Effects of Acute Ammonium Nitrate Levels Caused by Agricultural Activities on Four Amphibian Species in The Eastern Black Sea Region

The tadpoles of four amphibian species, namely the Marsh Frog (Pelophylax ridibundus), the Iranian Long-Legged Frog (Rana macrocnemis), the Caucasian Parsley Frog (Pelodytes caucasicus) and the Variable Green Toad (Bufotes variabilis), were exposed to acute concentrations (0 to 500 mg/L) of ammonium nitrate to assess the lethal effects (larval growth, abnormalities, mortality, and LC50 values). Eggs of each species were obtained from clean and polluted habitats in the same region and the tadpoles for experiments were provided from those eggs in the laboratory conditions. Although there was some variability between different populations of the same species or between different species in the observed effects, acute levels of ammonium nitrate caused decreased growth rate and increased abnormalities and mortality in general. Among the 4 amphibian species, the Variable Green Toad was the most damaged one in terms of growth reduction (on average 77-83%), and abnormality rates, and the most damaged one in terms of mortality rates was the Marsh Frog (on average 61-72%). Additionally, the species with the lowest concentration of ammonium nitrate, which killed half of its population, was the Marsh Frog. LC50 values for two populations of Marsh Frog were 37 and 59 mg/L. As a result of our research, it was determined that the acute fertilizer levels caused by agricultural activities in the region had very important harmful effects for all the species we examined. In this context, it can be said that very important environmental and biodiversity problems may occur if certain precautions are not taken regarding the use of the fertilizers and if the awareness of the farmers using these fertilizers cannot be raised.

Download Full-text

Effects of Environmentally Relevant Ammonium Nitrate Levels Caused by Agricultural Activities on Four Amphibian Species in The Eastern Black Sea Region

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v9isp.2604-2617.4981 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 9 (sp) ◽

pp. 2604-2617

Author(s):

Handan Karaoglu

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stage ◽

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Agricultural Activities ◽

Growth Reduction ◽

Amphibian Species ◽

Black Sea Region ◽

Prolonged Time ◽

Chronic Effects ◽

Green Toad

Within the scope of this research, the chronic effects of ammonium nitrate, which is the most widely used fertilizer worldwide, on the tadpoles of Marsh Frog (Pelophylax ridibundus), the Iranian Long-Legged Frog (Rana macrocnemis), the Caucasian Parsley Frog (Pelodytes caucasicus) and the Variable Green Toad (Bufotes variabilis) were examined. To assess the chronic effects of the fertilizer, the tadpoles of all the species were exposed to 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mg/L concentrations in same conditions. The chronic concentrations were applied from the 25th developmental stage to the 42nd developmental stage. It was defined at the end of the experiments that although there were some variability between different populations of the same species or between different species in the observed effects, chronic levels of ammonium nitrate caused decreased growth rate, prolonging in time to complete metamorphosis, increased abnormalities, and mortality in general. Among the 4 amphibian species, the Variable Green Toad was the most damaged one in terms of growth reduction (on average 31-41 %), abnormality rates (on average 50-75 %), prolonged time to complete metamorphose (14-21 days on average) and mortality rates (%54-100). The most adaptive species and the least damaged one was an Iranian long-legged frog for growth reduction (on average 0-15 %), prolonged time to complete metamorphose (7-9 days on average), and mortality rates (%9-15). All the harmful effects of chronic fertilizer levels caused by agricultural activities in the region had very important for examined species in our researches and it can be said that important environmental and biodiversity problems may occur if certain precautions are not taken regarding the use of the fertilizers and if the attitudes of the farmers on this issue cannot be changed.

Download Full-text

To the study of herpetofauna of "Yelanetskyi steppe" nature reserve and adjoined territоries

Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Series Biology ◽

10.17721/1728_2748.2019.78.35-40 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

pp. 35-40

Author(s):

O. Nekrasova ◽

O. Marushchak ◽

O. Oskyrko

Keyword(s):

Nature Reserve ◽

Original Data ◽

Natural Habitats ◽

Amphibian Species ◽

Marsh Frog ◽

Pond Turtle ◽

Green Toad ◽

Reptile Species ◽

Sand Lizard ◽

The Common

As a result of monitoring research conducted in 2015-2017 on the territory of the nature reserve “Yelanetskyi steppe" and adjacent areas, 5 amphibian species (fire-bellied toad, green toad, common spadefoot, marsh frog, H. arborea) and 7 species of reptiles (sand lizard, green lizard, blotched snake, large whipsnake, grass snake, dice snake, pond turtle). The presence of some of the species specified in the project of the reserve creation, namely pond turtle, green lizard, large whipsnake, steppe viper, common toad and common newt has not been confirmed on the reserve's territory. The presence of 8 species was registered directly on the territory of the reserve, and another 4 species were registered in the vicinity of the rivers Gromokliya and Gniloy Yelanets. The most numerous among the identified amphibians are the semi-terrestrial species, such as the common spadefoot and the marsh frog. Sand lizard is the most widespread reptile species within the reserve territory and its population is characterized by an exceptional variety of coloration morphology. It should be noted that for more than a 30-year period a unique numerous population of the blotched snake has been preserved here. According to original data, more than two dozen snake specimens were registered in the vicinity of the Rosa beam. Due to climatic changes, it is proposed to expand the reserve's territory in ecotone river areas where there are finds of blotched snakes and large whipsnakes (RBU, 2009), green lizards (RBU, 2009) and pond turtles (IUCN (LR/NT)) to conserve biodiversity and protect rare species. In particular, the expansion of the boundaries of the reserve is necessary in the context of climate change, as it leads to a shift in the natural habitats of certain amphibian and reptile species, and is also an important step towards the expansion of the Emerald Network of Ukraine

Download Full-text

HbA1c levels in individuals heterozygous for hemoglobin variants

Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1806-9282.63.04.341 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 341-346

Author(s):

Ricardo Silva Tavares ◽

Fábio Oliveira de Souza ◽

Isabel Cristina Carvalho Medeiros Francescantonio ◽

Weslley Carvalho Soares ◽

Mauro Meira Mesquita

Keyword(s):

Test Group ◽

Exchange Chromatography ◽

Group Method ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Hemoglobin Variants ◽

Different Populations ◽

And Control ◽

Two Populations ◽

Hba1c Levels

Summary Objective: To evaluate the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients heterozygous for hemoglobin variants and compare the results of this test with those of a control group. Method: This was an experimental study based on the comparison of HbA1c tests in two different populations, with a test group represented by individuals heterozygous for hemoglobin variants (AS and AC) and a control group consisting of people with electrophoretic profile AA. The two populations were required to meet the following inclusion criteria: Normal levels of fasting glucose, hemoglobin, urea and triglycerides, bilirubin > 20 mg/dL and non-use of acetylsalicylic acid. 50 heterozygous subjects and 50 controls were evaluated between August 2013 and May 2014. The comparison of HbA1c levels between heterozygous individuals and control subjects was performed based on standard deviation, mean and G-Test. Results: The study assessed a test group and a control group, both with 39 adults and 11 children. The mean among heterozygous adults for HbA1c was 5.0%, while the control group showed a rate of 5.74%. Heterozygous children presented mean HbA1c at 5.11%, while the controls were at 5.78%. G-Test yielded p=0.93 for children and p=0.89 for adults. Conclusion: Our study evaluated HbA1c using ion exchange chromatography resins, and the patients heterozygous for hemoglobin variants showed no significant difference from the control group.

Download Full-text

Genetic diversity in different populations of sloths assessed by DNA fingerprinting

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842002000300015 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 503-508 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

N. MORAES ◽

J. S. MORGANTE ◽

C. Y. MIYAKI

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Variability ◽

Dna Fingerprinting ◽

Genetic Similarity ◽

Similarity Indices ◽

Different Populations ◽

Related Individuals ◽

Low Levels ◽

Dna Profiles ◽

Two Populations

In this study we analyzed a population of Bradypus torquatus with individuals originally distributed in different localities of Bahia, and two populations of B. variegatus with individuals from Bahia and São Paulo States. Using the DNA fingerprinting method, we assessed the genetic variability within and between populations. Analysis of the DNA profiles revealed genetic similarity indices ranging from 0.34 ± 0.07 to 0.87 ± 0.04. Similar low levels of genetic variability were found only in isolated mammalian populations or among related individuals. This study presents the first analyses of genetic diversity in sloth populations.

Download Full-text

Acute toxicity of inorganic nitrogen (ammonium, nitrate and nitrite) to tadpoles of five tropical amphibian species

Ecotoxicology ◽

10.1007/s10646-020-02247-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (9) ◽

pp. 1516-1521

Author(s):

Michiel A. Daam ◽

Paulo Ilha ◽

Luis Schiesari

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Amphibian Species ◽

Nitrate And Nitrite

Download Full-text

Arteriolar endothelial cell barrier separates two populations of muscarinic receptors

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.4.h1311 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 262 (4) ◽

pp. H1311-H1315 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. J. Rivers ◽

B. R. Duling

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Cell ◽

Muscarinic Receptors ◽

Vessel Wall ◽

Cheek Pouch ◽

Different Populations ◽

Differential Control ◽

Two Sides ◽

Two Populations

The endothelium of arterioles can function as a barrier to diffusion of hydrophilic molecules when studied in vitro. Thus a substance applied to one side of the arteriole is relatively ineffective in reaching receptors on the opposite side of the vessel wall unless it is lipid soluble. To study the receptor populations on the two sides of the arteriolar endothelium, we used micropipettes to apply methacholine (MCh; 1.0 microM), either luminally or adventitially, for 5 s to the arterioles of the cheek pouch of pentobarbital-anesthetized hamsters. MCh equally dilated the arterioles regardless of the side of application. That different populations of receptors are located on either side of the arteriole was shown by the fact that adventitially applied hydrophilic methscopolamine was ineffective in blocking the effects of the luminally applied MCh but completely blocked the effects of abluminally applied MCh. In contrast, the luminal population of receptors was easily blocked by adventially applied scopolamine, which is lipophilic. Separate and independent populations of receptors in the vessel wall suggests the potential for differential control between humoral and adventitial sources of vasoactive metabolites.

Download Full-text

Population Symbiotic Evolution in a Model of Industrial Districts

Handbook of Research on Nature-Inspired Computing for Economics and Management ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-984-7.ch021 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 301-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

U. Merlone

Keyword(s):

Policy Making ◽

Implementation Strategy ◽

Parallel Implementation ◽

Industrial Districts ◽

Dynamic Complexity ◽

Modeling Techniques ◽

Different Populations ◽

Two Populations ◽

Simulation Environments

This chapter considers a model of industrial districts where different populations interact symbiotically. The approach consists of the parallel implementation of the model with jESOF and plain C++. We consider a district decomposition where two populations, workers and firms, cooperate while behaving independently. We can find interesting effects both in terms of worker localization consequences and of the dynamic complexity of the model, with policy resistance aspects.By using a multiple implementation strategy, we compare the advantages of the two modeling techniques and highlight the benefits arising when the same model is implemented on radically different simulation environments; furthermore we discuss and examine the results of our simulations in terms of policy-making effects.

Download Full-text

Revisited mass-radius relations for exoplanets below 120 M⊕

Astronomy and Astrophysics ◽

10.1051/0004-6361/201936482 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 634 ◽

pp. A43 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. F. Otegi ◽

F. Bouchy ◽

R. Helled

Keyword(s):

Pure Water ◽

Mass Range ◽

Planetary Formation ◽

Core Mass ◽

Transiting Planets ◽

Small Density ◽

Different Populations ◽

Formation And Evolution ◽

The Masses ◽

Two Populations

The masses and radii of exoplanets are fundamental quantities needed for their characterisation. Studying the different populations of exoplanets is important for understanding the demographics of the different planetary types, which can then be linked to planetary formation and evolution. We present an updated exoplanet catalogue based on reliable, robust, and, as much as possible accurate mass and radius measurements of transiting planets up to 120 M⊕. The resulting mass-radius (M-R) diagram shows two distinct populations, corresponding to rocky and volatile-rich exoplanets which overlap in both mass and radius. The rocky exoplanet population shows a relatively small density variability and ends at mass of ~25 M⊕, possibly indicating the maximum core mass that can be formed. We use the composition line of pure water to separate the two populations, and infer two new empirical M-R relations based on this data: M = (0.9 ± 0.06) R(3.45±0.12) for the rocky population, and M = (1.74 ± 0.38) R(1.58±0.10) for the volatile-rich population. While our results for the two regimes are in agreement with previous studies, the new M-R relations better match the population in the transition region from rocky to volatile-rich exoplanets, which correspond to a mass range of 5–25 M⊕, and a radius range of 2–3 R⊕.

Download Full-text