scholarly journals IVAN PULUJ AND THE DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulyana Pidvalna ◽  
◽  
Roman Plyatsko ◽  
Vassyl Lonchyna ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Exhibition ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
X Rays ◽  
High Quality ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Exact Date ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Given

On January 5, 1896, the Austrian newspaper Die Presse published an article entitled “A Sensational Discovery”. It was dedicated to the discovery of X-rays made on November 8, 1895 by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. Having taken into account the contribution of other scientists, the precondition of the given epochal, yet unexpected, discovery was, first and foremost, the work of the Ukrainian scientist Ivan Puluj. It was Puluj who laid the foundation for X-ray science. He explained the nature of X-rays, discovered that they can ionize atoms and molecules, and defined the place of X-ray emergence and their distribution in space. In 1881, Puluj constructed a cathode lamp (“Puluj’s tube”) which was fundamentally a new type of light source. In the same year, in recognition of this discovery, Puluj received an award at the International Exhibition in Paris. Investigating the processes in cathode-ray tubes, Ivan Puluj set the stage for two ground-breaking discoveries in physics, namely X-rays and electrons. Puluj used his cathode lamp in medicine as a source of intense X-rays which proved to be highly efficient. The exact date of the first X-ray images received by Puluj remains unknown. High-quality photographs of the hand of an eleven-year-old girl, taken on January 18, 1896, are preserved. Multiple X-ray images clearly visualized pathological changes in the examined structures (fractures, calluses, tuberculous bone lesions). High-quality images were obtained by means of the anticathode in the design of Puluj’s lamp, which was the first in the world. The image of the whole skeleton of a stillborn child (published on April 3, 1896 in The Photogram) is considered to be the starting point of using X-rays in anatomy.

scholarly journals Optimization of X-ray Investigations in Dentistry Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4554
Author(s):  
Ralph-Alexandru Erdelyi ◽  
Virgil-Florin Duma ◽  
Cosmin Sinescu ◽  
George Mihai Dobre ◽  
Adrian Bradu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
X Rays ◽  
High Quality ◽  
X Ray

The most common imaging technique for dental diagnoses and treatment monitoring is X-ray imaging, which evolved from the first intraoral radiographs to high-quality three-dimensional (3D) Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Other imaging techniques have shown potential, such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). We have recently reported on the boundaries of these two types of techniques, regarding. the dental fields where each one is more appropriate or where they should be both used. The aim of the present study is to explore the unique capabilities of the OCT technique to optimize X-ray units imaging (i.e., in terms of image resolution, radiation dose, or contrast). Two types of commercially available and widely used X-ray units are considered. To adjust their parameters, a protocol is developed to employ OCT images of dental conditions that are documented on high (i.e., less than 10 μm) resolution OCT images (both B-scans/cross sections and 3D reconstructions) but are hardly identified on the 200 to 75 μm resolution panoramic or CBCT radiographs. The optimized calibration of the X-ray unit includes choosing appropriate values for the anode voltage and current intensity of the X-ray tube, as well as the patient’s positioning, in order to reach the highest possible X-rays resolution at a radiation dose that is safe for the patient. The optimization protocol is developed in vitro on OCT images of extracted teeth and is further applied in vivo for each type of dental investigation. Optimized radiographic results are compared with un-optimized previously performed radiographs. Also, we show that OCT can permit a rigorous comparison between two (types of) X-ray units. In conclusion, high-quality dental images are possible using low radiation doses if an optimized protocol, developed using OCT, is applied for each type of dental investigation. Also, there are situations when the X-ray technology has drawbacks for dental diagnosis or treatment assessment. In such situations, OCT proves capable to provide qualitative images.

X-Ray Microanalysis of Art Glass Surfaces

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
R.B. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Metallic Surfaces ◽  
High Quality ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Work Area ◽  
The World ◽  
Glass Surfaces ◽  
Glass Workers

In recent years there has been a virtual explosion in the world of art glass. New glass formulations have brought a host of new colors into the marketplace, and the availability of low-cost, high-quality torches and other tools has brought art glass to the hobbyist. In addition to burn risks and possible cutting injury, there are a number of less obvious hazards that should be known to novice glass workers. One of these is the presence of heavy metals in or on glass surfaces and possibly in the atmosphere immediately surrounding the work area, presenting both potential skin contact and inhalation hazards. This study examines the metallic surfaces generated on five glass colors commonly used in art glass jewelry.

scholarly journals Sukcesy fińskiego systemu edukacji, czyli dlaczego Finlandia szczyci się jednym z najlepszych systemów szkolnictwa na świecie – porównawcze studium przypadku

2018 ◽  
pp. 349-365
Author(s):  
Ewelina Czujko-Moszyk
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Educational Reforms ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Descriptive Case Study ◽  
Education Major ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
High Social Status

This paper seeks to answer the question why Finland is considered to have one of the best education systems in the world. The author aims at providing a descriptive case study of Finland in comparison to the Polish educational system with some reference to other Western countries. The world first noticed Finland following the release of PISA results in 2001. Yet, PISA overview is just a starting point for this case study. The paper analyses different social, economic and political factors which, in the author’s opinion, contributed the most to the Finnish success in education. Major arguments for the Finnish success are preceded by an overview of educational reforms from the 1950s until the present. The author argues that the remarkably high social status of teachers, their autonomy and great qualifications,consistency in educational reforms which offer high quality, equity and decentralization are the primary reasons for Finland’s global success. All of the above achievements are compared to Poland’s current situation in education.

scholarly journals THE TURN OF THE SCREW: HENRY JAMES AS AN AUTHOR AND A CRITIC

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
M.B. Rarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Henry James ◽  
William James ◽  
Absolute Truth ◽  
The Core ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Absolute

The article considers the story by Henry James (1843 – 1916) «The Turn of the Screw» (1898 – first edition, 1908 – second edition) in connection with the emergence of a new type of narrator in the writer's late prose. The worldview and creative method of H. James are formed under the influence of the philosophy of pragmatism, which became widespread at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries thanks to the works of the writer's elder brother, the philosopher William James (1842 – 1910). The core of pragmatism is the pluralistic concept of William James based on the assumption that knowledge can be realized from very limited, incomplete, and inadequate «points of view» and this leads to the statement that the absolute truth is essentially unknowable. The epistemological statements of William James's theory is that the content of knowledge is entirely determined by the installation of consciousness, and the content of the truth in this case depends on the goals and experience of the human, i.e. the central starting point is the consciousness of the person. Henry James not only creates works of art, but also sets out in detail the principles of his work both on the pages of fiction works of small and large prose, putting them in the mouths of their characters – representatives of the world of art, and in the prefaces to his works of fiction, as well as in critical works.

scholarly journals Destruction of tumor mass by gadolinium-loaded nanoparticles irradiated with monochromatic X-rays: Implications for the Auger therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kotaro Matsumoto ◽  
Hiroyuki Saitoh ◽  
Tan Le Hoang Doan ◽  
Ayumi Shiro ◽  
Keigo Nakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Tumor Spheroids ◽  
Tumor Mass ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Complete Destruction ◽  
New Type ◽  
Efficient Uptake ◽  
A Site ◽  
Shell Energy

Abstract Synchrotron generated monochromatic X-rays can be precisely tuned to the K-shell energy of high Z materials resulting in the release of the Auger electrons. In this work, we have employed this mechanism to destruct tumor spheroids. We first loaded gadolinium onto the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) producing gadolinium-loaded MSN (Gd-MSN). When Gd-MSN was added to the tumor spheroids, we observed efficient uptake and uniform distribution of Gd-MSN. Gd-MSN also can be taken up into cancer cells and localize to a site just outside of the cell nucleus. Exposure of the Gd-MSN containing tumor spheroids to monochromatic X-ray beams resulted in almost complete destruction. Importantly, this effect was observed at an energy level of 50.25 keV, but not with 50.0 keV. These results suggest that it is possible to use precisely tuned monochromatic X-rays to destruct tumor mass loaded with high Z materials, while sparing other cells. Our experiments point to the importance of nanoparticles to facilitate loading of gadolinium to tumor spheroids and to localize at a site close to the nucleus. Because the nanoparticles can target to tumor, our study opens up the possibility of developing a new type of radiation therapy for cancer.

scholarly journals Macromolecular Nanocrystal Structural Analysis with Electron and X-Rays: A Comparative Review

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (19) ◽  
pp. 3490
Author(s):  
Krishna P. Khakurel ◽  
Borislav Angelov ◽  
Jakob Andreasson
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
X Rays ◽  
High Quality ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Comparative Review

Crystallography has long been the unrivaled method that can provide the atomistic structural models of macromolecules, using either X-rays or electrons as probes. The methodology has gone through several revolutionary periods, driven by the development of new sources, detectors, and other instrumentation. Novel sources of both X-ray and electrons are constantly emerging. The increase in brightness of these sources, complemented by the advanced detection techniques, has relaxed the traditionally strict need for large, high quality, crystals. Recent reports suggest high-quality diffraction datasets from crystals as small as a few hundreds of nanometers can be routinely obtained. This has resulted in the genesis of a new field of macromolecular nanocrystal crystallography. Here we will make a brief comparative review of this growing field focusing on the use of X-rays and electrons sources.

scholarly journals Face-on SS 433 Stars as a Possible New Type of Extragalactic X-Ray Sources

2001 ◽  
Vol 205 ◽  
pp. 268-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fabrika ◽  
A. Mescheryakov
Keyword(s):  
X Rays ◽  
Relativistic Jets ◽  
Expected Frequency ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ss 433 ◽  
Sky Survey ◽  
Supercritical Accretion ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Type ◽  
Positive Correlations

The object SS433 is a well-known source of relativistic jets, which are formed in supercritical accretion disk. It is very probable that the disk has polar channels and their radiation is collimated (the photo-cones). A face-on SS433 object can appear as ultra-bright and highly variable X-ray source, Lx ˜ 1040 − 1042 erg/s. We discuss the properties of these hypothetical objects and their frequency expected in galaxies. We describe a search for such objects using the ROSAT All Sky Survey and RC3 catalog of galaxies. Among the total 418 positive correlations we find that 142 sources in S and Irr galaxies are unknown as AGNs. Nuclear sources among them still contain many AGNs. Non-nuclear (offset) sources are rather hard, their X-ray luminosities are 1039 − 1041 erg/s. Their observed frequency is about 4–5% per galaxy, that is in agreement with expected frequency of the face-on SS 433 stars. The only way to recognize such stars is their expected violent variability in X rays.

scholarly journals Convolutional Support Vector Models: Prediction of Coronavirus Disease Using Chest X-rays

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 548
Author(s):  
Mateus Maia ◽  
Jonatha S. Pimentel ◽  
Ivalbert S. Pereira ◽  
João Gondim ◽  
Marcos E. Barreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Support Vector Machine ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Polynomial Kernel ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Applied Study ◽  
The World ◽  
Simulated Images

The disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) has been plaguing the world for months and the number of cases are growing more rapidly as the days go by. Therefore, finding a way to identify who has the causative virus is impressive, in order to find a way to stop its proliferation. In this paper, a complete and applied study of convolutional support machines will be presented to classify patients infected with COVID-19 using X-ray data and comparing them with traditional convolutional neural network (CNN). Based on the fitted models, it was possible to observe that the convolutional support vector machine with the polynomial kernel (CSVMPol) has a better predictive performance. In addition to the results obtained based on real images, the behavior of the models studied was observed through simulated images, where it was possible to observe the advantages of support vector machine (SVM) models.

scholarly journals X-Ray Superbubbles

1983 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 675-680
Author(s):  
Webster Cash
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Collective Effects ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
X Rays ◽  
High Quality ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Common Structure ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Gum Nebula

AbstractFour regions of the galaxy, the Cygnus Superbubble, the ƞ Carina complex, the Orion/Eridanus complex, and the Gum Nebula, are discussed as examples of collective effects in the interstellar medium. All four regions share certain features, indicating a common structure. We discuss the selection effects which determine the observable x-ray properties of the superbubbles and demonstrate that only a very few more in our galaxy can be detected in x-rays. X-ray observation of extragalactic superbubbles is shown to be possible but requires the capabilities of a large, high quality, AXAF class observatory.

scholarly journals Cosmotesque code: to know of meanings

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.V. Tsykunov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Exact Date ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
End Of The World ◽  
The 19Th Century

The art of Italian craftsmen Cosmati, who created unique mosaic production at XII and XIII centuries in Rome and its environments, had delighted people over centuries. The filigree technique of the stonework, polychrome, and diversity of geometrical figures and difficulties of composition demonstrate their undoubted ecstatic value. From the beginning of the 19th century, however, the opinions, that craftsmen Cosmati used not only abstract formation but also enciphered language of symbols, were firstly express. Author of this work investigates style elements of Cosmatesque as sole system, trying to answer on the question about the possibility of existence of symbolic Cosmati language, representing important religious meanings, or this is just the part of art of the decoration of space. In addition, if it exist, is it any possibility to read it. By the starting point of work, there was the writing on the mosaic floors of Cosmatesque in Westminster Abbey, creating in 1272 year, which contains the exact date of the end of the world.

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