scholarly journals Spoken Grammar: Meaning, Principles and Characteristics

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-168
Author(s):  
Ru’a Salim Mahmood ◽  
Hussein Ali Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Spoken English ◽  
English Grammar ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Informal Context

Abstract The terms Spoken Grammar was coined by the two corpus grammarians, Ronald Carter and Mike McCarthy. In the 19th century,  it came under the impact  of a number of local dialects represented by the cockney dialect in London, and the Lothian dialect in Edinburgh. The discussions, debates and studies on Spoken grammar have led to the specification of three main viewpoints concerning the existence of this types of grammar. The viewpoints entail  that (1) grammatical rules do not govern spoken language, which is disorderly and disordered; (2) Speaking English lacks a distinct grammar. It has the same syntax as written English grammar; and (3) spoken language is regulated by a separate grammar with its own set of rules and conventions; i.e. it has its own grammar represented by its own set of rules, regulations, and classifications compared to those of the written language. T validate or refute the implications of the preceding viewpoints, relevant literature concludes that spoken grammar is quite prevalent in everyday conversational spoken English. It is characterized by being more flexible and less strict compared to written grammar. This is so because the informal context of using spoken grammar makes it have a syntax that varies from the traditional written grammar in a number of aspects. This purely theoretical  research aims at shedding light on the definition, meaning, principles and the main characteristics of spoken grammar. The emphasis on the distinctive features of spoken grammar has triggered the researchers to focus on a further point of discussion, namely the differences between spoken and written grammar. To substantiate such differences, examples from closely relevant grammatical literature have also been provided. The research ends with some concluding points drawn upon from the preceding discussed and presented points.

scholarly journals Codification of the spoken language : an example of contemporary Slovene

Linguistica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 337-348
Author(s):  
Hotimir Tivadar
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Public Communication ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Theoretical Idea ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
The Past ◽  
Slovene Language ◽  
Actual Speech ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Slovene language is often presented as a national element. Even in the 19th century, which saw the Spring of Nations and the United Slovenia project, the Slovene language was a constitutive element of the Slovene nation. In the meantime, the Slovene language was positioning itself as an all-Slovene language, trying to be supra-regional. By the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Slovene written language had stabilized, while at the same time the spoken language had only begun to assert itself. During this time, the prevailing principle was to "speak the way the language is written." In the mid-20th century, the theoretical idea of a literary language that is based on the central Slovene-speech (i.e. the speech of Ljubljana) came to dominate. In the third millennium, the question is whether a regionally-defined speech can be used as the basis for a Standard language. Another central question is what this "suitable" regionally-conditioned speech would be like. The principle of how important, decision-wise, the centre of a nation is, when it comes to questions of linguistic norms, may seem very attractive and, to a certain extent, logical. However, even examples of historically and linguistically comparable languages do not support the theory of creating the norm for the Standard Slovene language, based on the contemporary speech of Ljubljana, as claimed by Toporišič in Slovenska slovnica and, later, in Slovenski pravopis. Within Slovenia, the Standard Slovene language is tied to written language, which has proven, in the past, to be a suitable way of setting the norm. Regressing back to the principles of standardising a language, based on regional variants, would be unproductive, would introduce needless discord, and would cause problems with everyday, public communication. Contemporary research of actual speech, a portion of which is also presented within this article, confirms the all-Slovene and regionally-independent character of the Slovene Standard language.    

scholarly journals Language, Cognition, and Script Effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-24
Author(s):  
Hye K. Pae
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Linguistic Relativity ◽  
Language Bias ◽  
Early View ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This chapter begins with the discussions of what language is and the relationship between spoken language and written language, along with the early view of language-is-speech in linguistics as well as a written-language bias. A series of questions are posed and answered, covering whether we think differently according to the language we speak, whether language affects thinking or thinking affects language, and what the impact of literacy is. These questions are closely related to the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Based on empirical evidence for linguistic relativity, script relativity is proposed as an extension. Fundamental challenges in research into both linguistic relativity and script relativity are identified. The chapter ends with the introduction to this book, including the scope of the volume, terminology used throughout the book, and intended audiences.

scholarly journals Nature of Cypriots in the Light of 19th Century Travel Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (31) ◽  
pp. 159-165
Author(s):  
Nurdan Atamturk ◽  
Seyit Ozkutlu
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Travel Literature ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century

This study explores the impressions of the 19th century travelers on the nature of Turkish and Greek Cypriots by focusing on their relationships with each other, their personal characteristics, and their attitudes towards foreigners and visitors. Since the focus of the study is the nature and culture of the Cypriots, Cypriots' characteristics, distinctive features, attitudes towards travelers, moods and mindset are presented comparatively in the light of travelers’ reflections in their written accounts. The data were elicited from primary and secondary sources. Primary sources in this context refer to the published books of the 19th century travelers to Cyprus while secondary sources constitute the studies on the issue in the relevant literature. All books written by travelers to Cyprus in the 19th century were perused to find the data related to the nature of Cypriots and their characters over a period of a year. The collected data were then coded and classified to reveal the themes, namely hospitality, friendliness, family loyalty and docility. Being a type of content analysis, conceptual analysis was conducted in data analysis. Since almost all studies on the 19th century Cyprus travel literature are related to the political and religious dynamics of 19th century Cyprus, this study is thought to fill a gap in the relevant literature by shedding light on the socio-cultural aspects of Cyprus. The results revealed that the Cypriots were quite hospitable towards the travelers since the travelers acknowledged that they felt properly welcomed. Friendliness, helpfulness and docility were found to be other features exhibited by Cypriots in the traveler accounts. The other highly praised characteristic was found to be devotion to home and family.

THE IDEA OF «COMMUNITY» IN THE GOVERNMENT CONCEPTS OF GALICIA OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Liubomyr Ilyn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze and systematize the views of social and political thinkers of Galicia in the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. on the right and manner of organizing a nation-state as a cathedral. Method. The methodology includes a set of general scientific, special legal, special historical and philosophical methods of scientific knowledge, as well as the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematic and comprehensive. The problem-chronological approach made it possible to identify the main stages of the evolution of the content of the idea of catholicity in Galicia's legal thought of the 19th century. Results. It is established that the idea of catholicity, which was borrowed from church terminology, during the nineteenth century. acquired clear legal and philosophical features that turned it into an effective principle of achieving state unity and integrity. For the Ukrainian statesmen of the 19th century. the idea of catholicity became fundamental in view of the separation of Ukrainians between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The idea of unity of Ukrainians of Galicia and the Dnieper region, formulated for the first time by the members of the Russian Trinity, underwent a long evolution and received theoretical reflection in the work of Bachynsky's «Ukraine irredenta». It is established that catholicity should be understood as a legal principle, according to which decisions are made in dialogue, by consensus, and thus able to satisfy the absolute majority of citizens of the state. For Galician Ukrainians, the principle of unity in the nineteenth century. implemented through the prism of «state» and «international» approaches. Scientific novelty. The main stages of formation and development of the idea of catholicity in the views of social and political figures of Halychyna of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries are highlighted in the work. and highlighting the distinctive features of «national statehood» that they promoted and understood as possible in the process of unification of Ukrainian lands into one state. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of special courses.

Self-Esteem and Loneliness as Predicting Factors of Arab Children Achievement İn Kuala Lumpur

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma'a Abdel Fattah Alhoot ◽  
Ssekamanya Sıraje Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Arab Children ◽  
Predicting Factors ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Arab Schools ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Taking into consideration the fact that self-esteem and loneliness have an even more important role to play in students' learning, this study seeks to examine the correlation of these two factors with children academic performance. The study involved 499 (grade 4 to grade 9) Arab children studying at Arab schools in Kuala Lumpur-Malaysia. Data were collected via two questionnaires (one for loneliness and the other for self-esteem). The correlational data analysis yielded a negative correlation between loneliness and academic achievement while there is a positive correlation between self-esteem and achievement. Results also suggested that there is no correlation between students' gender, age, and academic achievement. Furthermore, the results revealed that self-esteem is a good predictor of achievement while loneliness and gender are not good predictors. The findings of the present study are discussed in relation to the relevant literature, taking into consideration the impact of children mental health on their academic achievement. Finally, recommendations for further research are presented.

The impact of the new media on public relations in the public administration in Kurdistan Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 268-288
Author(s):  
Dlan Ismail Mawlud ◽  
Hoshyar Mozafar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
New Media ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Management System ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
The Impact

The development of technology, information technology and various means of communication have a significant impact on public relations activity; especially in government institutions. Many government institutions have invested these means in their management system, in order to facilitate the goals of the institution, and ultimately the interaction between the internal and external public. In this theoretical research, I tried to explain the impact of the new media on public relations in the public administration, based on the views of specialists. The aim of the research is to know the use of the new media of public relations and how in the system of public administration, as well as, Explaining the role it plays in public relations activities of government institutions. Add to this, analyzing the way of how new media and public relations participate in the birth of e-government. In the results, it is clear that the new media has facilitated public relations between the public and other institutions, as it strengthened relations between them

THE IMPACT OF SERVICE QUALITY ON BRAND LOYALTY OF DTAC SELULER SERVICE USERS

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Debby Arisandi
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Customer Service ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Service Industry ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The Impact

<p>Purpose- In the GSM seluler telephony sector, the main condition for protecting the subscriber base is to win customer to be loyalty, a key necessity for the maintenance of a brand loyalty in the long term. To achieve this aim, service quality must be measured and identified. This paper’s aim is to measure the effects of service quality towards brand loyalty on DTAC seluler service provider. This study will explore the relationship between service quality and brand loyalty in the seluler service industry.</p><p>Design/methodology/approach- The main research target sample covered 200 seluler phone users in Prince of Songka University, Hatyai campus. Field research was conducted. The questionnaire was formed by a synthesis of existing constructs in relevant literature. Reliability tests, descriptive statistic, and regressions analyses were performed to both confirm scale reliability and answer the research questions. The data were analysed by moderated regression analysis to test the hypotheses.</p><p>Findings- The findings of this study show that an overall service quality directly affects brand loyalty. Network quality, customer service, pricing structure and billing system are the service quality dimensions that have significant positive influence on brand loyalty, which in turn has a significant positive impact on brand loyalty 43,5%. Therefore, it plays a crucial role in winning customer loyalty.</p><p>Originality/value- It is of great importance for seluler operators in a mature market such as that of Thailand, to understand what the drivers of brand loyalty are. The present study produced useful findings, which can be utilized by seluler service provider managers, in their effort to develop and implement successful brand loyalty strategies. With respect to the findings, pricing structure has the most importance than others dimensions of service quality which provides positive outcomes on brand loyalty, not only in the present but also in the future. So, the effect of pricing structure on brand loyalty becomes greater than the effect of others dimenstions of service quality. Therefore, any GSM operator who wishes to preserve its existing subscriber base should concentrate on winning its subscribers’ loyalty, especially for DTAC.</p>Keywords- Seluler Services, Brand Loyalty, Service Quality

The Portrayal of Islam in Some Early Nigerian Newspapers (1880-1910)

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
Salahudeen Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Intellectual Honesty ◽  
The People ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Press ◽  
External Threat ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

The history of Islam in part of what is known today as Nigeria datesto about the loth Century. Christianity dates to the late 18th Century. Bythe middle of the 19th Century, when Nigerian newspapers began to appearon the streets of Nigeria, both religions had won so many followers and extendedto so many places in Nigeria that very few areas were untouched bytheir influence. The impact of both religions on their adherents not only determinedtheir spiritual life, but influenced their social and political lives aswell. It therefore became inevitable that both religions receive coverage frommost of the newspapers of the time. How the newspapers as media of informationand communication reported issues about the two religions is thetheme of this paper.Rationale for the StudyThe purpose of this study is to highlight the context in which such earlynewspapers operated and the factors that dictated their performance. Thisis because it is assumed that when a society faces external threat to its territory,culture, and independence, all hands (the press inclusive) ought tobe on deck to resist the threat with all might. Were newspapers used as verbalartillery and how did they present each religion? It is also assumed thatin a multireligious society a true press should be objective and serve as avanguard in the promotion of the interest of the people in general and notcreate or foster an atmosphere of religious conflict. The study also aims atfinding out whether the papers promoted intellectual honesty and fosteredthe spirit of unity particularly when the society was faced with the encroachmentof the British who posed a threat to their freedom, culture, economy ...

On Using Written Language Training Data for Spoken Language Modeling

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Schwartz ◽  
L. Nguyen ◽  
F. Kubala ◽  
G. CHou ◽  
G. Zavaliagkos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Language Modeling ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Language Training

Sinitic in a Global Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Francis Kornicki
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
The Common

This chapter focuses on the language rupture in East Asia, that is to say, the loss of the common written language known as literary Chinese or Sinitic. The gradual replacement of the cosmopolitan language Sinitic by the written vernaculars was a process similar in some ways to the replacement of Latin and Sanskrit by the European and South Asian vernaculars, as argued by Sheldon Pollock. However, Sinitic was not a spoken language, so the oral dimension of vernacularization cannot be ignored. Charles Ferguson’s notion of diglossia has been much discussed, but the problem in the context of East Asia is that the only spoken languages were the vernaculars and that Sinitic was capable of being read in any dialect of Chinese as well as in the vernaculars used in neighbouring societies.

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