scholarly journals Comparação da diversidade de comportamentos exibidos por emas em cativeiro e recém liberadas

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 1809
Author(s):  
Gilson de Souza Ferreira Neto ◽  
Marco Antônio Prado ◽  
Pedro Ubatan Camargo Neves ◽  
Regison da Costa Oliveira ◽  
Elizabeth Ferreira Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Rhea Americana ◽  
Ad Libitum

<p>Em geral, animais resgatados passam um período em cativeiro para avaliação da condição física e capacidade de sobrevivência antes de retornarem a natureza. Durante este período, os animais devem ser estimulados através de um enriquecimento ambiental e alimentar para manterem os comportamentos similares aos apresentados em meio natural. Este estudo foi realizado com seis indivíduos de <em>Rhea americana</em> no bioma Cerrado, em Goiás. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade de comportamentos de emas, através de uma comparação entre os comportamentos de cativeiro e vida livre. Os animais tinham entre 4 e 10 meses durante o monitoramento, sendo que os mesmos indivíduos foram observados em cativeiro e vida livre. Observações comportamentais foram feitas com seis indivíduos durante um total de 120 h, sendo 60 h em cativeiro e 60 h em vida livre. Para a construção do etograma foram utilizados os métodos de observação <em>ad libitum</em> e animal focal. Identificamos um total de 19 comportamentos agrupados em oito categorias comportamentais: alimentação, encontro agonístico, locomoção, limpeza, vocalização, brincadeiras, inatividade e defesa. As diversidades de comportamentos tiveram frequências semelhantes nas fases de cativeiro e vida livre. Os comportamentos de locomoção e vocalização tiveram maior expressão em cativeiro, enquanto os comportamentos de limpeza, alimentação, encontro agonístico e brincadeira tiveram maior expressão em vida livre. Entretanto, não houve nenhuma diferença significativa entre os comportamentos de vida livre e cativeiro. Nesse estudo foram feitas observações apenas de machos, e por isso, sugerimos estudos adicionais que incluam machos e fêmeas, para serem observados possíveis comportamentos de reprodução. As reintroduções com emas, geralmente, não são bem sucedidas, considerando a alta taxa de mortalidade por um predador natural. Medidas adequadas de manejo poderiam evitar estes problemas. Desta forma, ações conservacionistas que visem a reintrodução de emas e que identifiquem os comportamentos de indivíduos em cativeiro e vida livre podem ajudar a melhorar o bem-estar animal em cativeiro e, desta forma, aumentar as chances de sobrevivência no ambiente natural. O enriquecimento ambiental e alimentar pode ser essencial para estimular os comportamentos naturais, evitando comportamentos estereotipados em cativeiro. Além disso, os métodos usados nesse estudo poderiam ser utilizados para outras aves ratitas.</p><p><strong>Palavras chave</strong>: Aves ratitas, bem-estar animal, Cerrado, observações comportamentais, <em>Rhea americana</em>.</p>

Light and electron microscopic investigation of adenohypophyses of germfree, food-restricted, and germfree-food restricted aging, male lobund-wistar rats

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 352-353
Author(s):  
G. Ilse ◽  
K. Kovacs ◽  
N. Ryan ◽  
T. Sano ◽  
L. Stefaneanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Microscopic Investigation ◽  
Electron Microscopic Investigation ◽  
Aging Male ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Microscopic Findings

Germfree state and food restriction have been shown to increase life span and delay tumor occurrence in rats. We report here the histologic, immunocytochemical and electron microscopic findings of adenohypophyses of aging, male Lobund-Wistar rats raised at Lobund Laboratories. In our previous study, the morphologic changes in the adenohypophyses of old rats have been extensively investigated by histology, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Lactotroph adenomas were frequent in Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats, whereas gonadotroph adenomas were frequent in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats.Male Lobund-Wistar rats were divided into four groups: 1) conventional, which were raised under normal non-germfree environment and received food ad libitum; 2) germfree-food ad libitum; 3) conventional environment-food restricted and 4) germfree-food restricted. The adenohypophyses were removed from 6-month-, 18-month- and 30-month-old rats. For light microscopy, adenohypophyses were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin.

Alteration of Mitochondria in Oxythiamine-Induced, Acute Thiamine Deficiency in the Mouse

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 284-285
Author(s):  
Itaru Watanabe ◽  
Dante G. Scarpelli
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Thiamine Deficiency ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fatty Change ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Ad Libitum

Acute thiamine deficiency was produced in mice by the administration of oxythiamine, a thiamine analogue, superimposed upon a thiamine deficient diet. Adult male Swiss mice (30 gm. B.W.) were fed with a thiamine deficient diet ad libitumand were injected with oxythiamine (170 mg/Kg B.W.) subcutaneously on days 4 and 10. On day 11, severe lassitude and anorexia developed, followed by death within 48 hours. The animals treated daily with subcutaneous injections of thiamine (300 μg/Kg B.W.) from day 11 through 15 were kept alive. Similarly, feeding with a diet containing thiamine (600 μg/Kg B.W./day) from day 9 through 17 reversed the condition. During this time period, no fatal illness occurred in the controls which were pair-fed with a thiamine deficient diet.The oxythiamine-treated mice showed a significant enlargement of the liver, which weighed approximately 1.5 times as much as that of the pair-fed controls. By light and electron microscopy, the hepatocytes were markedly swollen due to severe fatty change and swelling of the mitochondria.

Dissociable hormonal responses to symptoms and stress in anorexia and bulimia nervosa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret L Westwater ◽  
Flavia Mancini ◽  
Jane Shapleske ◽  
Jaco Serfontein ◽  
Monique Ernst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Cortisol Reactivity ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Study Session ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin

Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are complex psychiatric conditions, in which both psychological and metabolic factors have been implicated. Critically, the experience of stress can precipitate loss-of-control eating in both conditions, suggesting an interplay between mental state and metabolic signaling. However, associations between psychological states, symptoms and metabolic processes in AN and BN have not been examined. Methods: Eighty-five women (n=22 AN binge/purge subtype, n=33 BN, n=30 controls) underwent remote salivary cortisol sampling and a two-day, inpatient study session to examine the effect of stress on cortisol, gut hormones (acyl-ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1) and food consumption. Participants were randomized to either an acute stress induction or control task on each day, and plasma hormones were serially measured before a naturalistic, ad libitum meal.Results: Cortisol awakening response (CAR) was augmented in AN but not BN relative to controls, with body mass index explaining the most variance in CAR (36%). Acute stress increased acyl-ghrelin and PYY in AN compared to controls; however, stress did not alter gut hormone profiles in BN. Instead, a group-by-stress interaction showed nominally reduced cortisol reactivity in BN, but not AN, compared to controls. Ad libitum consumption was lower in both patient groups and unaffected by stress.Conclusions: Findings extend previous reports of metabolic dysfunction in binge-eating disorders, identifying unique associations across disorders and under stress. Moreover, we observed disrupted homeostatic signaling in AN following psychological stress, which may explain, in part, the maintenance of dysregulated eating in this serious illness.

AVALIAÇÃO DO EFEITO HIPOGLICEMIANTE DA FARINHA DE BANANA VERDE E DO KOMBUCHA EM RATOS WISTAR ALIMENTADOS COM DIETA DE CAFETERIA HIPERGLICÍDICA

2019 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Marianela Andrea Díaz Urrutia ◽  
Amanda Ramos ◽  
Rafaela Menegusso ◽  
Rafael Dewes ◽  
Sóstenez Alexandre Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dieta De Cafetería ◽  
Ad Libitum

Introdução: Na atualidade, os hábitos alimentares da população do Brasil e do mundo, se caracterizam por um excessivo consumo de alimentos ricos em açúcares simples, gorduras saturadas e sal. O Diabetes Melito é uma doença crônica não transmissível que se desencadeia, muitas vezes, como consequência de uma alimentação inadequada. Este distúrbio metabólico, gera quadros de hiperglicemia e a terapia nutricional é fundamental no tratamento. Objetivo: O trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a ação hipoglicemiante do kombucha como probiótico, farinha de banana verde (FBV) como prebiótico e a associação destes alimentos como simbiótico em uma dieta de cafeteria com alto teor de açúcares oferecida a ratos wistar. Métodos: Para este experimento foram utilizados 35 ratos wistar machos e sadios, recém desmamados com 21 dias de vida, que foram distribuídos em 5 grupos de 7 animais, sendo eles: Grupo 1: dieta ração comercial (controle), Grupo 2: dieta de cafeteria, Grupo 3: dieta de cafeteria + kombucha, Grupo 4: dieta de cafeteria + FBV, Grupo 5: dieta de cafeteria + FBV + kombucha. O ensaio teve uma duração total de 55 dias, onde os primeiros 10 dias foram para induzir o diabetes nos animais dos grupos 2, 3, 4 e 5, mediante a dieta de cafeteria com alto teor de açúcares simples. Posteriormente, começou o período experimental, que teve uma duração de 45 dias, onde o kombucha e solução salina foram administrados por gavagem, com uma dose referente a 5mL/kg de peso do animal. Durante todo o experimento, os animais receberam água e ração ad libitum. Após a eutanásia dos animais, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para análises de glicemia e amilase pancreática mediante turbidimetria. Resultados: Como resultado, foram obtidos os seguintes valores para a glicemia e amilase pancreática de cada grupo: 65,86±11,60 mg/dL e 23,57±4,20 U/L para o Grupo 1; 104,14±114,92 mg/dL e 25,0±14,85 U/L para o Grupo 2; 49,00±13,18 mg/dL e 35,0±15,72 U/L para o Grupo 3; 73,86±24,78 mg/dL e 128,14±50,03 U/L para o Grupo 4; 72,29±33,87 mg/dL e 274,14±105,27 U/L para o Grupo 5, respectivamente. Conclusão: Observando os resultados da glicemia do grupo 1, onde não houve suplementação funcional, verifica-se que a dieta de cafeteria com alto teor de açúcares simples, foi eficaz na indução do diabetes. Ainda analisando os resultados da glicemia, é possível confirmar, que a suplementação isolada, tanto do probiótico kombucha como do prebiótico FBV, apresentam função hipoglicemiante, porém o efeito do prebiótico, é menos eficaz que o efeito do probiótico. Por outro lado, observou-se que, perante a associação simbiótica destes alimentos, o kombucha parece potencializar o efeito redutor da glicemia da FBV. Enquanto aos resultados da concentração de amilase no sangue dos animais, constatou-se que a suplementação isolada de FBV estimulou, consideravelmente, a secreção do referido hormônio e que o kombucha inibiu essa ação estimulante do prebiótico no grupo 5, onde houve associação de ambos sumplementos.

Macroscopic Anatomy and Brain Vascularization in the Greater Rhea (Rhea americana americana)

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herson Da Silva Costa ◽  
Hélio Norberto De Araújo Júnior ◽  
Ferdinando Vinícius Fernandes Bezerra ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Vale Rebouças ◽  
Danilo José Ayres De Menezes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Type I ◽  
Macroscopic Anatomy ◽  
Rhea Americana ◽  
Vascular Type ◽  
The Brain

 Background: The Rhea americana americana is a wild bird belonging to the group of Ratites, and is important from the scientific point of view given their adaptability to captivity. Considering that information about its morphology is important for the viability of domesticating the species, the aim of this study was to macroscopically identify the brain regions, as well as the cerebral arteries and the cerebral arterial circuit in order to establish the cerebral vascular pattern and systematization.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty one brains from young and adult Greater Rheas of both sexes were used from animals that had died due to natural causes and were then kept in a freezer. The specimens were thawed and incised in the cervical region to allow exposure of the left common carotid artery, which was cannulated. The vascular system was rinsed with 0.9% saline solution, then perfused with latex Neoprene 650 stained with red pigment. The animals were subsequently fixed in 3.7% aqueous formaldehyde solution for 72 h, and then they were dissected by removing the bones from the skull cap. The brains were analyzed, and the structures were identified, photographed, schematized and denominated. Morphometric measurements were performed on the basilar and cerebellar ventral caudal arteries, recording the values of length and width in millimeters with the aid of a digital caliper. The brain was divided into: telencephalon, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum; while externally, the observed structures are: olfactory bulbs, optical lobes, optic nerves, optic chiasm, pituitary and pineal glands. Vascularization was performed by the following arteries: ventral spinal artery, basilar artery, ventricular cerebellar arteries, medium ventricular cerebellar arteries, caudal branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, ventral mesencephalic artery, cerebral caudal arteries, rostral branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, middle cerebral arteries, cerebroethmoidal arteries, rostral intercerebral anastomosis, rostral cerebral arteries, ethmoidal arteries, internal ophthalmic arteries, inter-hemispheric artery, pituitary arteries, dorsal mesencephalic tectal arteries, dorsal cerebellar arteries, occipital, pineal and dorsal hemispherical branches. The cerebral arterial circuit was both caudally and rostrally closed in 100.0% of the samples, being composed of the arteries: basilar artery, caudal branches of the carotid brain, rostral branches of the brain carotid, cerebroethmoidal arteries and rostral intercerebral anastomosis.Discussion: Encephalon classification regarding the presence or absence of gyri is a characteristic associated to evolution­ary aspects among vertebrates, being respectively considered as lisencephalon or girencecephalus when it presents or does not present convolutions. In Greater Rheas, the telencephalon was quite developed, with a relatively rounded shape and the absence of sulci and convolutions in the cortex, which allowed it to be classified as a lisencephalon. Such findings resemble those described for the ostrich and in a comparative study involving kiwis, emus, owls and pigeons, although different sizes and forms of telencephalon development were observed in the latter. Regarding the cerebral arterial circuit, this structure in Rheas was complete and both caudally and rostrally closed in 100.0% of the specimens. Our findings differ from those ob­served for ostriches, in which a rostrally open behavior has been described, while it is caudally closed in 20.0% of cases and opened in 80.0%. Regarding the vascular type of the brain, in the Rhea it was observed that there was only contribution of the carotid system, similar to that found for birds such as ostriches and turkeys which confer a type I encephalic vascularization.Keywords: arteries, brain, arterial circuit, morphometry, ratites.

The Effect of Feeding System on the Carcass Quality of Crossbred Lambs with Texel

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Angela Cividini ◽  
Dušan Terčič ◽  
Mojca Simčič
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Carcass Cuts

The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of feeding system on the growth rate and carcass quality of crossbred Improved Jezersko-Solčava x Texel (JSRT) lambs and to evaluate the effect of sex on these traits. The trial was conducted in nature according to the traditional rearing systems. The trial included 44 crossbred lambs, which were born and reared until the slaughter in three different flocks. In the age of 10 days suckled lambs were offered with ad libitum corresponding diets according to the feeding system. All lambs were slaughtered in seven consecutive days by the same procedure. The effect of feeding system significantly affected daily gain from birth to slaughter, EUROP carcass conformation and shoulder width. Likewise, the effect of sex significantly affected daily gain from birth to slaughter and internal fatness of carcasses. According to carcass cuts the feeding system significantly affected only the proportion of neck and leg. Considering meat quality traits, feeding system had a significant effect on the pH 45 and CIE a* values. In this study, we could speculate that more than the feeding system the growth and the carcass traits as well as meat traits were affected by the amount of the supplement.

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