The impact of the surgical mask on the relationship between patient and family nurse in primary care

Objective: In primary care, during treatments, nurses may need to wear surgical masks, namely for control of infection contamination, or to minimize unpleasant odors. The goal of this study is to inspect the effect of nurses wearing the mask on patient perception of the nurse-patient relation. Methods: A pre-post-test, control-experimental group design was employed with 60 patients treated in family health units. Patients responded to the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire III (PSQ-III) regarding nurses’ communication, interpersonal manner, technical quality, as well regarding general satisfaction with the encounter. An additional question asked both patients and nurses how long they felt that the visit lasted. Results: Results show that nurses wearing the surgical mask had significantly negative effects in all dimensions of PSQ-III and increased the perceived visit duration among both nurses and patients. Conclusion: When a previous relationship exists, nurses wearing the surgical mask in primary care in Portugal negatively affects patient satisfaction with both the patient-nurse relation and the nurses’ technical quality. Practice implications: Is important the nurse understand this impact to discuss with the colleagues the best strategy to minimize the negative impact to the patient- family nurse relation and manager this situation in the best way to the patient.

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In the Same Boat, but not Equals: The Heterogeneous Effects of Indirect Taxation on Child Health in Punjab-Pakistan

Asian Journal of Law and Economics ◽

10.1515/ajle-2020-0041 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Faiz Ur Rehman ◽

Muhammad Nasir

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Income Group ◽

Z Score ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Indirect Taxation ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Lower Income Group ◽

Food Items ◽

Heterogeneous Effects ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe 2011 National Nutrition Survey of Pakistan revealed that 51% of the country’s population was consuming less than 2,100 calories a day. In the backdrop of rising food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition in Pakistan, this study aims to measure the effects of indirect taxation on health outcomes of children (<5 years). More specifically, the impact of the incidence of General Sales Tax (GST) in the province of Punjab has been estimated on a child’s height and weight. The proponents of the uniform GST argue that the tax would not affect children because most food items consumed by children are exempted from the GST. However, the opponents believe that households, especially those belonging to the lower-income group, would reallocate resources away from children in the face of higher GST. To study these effects, we utilized three different waves (2007–08, 2011 & 2014) of Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys (MICS). The results show that the tax incidence, and not the GST rate, has a significantly negative impact on children’s height-for-age Z-score (HAZ). No effect was found on the weight-for-age-z-score (WAZ). These results are robust to different specifications and exhibit considerable heterogeneity across different income groups. These findings suggest that the exemption of certain food items for children from the GST may not eliminate the negative effects of this tax on a child’s health. Thus, our study raises concerns about the long term welfare consequences of GST.

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A Scoping Review of Trauma-Informed Curricula for Primary Care Providers

Family Medicine ◽

10.22454/fammed.2021.500263 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 (10) ◽

pp. 843-856

Author(s):

Constance Gundacker ◽

Tyler W. Barreto ◽

Julie P. Phillips

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Patient Satisfaction ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Primary Care Providers ◽

The United States ◽

Traumatic Experiences ◽

Search Term ◽

Care Providers ◽

Trauma Informed ◽

The Impact

Background and Objectives: Traumatic experiences such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction have a lifetime prevalence of 62%-75% and can negatively impact health outcomes. However, many primary care providers (PCPs) are inadequately prepared to treat patients with trauma due to a lack of training. Our objective was to identify trauma-informed approach curricula for PCPs, review their effectiveness, and identify gaps. Methods: We systematically identified articles from Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier, Cochrane, PsycINFO, MedEd Portal, and the STFM Resource Library. Search term headings “trauma-informed care (TIC),” “resilience,” “patient-centered care,” “primary care,” and “education.” Inclusion criteria were PCP, pediatric and adult patients, and training evaluation. Exclusion criteria were outside the United States, non-English articles, non-PCPs, and inpatient settings. We used the TIC pyramid to extract topics. We analyzed evaluation methods using the Kirkpatrick Model. Results: Researchers reviewed 6,825 articles and identified 17 different curricula. Understanding health effects of trauma was the most common topic (94%). Evaluation data revealed overall positive reactions and improved knowledge, attitudes, and confidence. Half (53%) reported Kirkpatrick level 3 behavior change evaluation outcomes with increased trauma screening and communication, but no change in referrals. Only 12% (2/17) evaluated Kirkpatrick level 4 patient satisfaction (significant results) and health outcomes (not significant). Conclusions: Pilot findings from studies in our review show trauma-informed curricula for PCPs reveal positive reactions, an increase in knowledge, screening, communication, and patient satisfaction, but no change in referrals or health outcomes. Further research is needed to examine the impact of trainings on quality of care and health outcomes.

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The Impact of Ceta Programs on Components of Participants' Earnings

ILR Review ◽

10.1177/001979398704000309 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 430-441 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Katherine P. Dickinson ◽

Terry R. Johnson ◽

Richard W. West

Keyword(s):

Nearest Neighbor ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Hourly Wage ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Hours Worked ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Hourly Wage Rate ◽

Women's Earnings ◽

The Impact

This paper provides the first estimates of the net impact of CETA participation on the components of CETA participants' post-program earnings. Employing a sample of 1975 CETA enrollees and comparison groups drawn from the March 1978 CPS using a nearest-neighbor matching technique, the authors estimate statistically significant negative effects on men's earnings and statistically significant positive effects on women's earnings. These results stem partly from the impact of CETA participation on the likelihood of being employed after leaving the program (negative for men, positive for women), but also from a negative impact on hours worked during the year and hourly wage rate for men and a large positive impact on hours worked per week and weeks worked per year for women.

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STUDY ON EFFECTS OF DISTRUTIVE AGENTS ON THE ARTWORKS

Scientific Bulletin Series D : Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering ◽

10.37193/sbsd.2017.1.10 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 75-81

Author(s):

Valeria Mirela Brezoczki ◽

◽

Emese Bonta ◽

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Art Museum ◽

External Factors ◽

Cultural Value ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Active Monitoring ◽

Baia Mare ◽

Different Types ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

The paper describes a series of effects created by the impact of environmental factors on artworks in museums, as well as the way that active monitoring of these destructive agents (temperature and relative humidity) is done. Over time, artefacts exhibited within museums are subject to a series of degradations caused by external factors (air components, humidity, temperature, sunlight, bacteria, molds or fungi etc.), which can leave a negative impact on these goods with cultural value. The main observed negative effects are directly and intimate related to the deterioration of wood sculptures by the occurrence of cracks and the installation of different types of bacteria; the appearance of brownish-red spots on the surface of the paper and the increase in its reliability; various types of corrosion of artworks from different metals; color losses and cracks on paintings etc. The study brings to the fore the damaging effects produced on the different cultural works hosted within the County Art Museum - Art Center Baia Mare.

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Economy of households under conditions of pandemic instability

Problems of Innovation and Investment Development ◽

10.33813/2224-1213.26.2021.10 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 98-109

Author(s):

Mariana Fedyk

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Alcoholic Beverages ◽

Baseline Scenario ◽

Household Economy ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Subsistence Level ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Academic Paper ◽

Absolute Criterion ◽

The Impact

The purpose of the academic paper lies in assessing the state of income, expenditure and savings of households under conditions of pandemic instability. The research methodology is based on the statistical analysis of data on income, resources and savings of households in Ukraine for 2010-2020. The scientific novelty involves identifying the positive and negative effects of the pandemic on the household economy. Conclusions. The positive and negative effects of the impact of spreading the pandemic on the household economy have been revealed in the research, and as a result, the decline in economic activity and the growth of unemployment in Ukraine. It has been determined that in the period of 2020 pandemic, costs decreased by 2% and resources increased by 3%. In 2020, the share of expenditures on food and non-alcoholic beverages increased from 46,6% to 48,1% in 2019, and on non-food goods and services - decreased from 41,5% to 39,8%. The population with per capita equivalent total income per month, below the actual subsistence level, was 8,9 million people in 2019 (23,1%), in 2020 – 8,8 million people (23,2%). Despite experts’ assessments of the likely increase in poverty as a result of COVID-19 spreading under two scenarios (according to the absolute criterion, it will increase from 27,2 to 43,6%; according to an absolute criterion, it will increase from 27,2 to 50,8%). It can be noted that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the poorest sections of the population with low incomes. It has been determined that in the context of social-economic impact of COVID-19, families who find it more difficult to diversify their own incomes are the most vulnerable ones. The following categories have been most affected by the pandemic (they will have had the largest increase in poverty compared to the baseline scenario), namely: households with three or more children; single parents with children; households with children under three; single retirees over 65 years.Along with this, thanks to the monetary policy that has ensured a stable level of inflation and return on deposits, the share of household deposits has increased the most in the last ten years to 27%. However, it is worth noting that quarantine and the COVID-19 pandemic have led to a trend towards a partial flow of population resources from time deposits to card and savings accounts. After all, citizens sought to have free money in case of unforeseen expenses due to the uncertainty of the future development of events. Key words: households, income, resources, consumer expenditures, economic crisis, pandemic instability, quarantine restrictions.

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The Impact of Corruption on Entrepreneurship

Business Law and Ethics ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-8195-8.ch001 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Gil Avnimelech ◽

Yaron Zelekha

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Literature Review ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Entrepreneurial Activity ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Societal Costs ◽

Present Evidence ◽

Growing Body ◽

The Impact

There is a consensus that corruption may result in high societal costs. A growing body of research reveals the negative effects of corruption on a variety of economic indicators. This chapter presents a literature review on the impact of corruption on entrepreneurship. It allows us to suggest that one of the transition channels through which corruption has impacted growth is entrepreneurship. The main channels in which corruption impacts entrepreneurship is through reduced incentives for entrepreneurial activity and reduced trust within the system. The authors present evidence that the negative impact of an incremental increase in the level of corruption on entrepreneurship is more harmful in developed countries than in developing countries. Thus, they stress the need for more research in this area with the aim of establishing appropriate frameworks for the fight of corruption in both developing and developed countries and suggest significant gains from anti-corruption efforts, especially in developed countries.

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The Impact of a Primary Care, Pharmacist-Driven Intervention in Patients with Chronic Non-Cancer Pain—A Pilot Study

Pharmacy ◽

10.3390/pharmacy8030113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Mo Chen ◽

Tejal Patel ◽

Feng Chang

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Primary Care ◽

Chronic Pain ◽

Cancer Pain ◽

Family Health ◽

Primary Care Settings ◽

Pain Intervention ◽

Family Health Team ◽

The Impact

Background: Chronic pain is a prevalent condition, experienced by 15.3% to 55% of Canadians, that is difficult to manage. With their broad accessibility and expertise on drugs, primary care pharmacists can help patients optimize their pain management. Methods: The objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of a primary care, pharmacist-driven chronic pain intervention on pain and quality of life in patients with chronic non-cancer pain. A three-month naturalistic prospective study was conducted in primary care settings (five community pharmacies and one Family Health Team) across Ontario, Canada with a total of six pharmacists and 19 study participants. The primary care, pharmacist-driven chronic pain intervention consisted of patient assessments, medication reviews, care plan recommendations, and patient education. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, pain intensity, pain interference, and quality of life were evaluated at baseline and at follow up (week 2 and month 3). Results: Trends towards improvement in pain and quality of life were found, however, these improvements were not statistically significant at follow up (month 3). Conclusions: This study provides the foundational research required to better understand the impact of Ontario pharmacists’ extended role in pain management in non-cancer patients within multiple primary care settings (e.g., Family Health Team, etc.) and has illustrated the importance of modifying and customizing care plans in patients with chronic pain. A larger sample size with tailored outcome measures may be necessary to better highlight significant improvements in pain and quality of life in patients with chronic non-cancer pain using a primary care, pharmacist-driven intervention.

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Social Vulnerability, Gender and Disasters. The Case of Haiti in 2010

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12093574 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 3574 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mar Llorente-Marrón ◽

Montserrat Díaz-Fernández ◽

Paz Méndez-Rodríguez ◽

Rosario González Arias

Keyword(s):

Natural Disasters ◽

International Development ◽

Social Vulnerability ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Research Work ◽

The United States ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Unequal Distribution ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

The study of vulnerability constitutes a central axis in research work on sustainability. Social vulnerability (SV) analyzes differences in human capacity to prepare, respond and recover from the impact of a natural hazard. Although disasters threaten all the people who suffer from them, they do not affect all members of society in the same way. Social and economic inequalities make certain groups more vulnerable. Factors such as age, sex, social class and ethnic identity increase vulnerability to a natural disaster. Ten years after the earthquake in Haiti in 2010, this work deepens the relationship between natural disasters, SV and gender, exploring the unequal distribution of the SV in the face of a seismic risk. The source of statistical information has been obtained from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), developed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Multicriteria decision techniques (TOPSIS) and the differences in differences (DID) technique are used to analyze variations in gender inequality in SV as a result of the catastrophic event. The results obtained reinforce the idea of the negative impact of the disaster on the SV. Additionally, an intensification of the negative effects is observed when the household is headed by a woman, increasing the gap in SV between households headed by women and the rest of the households. The conclusions obtained show additional evidence of the negative effects caused by natural disasters on women, and important implications for disaster risk management are derived that should not be ignored.

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The Impact of Primary Care: A Focused Review

Scientifica ◽

10.6064/2012/432892 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Leiyu Shi

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Healthcare Services ◽

The United States ◽

Emergency Department Visits ◽

Care Practice ◽

Quality Healthcare ◽

The Usa ◽

The Impact

Primary care serves as the cornerstone in a strong healthcare system. However, it has long been overlooked in the United States (USA), and an imbalance between specialty and primary care exists. The objective of this focused review paper is to identify research evidence on the value of primary care both in the USA and internationally, focusing on the importance of effective primary care services in delivering quality healthcare, improving health outcomes, and reducing disparities. Literature searches were performed in PubMed as well as “snowballing” based on the bibliographies of the retrieved articles. The areas reviewed included primary care definitions, primary care measurement, primary care practice, primary care and health, primary care and quality, primary care and cost, primary care and equity, primary care and health centers, and primary care and healthcare reform. In both developed and developing countries, primary care has been demonstrated to be associated with enhanced access to healthcare services, better health outcomes, and a decrease in hospitalization and use of emergency department visits. Primary care can also help counteract the negative impact of poor economic conditions on health.

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