2019. Pengambilan sampel terdiri 9 sampel kerang hijau (kecil <60 mm, sedang 61-70 mm dan besar >70 mm) dengan 3 ekor kerang pada masing masing ukuran. Metode MPN merupakan  metode digunakan untuk analisis bakteri Coliform dan E. coli. Hasil Uji MPN yang didapat yaitu > 1100 MPN/g pada semua sampel. Kesimpulannya berdasarkan hasil uji MPN diperoleh nilai MPN yaitu >1100 MPN/g, hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan bakteri E. coli pada kerang hijau melebihi baku mutu yang ditetapkan berdasarkan SNI 01-7388 2009. ABSTRACTGreen mussels are the type of mollusk that live permanently (sessile) and gets food by filtering (filter feeder). It causes many microorganisms accumulating into the body of green mussels, one of them is a group of Coliform bacteria. Coliform bacteria are divided into two, namely fecal and non-fecal Coliform.Coliform is derived from the waste of animal and human i.e. E. coli bacteria. The existence of E. coli bacteria outside the body is used as an indicator of sanitation for food and drink.The condition of Morosari waters has decreased, it’s caused by the domestic waste of resident which is discharge into the riverbank directly.This allows microbial contamination that can endanger health such as bacteria. According to SNI 01-7388-2009 MPN value from E. coli bacteria for Mollusks, Crustaceans, and Echinoderms is <3/g.. The purpose of this study was to determined the abundance of E. coli bacteria in green mussels and to compared the abundance of E. coli bacteria with the quality standards of SNI. The research was conducted in July 2019. The samples were consisted of 3 types size of green mussels,  small (<60 mm), medium (61-70 mm) and large (>70 mm) and 3 mussels selcted from the each size. MPN method was used for the analysis of Coliform and E. coli bacteria. MPN test result was > 1100 MPN/g on all samples.The result showed,that the abundance of E. coli bacteria in green mussels exceed the quality standard based on SNI 01-7388 2009.  


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