scholarly journals Detecting the Possibility of Soil Pollution with Radon Emissions for an Area Located within Baghdad University Campus- AL-Jadiriyah

2019 ◽  
pp. 1985-1996
Author(s):  
Wadhah Mahmood Shakir Al-Khafaji ◽  
Ruwaida Tariq Mehdi ◽  
Basim Khalaf Rejah
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Geiger Counter ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Surface Survey ◽  
Dump Yard ◽  
The University

This research deals  with the detection of possible surface soil pollution by radon emissions for an area located inside the university of Baghdad campus at AL-Jadiriyah / Baghdad. The area is about 5625 m2 and located near the College of Science for Women. The area used as construction rubbles dump yard in the past, while recently it is covered with Silty - Clayey soil furnished with grass and used as a playground. A surface survey performed on October 2018 by gridding the area into 36 stations where surface radiometric pollution readings recorded and soil samples collected by using an auger for the top 30 Cm which represents the root zone of the area. Soil samples tested in the laboratory by using can technique with CR-39 type track detectors, while surface readings performed by using a portable Geiger counter device.  Soil surface readings and laboratory analysis results were processed by computer in order to draw contour maps which showed the variation of radon emission anomalies across the area. The aim behind this processing and interpretation is to provide an evaluation for the health environmental impact related to the radioactivity of the top soil and the area surface. The results of this study showed that radon emissions were below the standard limits and this makes it possible to invest the area for future human housing and other activities.

scholarly journals Survival of Oospores of Phytophthora capsici in Soil

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 1478-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Babadoost ◽  
C. Pavon
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
University Of Illinois ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
The University ◽  
Depth Of Burial

This study assessed survival of Phytophthora capsici oospores in soil in Illinois. Soils differing in texture and other characteristics were collected from four Illinois Counties (Champaign, Gallatin, Madison, and Tazewell), equilibrated to –0.3 MPa, and infested with oospores of P. capsici at a density of 5 × 103 oospores/g of dry soil. Samples (25 g) of the infested soil were placed in 15-μm mesh polyester bags, which were sealed and placed at 2-, 10-, and 25-cm depths in 15.3-cm-diameter PVC tubes containing the same field soil as the infested bags. Tubes were buried vertically in the ground at the University of Illinois Vegetable Research Farm in Champaign in October 2004. Soil samples were assayed for recovery and germination of oospores 1 day and 3, 6, 12, 24, 30, 36, and 48 months after incorporation of oospores into the soil. Overall, the percentage of oospore recovery and the percentage of germination of oospores were not affected significantly by soil source and burial depth but both the oospore recovery and oospore germination were significantly (P = 0.001) affected by the duration of oospore burial. The rate of oospore recovery from soil samples was 61.06, 16.69, 10.28, 1.05, 0.30, 0.06, 0.05, and 0.004% after 1 day and 3, 6, 12, 24, 30, 36, and 48 months, respectively, following incorporation of oospores into the soil; and mean oospore germination was 47.17, 30.53, 21.33, 15.64, 7.42, 2.67, 2.61, and 0.00%, respectively. Survival of P. capsici oospores was compared in soil samples stored in a laboratory at 22°C versus on the soil surface or buried 2, 10, or 25 cm deep in a field. Oospores were recovered 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after incorporation for both storage locations. The percentage of oospores recovered from samples stored in the laboratory was significantly (P = 0.004) greater than recovery from samples stored in the field, regardless of the depth of burial. Twenty-four months after incorporation of oospores, 26.52% of oospores were recovered from soil samples in the laboratory, whereas only 0.12% of oospores were recovered from soil samples in the field. Overall, the percentages of germination of oospores recovered from samples in the laboratory and field over 24 months were not significantly different. In both experiments, germinated oospores produced mycelia, sporangia, and zoospores, and were virulent on ‘California Wonder’ bell pepper. This study showed that oospores of P. capsici can survive and remain virulent in Illinois soils for more than 36 months but oospores were no longer viable after 48 months in soil in a field environment.

scholarly journals Micro-Water Harvesting and Soil Amendment Increase Grain Yields of Barley on a Heavy-Textured Alkaline Sodic Soil in a Rainfed Mediterranean Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 713
Author(s):  
Edward G. Barrett-Lennard ◽  
Rushna Munir ◽  
Dana Mulvany ◽  
Laine Williamson ◽  
Glen Riethmuller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Salt Leaching

This paper focuses on the adverse effects of soil sodicity and alkalinity on the growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in a rainfed environment in south-western Australia. These conditions cause the accumulation of salt (called ‘transient salinity’) in the root zone, which decreases the solute potential of the soil solution, particularly at the end of the growing season as the soil dries. We hypothesized that two approaches could help overcome this stress: (a) improved micro-water harvesting at the soil surface, which would help maintain soil hydration, decreasing the salinity of the soil solution, and (b) soil amelioration using small amounts of gypsum, elemental sulfur or gypsum plus elemental sulfur, which would ensure greater salt leaching. In our experiments, improved micro-water harvesting was achieved using a tillage technique consisting of exaggerated mounds between furrows and the covering of these mounds with plastic sheeting. The combination of the mounds and the application of a low rate of gypsum in the furrow (50 kg ha−1) increased yields of barley grain by 70% in 2019 and by 57% in 2020, relative to a control treatment with conventional tillage, no plastic sheeting and no amendment. These increases in yield were related to changes in ion concentrations in the soil and to changes in apparent electrical conductivity measured with the EM38.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON EVAPORATING DEMAND OF THE ATMOSPHERE USING ENERGY BALANCE METHODS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-433
Author(s):  
John M. Peter ◽  
M. U. Hamisu
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Climatic Parameter ◽  
Qualitative Understanding ◽  
Simple Term ◽  
Healthy Growth ◽  
Crops Yield

In this study, two models are computed which are modified penman's monteith and Hargreaves – Samani model. The essence is to provide qualitative information related to the antagonistic effect of climate change on sustainable crop production through qualitative understanding of evaporation and transpiration processes in simple term evapotranspiration (ETo). This is computed using climatic parameters obtained from Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University; Agro weather station, Bauchi for the period of three years. This describes the two processes of water loss on plants, at first, through transpiration and on another note, on the soil surface by evaporation. The study deduced a comparative analysis on aforementioned Methods to determine the evaporating power of the atmosphere in improving crops yield and production through estimating the amount of water needed at the root zone of the plant and also, the seasonal variation during the study. The result of this study shows a little deviation in the two models. The model based on Modified Penman's Monteith displays optimal evapotranspiration. This makes the model satisfy its creation for estimation of reference evapotranspiration. In May, June, September, and October for 2013-2015, high trends are recorded. While In July and August low trend was recorded between climatic parameter and the estimated evapotranspiration. The statistical analyses also show that there is a linear relationship between the two estimated models. In the above months, it shows that application of water is needed for the healthy growth of crops and improved crops yield

Plant Growth Response to the Phytotoxin Viridiol Produced by the FungusGliocladium virens

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Jones ◽  
W. Thomas Lanini ◽  
Joseph G. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Gliocladium Virens ◽  
Root Necrosis ◽  
Shoot Weight

Gliocladium virens, when grown on peat moss amended with sucrose and ammonium nitrate and then applied to soil, resulted in root necrosis. Herbicidal activity was correlated with fungal production of the phytotoxin viridiol. Viridiol had a wide spectrum of activity; it was particularly effective against annual composite species but was less effective in monocot control. Emergence of most weeds was reduced >90% at application rates of 8.7% (of total volume) or less. Treated seedling dry weights were drastically reduced. Applications of 4.5% reduced root and shoot weight of redroot pigweed by 93 and 98%, respectively. Crops were affected at higher treatment levels; however, the toxicity was readily avoided by applying the mycoherbicide out of the root zone of the crop, instead applying it between the seed and the soil surface. Viridiol production, which confers herbicidal activity, was detected 3 days after incorporation of the fungus-peat mixture. Viridiol production peaked on days 5 and 6 at approximately 25 μg viridiol/100 ml soil, based upon an application rate of 11%, then declined to undetectable levels by the end of 2 weeks.

scholarly journals The method for recalibration of thoron concentration reading of RAD7 and obtaining the thoron exhalation rate from soil surface

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanliang Tan ◽  
Detao Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
South China ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Radon Exhalation Rate ◽  
Exhalation Rate ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Rapid Decay ◽  
The University ◽  
Chamber Technique

Thoron exhalation rate can be obtained through the combination of the ?accumulation chamber? technique and RAD7. Thoron?s rapid decay causes the intake path and the air flow rate to become important factors in calibration. In field conditions, since the flow rate of the internal pump in RAD7 will change as the voltage of the battery decreases, the big drying tube is more suitable for a long measurement than the small drying tube. We developed the method for recalibration of the thoron concentration reading of RAD7 based on the calibration factor for 222Rn, and obtained the thoron exhalation rate from soil surface near by the Radon Laboratory of the University of South China. This method can be applied to develop and improve instruments for measuring the radon exhalation rate.

scholarly journals DEGRADASI LAHAN PADA KEBUN CAMPURAN DAN TEGALAN DI KABUPATEN DHARMASRAYA

Jurnal Solum ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Syafrimen Yasin ◽  
Gusnidar Gusnidar ◽  
Dedy Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Bulk Volume ◽  
Soil Fertility Status

A research conducted in Sungai Rumbai, Dharmasraya Regency and in Soil Laboratory Andalas university was aimed to evaluate soil fertility status on the depth below 0-20 cm from several land use types , especially under Mixed Garden and annual cultivated dryland soil.  Soil samples were taken on Ultisol at 0-8% slope (late-waving soil surface).  Land use types evaluated were forest, annual cultivated dryland, bush land, rangeland covered by Imperata cylindrica and mixed garden.  Composite soil samples for soil chemical analysis were taken on the 0-20 cm soil depth with four replications, and 5 drillings for each replication.  Undisturbed soil samples by using sample ring were used to analyze sol bulk volume.  The data resulted were compared to the criteria and were statistically tested using Analysis of Variance and then were continued by LSD at 5% level.  From the results of analyses could be concluded that land use  for mixed garden had the higher Organic Carbon (OC) content and the lower bulk volume (BV) than those for annual cultivated dryland soil.Key Words: Degradasi Lahan, Kebun Campuran, Tegalan

The Environmental Risk Assessment of Herbicide Anilofos on Various Chinese Cultivated Soils

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 1786-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Hua Liu ◽  
Fu Bin Tang ◽  
Guo Nian Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Environmental Fate ◽  
Glass Plate ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Adsorption Coefficient ◽  
Leaching Behavior ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics

Anilofos is the organophosphorus herbicide widely used in China. However, little is known on the processes governing the environmental fate of anilofos in soils and its environmental risk for groundwater. Several environmental fate studies were performed concerning the degradation, sorption, photolysis and mobility of anilofos in soils. The degradation of anilofos in three Chinese soil samples followed first-order kinetics, with half-lives between 64.2 d-161.2 d. The adsorption coefficient (KF) values for the three soils were 10.67 (loam), 31.29 (clay) and 11.63 (sand). No notable photolysis of anilofos occurred on soil surface. Leaching tests, performed in manually packed soil glass-plate, indicated that anilofos moved very slowly on the three types of soil thin layer. Thus, the leaching behavior of anilofos coincided well with the results of the batch sorption and degradation experiments. The data generated from this study could be helpful for risk assessment studies of the pesticide in the environment.

scholarly journals Environmental Sustainability of Open-Pit Coal Mining Practices at Baganuur, Mongolia

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Jonghoon Park ◽  
Eunhye Kwon ◽  
Euijin Chung ◽  
Ha Kim ◽  
Batbold Battogtokh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
X Ray

In this paper, we studied one of the largest coal mines in Mongolia, the Baganuur Coal Mine, in terms of environmental sustainability related to mining practices, with a focus on discharged water and waste sediments. The present quality and potential for future pollution were assessed. Based on World Health Organization and Mongolian guidelines, groundwater pumped from the mining operations could be used for drinking and domestic purposes. In addition, based on the Na absorption ratio, groundwater samples from GW-2 and GW-3 could be used as agriculture water supplies with salinity reduction, or used to grow halophytes as a measure for desertification control and pasture production. All waste soil samples appeared to have a desertification potential. Dust particles smaller than 150 μm comprised more than 80% of soil samples, which had arsenic levels higher than the Mongolian soil pollution standards. In addition, soil collected between coal seams (S-5) showed high sulphur content based on X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectroscopy analyses, strong potential for producing acid mine drainage in the analysis of pH of net acid generation and net acid production potential, and potential for leaching of metals, such as Co. Therefore, the Baganuur Coal Mine requires soil pollution control measures to mitigate the risks of dust and desertification. In this perspective, mine groundwater could be used to reduce environmental stresses by supporting pasture crops such as halophytes on waste disposal sites, thereby preventing dust issues and desertification. Continuous efforts, including monitoring and enacting environmental management measures, are needed from both the mining company and the government to ensure sustainable mine development.

scholarly journals Measurement of Soluble Arsenic in Soil of Bangladesh by Acid-alkali Sequential Extraction

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shafiul Azam ◽  
Md. Shafiquzzaman ◽  
Iori Mishima ◽  
Jun Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Extraction ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Arsenic Mobility ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Sequential Extraction Method ◽  
Core Soil

To measure easily soluble fraction of arsenic, a sequential extraction method by 0.1N HCl and 0.1N NaOH was used according to the soil phosphorus extraction procedure. The effects of reducing conditions on arsenic extraction were examined in incubation test. In high reducing conditions arsenic solubility was shown to be high and seemed to be controlled by dissolution of iron oxy-hydroxides. pH played a predominant role in determining the concentrations of soluble arsenic. Arsenic solubility could be possible at low or high pH conditions. Released arsenic in different pH and redox conditions showed that it is a part of acid extractable arsenic which is sorbed weakly on the soil surface and can be extracted during acid-alkali sequential extraction. Therefore, the method could be applicable to measure potential solubility of arsenic as a result of alteration in soil (e.g. redox, pH) and environmental factors. Sequential extraction results of the soil samples collected in dry and wet season suggested that acid-alkali extracted arsenic fractions of surface and core soil samples of paddy field were increased in wet season. They seemed to be moved with irrigation groundwater. Keywords: Acid-alkali extraction; Arsenic contamination; Soil arsenic mobility; Groundwater contamination; Paddy soil.  © 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237(Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1058  

scholarly journals Surveying for Virus-vectoring Nematodes in Container-grown Blueberry Plants in Oregon

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sharma-Poudyal ◽  
C. Fraley ◽  
N. K. Osterbauer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plastic Sheet ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Effective Barrier ◽  
Gravel Layer ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Plant Parasitic

The goal of this study was to determine the risk of finding virus-vectoring nematodes in containerized blueberry plants placed on gravel. To detect dagger nematode, soil, and potting media samples were collected from blueberry nurseries growing plants in containers using soilless potting media, with the containers placed on a gravel bed or, for one nursery, on a plastic sheet placed on the soil surface. Potting media samples were collected from containers holding plants and soil samples were collected from beneath the gravel or plastic barrier. Nematodes were extracted from all of the samples using sucrose centrifugation. No dagger or other plant parasitic nematodes were detected in any of the samples tested. These results suggest no treatment of soilless potting media is necessary before planting blueberries into containers. Similarly, the gravel layer seems to be an effective barrier for suppressing dagger and other plant parasitic nematodes. Accepted for publication 25 July 2016. Published 8 August 2016.

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