Upcoming emission limits such as Euro VII will make it necessary to further reduce the NOx emission level of internal combustion engines while stricter CO2 limits demand lower fuel consumption. Early closing of the intake valves (Miller timing) leads to reduced combustion temperatures due to lower effective compression ratio, and therefore lower formation and emission of nitrogen oxides. Miller timing is frequently used in gasoline engines, while in Diesel engines it competes with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). When both measures are applied simultaneously, this may lead to increased emission of soot using standard Diesel fuel, as combustion temperature and oxygen content of the charge become too low. This work shows the investigation of different intake valve timings on an externally supercharged single-cylinder heavy-duty Diesel engine, stationary operated with hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO), oxymethylene ether (OME), and standard Diesel fuel (DF). The synthetic fuels have a higher cetane number than DF, which supports ignition at lower temperatures. Moreover, OME has a soot-free combustion, which allows an extension of the operating limits without increased emissions. The results show that especially with Miller timing a high-performance turbocharging system is crucial, since higher boost pressure is required to compensate for the filling losses due to the earlier intake closing. The application of a high EGR rate is limited in this case, leading to a trade-off between Miller timing and EGR. All fuels show a reduction in nitrogen oxides of up to 40% with an improved efficiency of more than 3% at a typical road-load point. Measures to reduce ignition delay were found to be necessary, especially for DF. For OME, increased soot formation does not occur when combining Miller timing with low rail pressure, reduced boost pressure or EGR, which promotes simultaneous application of the measures resulting in minimized emissions of nitrogen oxides.
Production Cost and Carbon Footprint of Biomass-Derived Dimethylcyclooctane as a High Performance Jet Fuel Blendstock