Incidence and transmission dynamics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) among fresh recruits in a Training Establishment of Indian Armed Forces: An observational study

Introduction: In times of COVID-19, when all institutions remained closed even post lock-down, the Airmen Training School of Indian Air Force proceeded with the recruitment of airmen. The present study intends to explore the incidence and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 among these freshly recruits who were quarantined in barracks with each barrack serving as one cohort. Material and Methods: In an observational study, 2978 male Air Force recruits, between the age group of 18-22 years, in two batches between 1st to 31st July 2020, were followed up in the quarantine period post recruitment. Since the quarantine was unconventional in terms of being in barracks, special and unique precautions such as repeated screening, delegation of specific toilets per billets, three ply mask distributions, Bio-Medical Waste Disposal etc were paid utmost attention. The COVID 19 cases were treated at the in-house isolation facility and the contacts with the symptomatics tested with RT-PCR or RAT before release from quarantine. All individuals were monitored with active surveillance and the data was meticulously maintained with zero attrition. Incidence, Secondary Attack Rate (SAR), demographic characteristics and others aspects of transmission dynamics were analyzed. Results: The incidence and SAR was observed to be 8.1% (71 primary cases) and 15.59% (170 secondary cases). 64.7% of cases were symptomatic with an average of 15 days of hospitalization. The rate positivity of testing with RTPCR or RAT was 11.44%. Severity was more marked in the first batch than the second batch of recruits. The overall R0 was found to be 2.39. Conclusion: The results of the study revealed some interesting characteristics of COVID-19 transmission dynamics. The cumulative incidence was found to be higher than national average. The variations between the recruits from different part of the country and the two batches could be attributed to the travel distance and mode of conveyance. The study also validates the mild nature of the infection in young adults. Fair conclusion on the implication of good quarantine and isolation measures and regular surveillance for symptoms for early diagnosis has also been compellingly indicated from these observations.

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Profil Penyakit Malaria Di Rumah Sakit Islam Siti Rahmah Padang Tahun 2018

Health & Medical Journal ◽

10.33854/heme.v2i2.546 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 08-15

Author(s):

Rahma Triyana ◽

Salmi Salmi

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Frequency Distribution ◽

Cross Section ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Age Group ◽

Normal Range ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

West Sumatra ◽

Severity Of The Disease

Malaria is one of the health problems in Indonesia, especially West Sumatra. Determination of the description of Malaria disease in an area is needed to determine the spread and severity of the disease. This study aims to determine the frequency distribution according to age, sex and place of residence, description of the types of Plasmodium causes of Malaria and hematological features in Malaria patients at Siti Rahmah Padang Hospital in 2018. This type of research is a descriptive observational study with an approach or design cross section (cross sectional). The frequency distribution of Malaria sufferers in Siti Rahmah Padang Hospital in 2018 according to the highest age was in the age group 21-30 years as many as 28 cases (36.8%), the highest sex among men was 46 (60.5%) and the highest number of residences was found in Koto Tangah sub-district there were 31 cases (40.8%). The type of Plasmodium found in Malaria cases in Siti Rahmah Padang Hospital in 2018 was P. vivax (73 cases (96.05%)) and P. falciparum (3 cases (3.95%)). The results of laboratory tests on Hb, hematocrit, platelet and leukocyte levels in Malaria positive patients in Siti Rahmah Padang Hospital in 2018 were in the normal range.

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Profil Penyakit Malaria di Rumah Sakit Islam Siti Rahmah Padang Tahun 2018

Health & Medical Journal ◽

10.33854/heme.v2i2.452 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 08-15

Author(s):

Rahma Triyana Y ◽

Salmi Salmi

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Frequency Distribution ◽

Cross Section ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Age Group ◽

Normal Range ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

West Sumatra ◽

Severity Of The Disease

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Maximum Security

Freiburger Zeitschrift für GeschlechterStudien ◽

10.3224/fzg.v26i1.05 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (1-2020) ◽

pp. 71-84

Author(s):

Margo Okazawa-Rey ◽

Gwyn Kirk

Keyword(s):

Working Class ◽

Air Force ◽

International Security ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Prison System ◽

Correctional Facilities ◽

Latina Women ◽

Physical Force ◽

Maximum Security ◽

Class Youth

Okazawa-Rey and Kirk argue that the term maximum security, used in the context of the prison system, is an oxymoron. Jails, prisons, and other ‘correctional’ facilities provide no real security for communities, guards and other prison officials, or inmates. Imprisoning two million people, building more prisons, identifying poor and working-class youth of colour as ‘gang members,’ and criminalizing poor Black and Latina women does not increase security. Rather, the idea of security must be redefined in sharp contrast to everyday notions of personal security that are based on the protection of material possessions by locks and physical force, as well as prevailing definitions of national and international security based on a militarization that includes the police, border patrols, and armed forces such as the Navy, Army, Marines, and Air Force. To achieve genuine security, we must address the major sources of insecurity: economic, social, and political inequalities among and within nations and communities. The continual objectification of ‘others’ is a central mechanism underlying systems of oppression—and insecurity—based on class, race, gender, nation, and other significant lines of difference.

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Phylogenomic Evidence of Reinfection and Persistence of SARS-CoV-2: First Report from Colombia

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9030282 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 282

Author(s):

Juan David Ramírez ◽

Marina Muñoz ◽

Nathalia Ballesteros ◽

Luz H. Patiño ◽

Sergio Castañeda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Persistence ◽

Transmission Dynamics ◽

Polymorphism Analysis ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Paired Samples ◽

Infection Dynamics ◽

Oxford Nanopore ◽

Novel Variants ◽

First Time ◽

Oxford Nanopore Technologies

The continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of novel variants have raised concerns about possible reinfection events and potential changes in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission dynamics. Utilizing Oxford Nanopore technologies, we sequenced paired samples of three patients with positive RT-PCR results in a 1–2-month window period, and subsequent phylogenetics and genetic polymorphism analysis of these genomes was performed. Herein, we report, for the first time, genomic evidence of one case of reinfection in Colombia, exhibiting different SARS-CoV-2 lineage classifications between samples (B.1 and B.1.1.269). Furthermore, we report two cases of possible viral persistence, highlighting the importance of deepening our understanding on the evolutionary intra-host traits of this virus throughout different timeframes of disease progression. These results emphasize the relevance of genomic surveillance as a tool for understanding SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics, and how this may translate effectively to future control and mitigations efforts, such as the national vaccination program.

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Exercise Intensity during Olympic-Distance Triathlon in Well-Trained Age-Group Athletes: An Observational Study

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports9020018 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 18

Author(s):

Atsushi Aoyagi ◽

Keisuke Ishikura ◽

Yoshiharu Nabekura

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Observational Study ◽

Exercise Intensity ◽

Time Range ◽

Age Group ◽

Slow Group ◽

H 41 ◽

The Mean ◽

Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽

Very High

The aim of this study was to examine the exercise intensity during the swimming, cycling, and running legs of nondraft legal, Olympic-distance triathlons in well-trained, age-group triathletes. Seventeen male triathletes completed incremental swimming, cycling, and running tests to exhaustion. Heart rate (HR) and workload corresponding to aerobic and anaerobic thresholds, maximal workloads, and maximal HR (HRmax) in each exercise mode were analyzed. HR and workload were monitored throughout the race. The intensity distributions in three HR zones for each discipline and five workload zones in cycling and running were quantified. The subjects were then assigned to a fast or slow group based on the total race time (range, 2 h 07 min–2 h 41 min). The mean percentages of HRmax in the swimming, cycling, and running legs were 89.8% ± 3.7%, 91.1% ± 4.4%, and 90.7% ± 5.1%, respectively, for all participants. The mean percentage of HRmax and intensity distributions during the swimming and cycling legs were similar between groups. In the running leg, the faster group spent relatively more time above HR at anaerobic threshold (AnT) and between workload at AnT and maximal workload. In conclusion, well-trained male triathletes performed at very high intensity throughout a nondraft legal, Olympic-distance triathlon race, and sustaining higher intensity during running might play a role in the success of these athletes.

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Aetiological Outcome of Mesenteric Lymphadenopathy and Pain Abdomen in Paediatric Population at a Tertiary Care Hospital (MRIMSHyderabad) - A Hospital Based Prospective Observational Study

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2021/480 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (29) ◽

pp. 2601-2608

Author(s):

Dileep Kumar Allagadda ◽

Harikrishna Appana ◽

Ramu Pedada ◽

Deepika Gurram ◽

Ditin Joseph

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Pain ◽

Observational Study ◽

Prospective Observational Study ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Paediatric Population ◽

Etiological Agent ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Age Group ◽

Mesenteric Lymphadenitis

BACKGROUND Abdominal pain is a common disorder in children and adolescents worldwide with prevalence rate ranging from 20 - 25 % in school-going children in India. It is a frustrating concern to the child, parents and the physician. Even though abdominal pain is one of the most common complaints in children, it poses a diagnostic challenge owing to the variety of underlying causes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the aetiology of abdominal pain associated with significant mesenteric lymphadenopathy in a paediatric population. METHODS This is a hospital based prospective, observational study done in Department of Paediatrics, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences (MRIMS), Hyderabad. RESULTS Out of the 65 children studied, 30.8 % were of 5 - 8 years age group, 36.9 % were 9 - 12 years age group and 32.3 % were 13 - 15 years age group. In our study, we found 50.8 % were boys and 49.2 % were girls. 20 % of them were having fever, 16.9 % were having cough, 16.9 % were having diarrhoea, 13.8 % were having sore throat, 16.9 % dysuria, and 15.4 % were having constipation. All patients in our study group underwent ultrasound of abdomen. All cases were having significant mesenteric lymphadenopathy (more than 5 mm in short axis with three or more number of lymph nodes). In 53.8 % cases, etiological agent for the mesenteric lymphadenopathy was not proved with our investigations. In the remaining 46.2 % of children, cause of mesenteric lymphadenopathy was proved and 38.5 % were bacterial infections, 6.2 % were viral infections and 1.5 % were parasitic infections. CONCLUSIONS It is important to recognise mesenteric lymphadenitis as a clinical entity in paediatric cases presenting with abdominal pain. They should be evaluated for an etiological agent and if no proven source of infection and etiological agent is found, it can be considered as functional abdominal pain. If we are able to get a proper etiological diagnosis in these cases, we could treat them and we could make huge difference in terms of quality of life. KEYWORDS Abdominal Pain, Mesenteric Lymphadenitis, Ultrasound, Significant Mesenteric Lymphadenopathy

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OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS IN LABORATORY CONFIRMED COVID-19

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v5i8.2068 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Shakti Krishan Rajguru ◽

Udesh Rajpurohit

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Ocular Pain ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Hospital Unit ◽

Ocular Manifestations ◽

Ocular Symptoms ◽

Eyelid Swelling ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Isolation Facility

Background: Scarce literature has been published thus far regarding ocular findings in the COVID-19. Methods: All patients were confirmed by SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcriptase– polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of nasopharynx or oropharynx swab specimens collected at an isolation facility, fever clinic, or hospital unit designated for suspected cases pending confirmation. Results: Overall, 25 patients (25.00%) had various ocular symptoms during COVID-19 infection. Among those with ocular symptoms, 19 patients (76.00%) presented with increased conjunctival discharge, including white mucoid (6 [24.00%]), thin watery (3 [12.00%]) and yellow-green purulent (11 [44.00%]) discharge, and with conjunctival congestion (2 [8.00%]). Other ocular manifestations contained ocular pain (3 [12.00%]), tearing (1 [4.00%]), and eyelid swelling (1 [4.00%]). Conclusion: We concluded that common ocular manifestations were conjunctival discharge, eye rubbing, and conjunctival congestion. Keywords: COVID-19, Ocular, Eye.

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Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Border Guard Bangladesh Personnel

Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh ◽

10.3329/jafmc.v14i2.45883 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 97-100

Author(s):

Md Abdul Wahab ◽

Md Mustafizur Rahman ◽

Md Abdur Razzak ◽

Md Habibur Rahman ◽

Mimi Parvin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

International Diabetes Federation ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Age Group ◽

Metabolic Abnormalities ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Ethnic Population ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifaceted syndrome comprises a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including hypertension, central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and is strongly associated with developing diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Prevalence of MetS differs in different ethnic population by using different definition. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of the MetS and its component risk factors among Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) personnel working in Chattagram Hill Tract (CHT). Materials & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2016 to February 2018 among 1455 male BGB personnel aged between 40 to 59 years and working in CHT of Bangladesh. Study subjects were selected at BGB hospital, Guimara, Khagrachari. The new International Diabetes Federation (IDF) guidelines were used to identify MetS. Detail history, clinical examination, anthropometry and blood pressure (BP) were measured and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and lipid profile were assessed. Results: Among the 1455 respondents’ BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic BP were found more than normal in 34.1, 37.7, 16.4% and 12.3% respectively. Biochemical parameters including FPG, TC, TG, and LDL-C was raised in 28.7%, 49.8%, 52.2% and 37.7% of respondents respectively. HDL-C was found decreased in 26.9% respondents. Age wise prevalence of MetS for age group 40-44, 45-49, 50-54 and 55- 59 years were found 21.3%, 21.7%, 24.1% and 26.1% of the respondents respectively. The overall prevalence of MetS was found 22.4%. Conclusion: The prevalence of the MetS in BGB personnel was found 22.4%. Appropriate measure should be taken to lower the MetS cases. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.14 (2) 2018: 97-100

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Dermoscopy of congenital dermatoses in pediatric age group: An observational study

Indian Journal of Paediatric Dermatology ◽

10.4103/ijpd.ijpd_130_18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 219

Author(s):

HitaHemant Mehta ◽

PrachiChetankumar Gajjar ◽

Mehul Gosai

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Age Group ◽

Pediatric Age ◽

Pediatric Age Group

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SARS-CoV-2 transmission across age groups in France and implications for control

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-27163-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cécile Tran Kiem ◽

Paolo Bosetti ◽

Juliette Paireau ◽

Pascal Crépey ◽

Henrik Salje ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Age Groups ◽

Deep Understanding ◽

Transmission Dynamics ◽

Age Group ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Targeted Intervention ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Intervention Measures ◽

Better Than

AbstractThe shielding of older individuals has been proposed to limit COVID-19 hospitalizations while relaxing general social distancing in the absence of vaccines. Evaluating such approaches requires a deep understanding of transmission dynamics across ages. Here, we use detailed age-specific case and hospitalization data to model the rebound in the French epidemic in summer 2020, characterize age-specific transmission dynamics and critically evaluate different age-targeted intervention measures in the absence of vaccines. We find that while the rebound started in young adults, it reached individuals aged ≥80 y.o. after 4 weeks, despite substantial contact reductions, indicating substantial transmission flows across ages. We derive the contribution of each age group to transmission. While shielding older individuals reduces mortality, it is insufficient to allow major relaxations of social distancing. When the epidemic remains manageable (R close to 1), targeting those most contributing to transmission is better than shielding at-risk individuals. Pandemic control requires an effort from all age groups.

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