scholarly journals Determination of antibiotics susceptibility profile of Shigella species isolated from children with acute diarrhea

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 054-058
Author(s):  
Ali Muhammad ◽  
Diso Sani U ◽  
Abdullah Muhammad S ◽  
Mu’azu Lurwan ◽  
Nas Farouk S
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility

Diarrheal diseases continue to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years. This study aimed to isolate, identify and determining the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Shigella sp associated with acute diarrhea among children in Kano, Northern Nigeria. A cross sectional study was conducted among children less than 5 years diagnosed with acute diarrhea and admitted to paediatric ward of Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano. Stool samples from a total of 37 (20 male and 17 female) subjects were used to isolate and identified the pathogen. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted using disc diffusion method. The result showed 12 out of 37 samples were positive for Shigella sp which accounted for 32.4%. Higher incidence of Shigella sp was found among subjects of age between 2 – 3 years. The isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin. High resistance was also observed in Amoxicillin (83.33%), Chloramphenicol (58.33%) and Tetracycline (25%). The isolates are 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin, 66.7% to Levofloxacin and Gentamicin each and 58.33% to Erythromycin. Three (3) isolates were resistance to Ampicillin and Amoxicillin, 5 isolates were resistance to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol and Amoxicillin while 2 isolates were resistance to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and Amoxicillin. It is concluded that Shigella sp is one of the etiological agent of diarrhea in children. Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and Gentamicin are drugs of choice for treating diarrhea caused by Shigella sp.

scholarly journals Bacterial enteric pathogens and serum interleukin-6 levels in children with acute diarrhea

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Herlina Herlina ◽  
Jeanette Irene Manoppo ◽  
Adrian Umboh
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bacterial Gastroenteritis ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Blood Specimens

Background Acute diarrhea is currently one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. A wide range of enteric pathogens, including bacteria, is responsible for the pathogenesis of acute infectious diarrhea. Recent studies have shown an increase in acute phase proteins, such as serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, in patients with acute bacterial gastroenteritis. Thus, IL-6 may be a useful marker to differentiate bacterial from non-bacterial enteric pathogens.Objective To assess for a correlation between bacterial enteric pathogens and serum IL-6 levels in children with acute diarrhea.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study from November 2013 to March 2014 in two hospitals in Manado. Subjects were children aged 1-5 years with acute diarrhea and good nutritional status. Subjects’ provided stool samples for bacterial culture and microscopic examination, as well as blood specimens for serum IL-6 measurements. Data was analyzed by linear regression and Pearson’s correlation tests for a correlation between bacterial enteric pathogens and serum IL-6 levels.Results In children with acute diarrhea, those with bacterial enteric pathogens had significantly higher mean serum IL-6 than those with non-bacterial enteric pathogens (r = 0.938; P < 0.001).Conclusion Serum IL-6 levels are significantly more elevated in children with acute diarrhea and bacterial enteric pathogens. Therefore, serum IL-6 may be a useful marker for early identification of bacterial gastroenteritis in children aged 1-5 years. [Paediatr Indones. 2016;56:144-8.].

scholarly journals Bacterial Tonsillitis and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles Among Children Within Five Years of Age At Hargeisa Group of Hospital, Somaliland: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamda Hussein Darod ◽  
Addisu Melese ◽  
Mulugeta Kibret ◽  
Wondemagegn Mulu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Tonsillitis is the third most frequently diagnosed infection in the pediatrics age group around the world. It causes significant morbidity and loss of school attendance in children. The emergence of drug resistance in bacterial tonsillitis is getting higher every year. However, data on the drug resistance profiles of bacterial causes of tonsillitis among children within five years of age is not available in Somaliland.Therefore; this study determined the bacterial causes of tonsillitis and their antimicrobial resistance profiles among children within five years of age at Hargeisa Group of Hospital, Somaliland. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to July 2020. A total of 374 children within five years of age were included using convenient sampling method. Throat swabs were collected from children, processed and bacterial species were identified using standard bacteriological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility was done using disc diffusion method. Data on demographic variables and clinical profiles were collected using structured questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was computed to identify factors associated with bacterial tonsillitis. P-values < 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. Results The median age of children included in the study was 4 years. Overall, 120(32.1%)(95% CI 27.4–36.8%) of children had culture confirmed bacterial tonsillitis. Of them,23(19.2%) had mixed infections.The most frequent bacterial isolates were Streptococcus pyogenes 78(55%), Staphylococcus aureus 42 (29%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae 10(7%). Isolates revealed 83.3–100 % rate of resistance to ampicillin. S. aureus was resistant to clarithromycin (38%) while 60% of S. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to gentamicin. The overall multidrug resistance (MDR) was 50.4% and 52.6% of S.pyogenes and 60% of S.pneumoniae were MDR. History of tonsillitis(AOR = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.06–0.21), difficulty of swallowing(AOR = 6.99; 95% CI = 3.56–13.73), weight loss (AOR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.186–0.597) and attending school (AOR = 2.98; 95% CI = 1.64–5.42) were found to be associated with tonsillitis among children within five years of age. Conclusions Bacterial tonsillitis with high degree of ampicillin resistance, mixed infections and MDR isolates are major concerns in children within five years of age at Hargeisa, Somaliland. Therefore, treatment of cases should be guided by regular culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to prevent disease consequences and critical drug resistance.

scholarly journals Norovirus genogroup correlation with acute diarrhea severity in Indonesian pediatric patients aged 1-60 months: a cross-sectional study

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2130
Author(s):  
Alpha Fardah Athiyyah ◽  
Katsumi Shigemura ◽  
Koichi Kitagawa ◽  
Nazara Agustina ◽  
Andy Darma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Norovirus Gii ◽  
Mild Diarrhea

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between norovirus genogroup and severity of acute diarrhea in pediatric patients at the Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 31 participants aged 1-60 months admitted to the hospital with acute diarrhea from April 2012 to March 2013. Norovirus genogroups (GI and II) were identified from patient stool using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Severity was measured using the Ruuska and Vesikari scoring system. Results: In total, 91 stool samples were obtained, of which 31 (19%) were norovirus positive. Norovirus GI was found in one sample with mild diarrhea. Norovirus GII was found in 30 samples (96.8%); one sample with mild diarrhea (3.3%), 20 samples with moderate diarrhea (66.7%), and nine samples with severe diarrhea (30%). Conclusion: Norovirus GII was the most prevalent cause of acute diarrhea and 30% of the cases manifested as severe diarrhea.

scholarly journals Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella typhi XDR Infection at Rawalpindi Medical University and Allied Hospitals

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-411
Author(s):  
Kausar Izhar ◽  
Kiran Ahmed ◽  
Maryyam Rehan ◽  
Muhammad Umar ◽  
Nadeem Ikram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella typhi (XDR) in RMU Allied Hospitals. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Material and Methods: It is a cross-sectional, prospective study conducted at RMU Allied Hospitals from January 2019–December 2019. Blood culture samples were received in the pathology lab, they were collected by simple random sampling and processed by conventional incubation. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was done on Muller Hinton agar using modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and antibiotic zone diameters were measured according to CLSI guidelines. Results: Out of the total 8045 cultures, 911 (11%) showed growth, among which 179 (20%) were Salmonella typhi and 135 (15%) XDR Salmonella. Meropenem revealed the highest sensitivity, Chloramphenicol, and Augmentin revealed the highest resistance. Conclusion: Blood culture results revealed Salmonella typhi 20% with a significant number of XDR Salmonella 15%. Antibiotics susceptibility pattern exhibits Meropenem and Azithromycin as the only antibiotics for XDR Salmonella. Salmonella typhi infection has a significantly high prevalence among children as compared to adults. (p=0.0017) Injudicious use of antibiotics is one of the important aspects of the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ofE. coliO157:H7 Isolated from Traditionally Marketed Raw Cow Milk in and around Asosa Town, Western Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigatu Disassa ◽  
Berhanu Sibhat ◽  
Shimelis Mengistu ◽  
Yimer Muktar ◽  
Dinaol Belina
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Agar Disc

A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2014 to July 2015 to determine the prevalence and populations ofE. colias well as the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility ofE. coliO157:H7 isolated from raw milk. Biochemical and serological tests methods were used to confirmE. coliandE. coliO157:H7 and isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using the agar disc diffusion method. Out of 380 raw milk samples examined, 129 (33.9%) and 11 (2.9%) were contaminated withE. coliandE. coliO157:H7, respectively. The highest prevalence was recorded in samples obtained from vendors (39.1%, 4.978 ± 0.180 log10/ml) compared with samples from farmers (28.1%, 3.93 ± 0.01 log10/ml) with significant differences(P=0.02). The frequency of contamination was higher in the samples collected from milk that was stored and transported in plastic containers (39.4%) than in the containers made of stainless steel (23.0%)(P=0.002). The antimicrobial susceptibility profile showed thatE. coliO157:H7 were resistant to tetracycline (81.8%), streptomycin (81.8%), and kanamycin (63.6%). Milk samples were produced and handled under poor hygienic conditions, stored, and transported in inappropriate containers and under temperature abuse conditions leading to high health risk to the consumers. Additional studies would be needed to establish association between the occurrences ofE. coliO157:H7 in raw milk and all the risk factors involved in and around Asosa town.

scholarly journals Antibiotic susceptibility and genetic relatedness of Shigella species isolated from food and human stool samples in Qazvin, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Pakbin ◽  
Abdollah Didban ◽  
Yousef Khazaye Monfared ◽  
Razzagh Mahmoudi ◽  
Amir Peymani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Rapd Pcr ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Human Stool

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance among Shigella species isolated from food and stool samples. Using cross sectional study method, Shigella spp. were isolated from food and clinical samples using culture-based, biochemical and serological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic relatedness among the isolates were evaluated using disk diffusion and RAPD-PCR methods respectively. Results The prevalence of Shigella spp. were 4.84 and 7.7% in food and stool samples respectively. All food isolates were Sh. sonnei. 91.42% of the Shigella stool isolates were Sh. sonnei. 62.5% of food isolates were resistant to tetracycline. 46.8, 50 and 65.8% of clinical isolates were resistant to imipenem, amikacin and azithromycin respectively. 50 and 85.7% of the food and clinical isolates respectively were MDR. Dendrogram generated by RAPD-PCR showed that the isolates from food and stool samples were categorized in a same group. Close genetic relatedness between MDR Shigella isolates from food and clinical samples indicate that foods can be considered as one of the main vehicles for transmission of MDR Shigella to human causing acute diseases. Survey of MDR Shigella among food and clinical samples is strongly suggested to be implemented.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Coagulase Negative Staphylococci Isolated From Local Yoghurt Hawked in Gombe Metropolis, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
Hamza A. J. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were formally believed to be non-pathogenic but recent studies have implicated them as agents of some diseases. This study was designed to investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of CoNS isolated from local yoghurt hawked in Gombe metropolis, Nigerian. A total of 177 local yoghurt samples from Gombe metropolis were investigated for the presence of CoNS using standard microbiological methods and confirm using Microgen Staph ID kit. The antibiotics susceptibility profile of the confirmed isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. Out of the 177 yoghurt samples, a total 24 (13.56%) were identified as CoNS which include: S. chromogenes 11(45.83%), S. haemolyticus 5(20.83), S. hominis 3(12.50%), S. warneri 3(12.50%), S. cohnis 1(4.17%) and S. ciuri 1(4.17%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the isolates were highly resistant to ampicilin (75%) and cefoxitin (54.2%) but very sensitive to gentamicin (100%), vancomycin (95%) and chloramphenicol (100%). The study reveals the presence of CoNS in the study area that are highly resistant to conventional antibiotics. Thus, to ensure public health safety and to avoid transmission of drug resistant bacteria, there is the need to educate yoghurt producers, vendors and consumers on the importance of food safety by the relevant authorities. Keywords: Coagulase negative staphylococci, Local yoghurt, Antimicrobial Resistance

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium and Rotavirus Diarrhoea in Children under the Age of Five Years in FCT Abuja, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-58
Author(s):  
B. Balarabe-Musa ◽  
N. T. Dabo
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
One Year ◽  
National Infrastructure

Introduction: Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of death among children, and Nigeria has the continent's highest mortality with little information on the specific cause, proportion affected by Cryptosporidium and Rotavirus, and the prevalent genotypes for Rotavirus. Aim: To identify children with diarrhoea, in Abuja in the Federal Capital Territory; to estimate the proportion of children with Cryptosporidium and rotavirus diarrhoea.   Study Design: One-year cross-sectional study of children under five years with acute diarrhea. Duration:  The study was conducted in Abuja from June 2018 to May 2019. Methodology: Cryptosporidium and Rotavirus ELISA were done with commercially available kits. Results: Stool samples were collected from 1450 participants, of whom 1185 (81.7%) were ambulatory, 109 (7.5%) were hospitalized, and 156 (10.7%) were controls without diarrhoea. Cryptosporidium-ELISA was positive among 274 (21.1%) children with diarrhoea and 23 (1.7%) of children without diarrhoea, with August and September as peak months for infection. Rotavirus-ELISA was positive among 231 (17.8%) children with diarrhoea and 29 (2.2%) controls, with November, December, and January as peak months. Children of 12 to 17 months were most affected for both and Rotavirus (39.8%) and Cryptosporidium (37.2%). Conclusion: Cryptosporidium and Rotavirus are essential pathogens in children, especially among Rotavirus unvaccinated children in Abuja. Local and national infrastructure is inadequate for essential surveillance of diarrhoeal disease, and this will have to be improved, together with access to virological and parasitic stool testing, to monitor the planned vaccine program, especially for Rotavirus.

scholarly journals Norovirus genogroup correlation with acute diarrhea severity in Indonesian pediatric patients aged 1-60 months: a cross-sectional study

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2130
Author(s):  
Alpha Fardah Athiyyah ◽  
Katsumi Shigemura ◽  
Koichi Kitagawa ◽  
Nazara Agustina ◽  
Andy Darma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Norovirus Gii ◽  
Mild Diarrhea

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between norovirus genogroup and severity of acute diarrhea in pediatric patients at the Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 31 participants aged 1-60 months admitted to the hospital with acute diarrhea from April 2012 to March 2013. Norovirus genogroups (GI and II) were identified from patient stool using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Severity was measured using the Ruuska and Vesikari scoring system. Results: In total, 91 stool samples were obtained, of which 31 (19%) were norovirus positive. Norovirus GI was found in one sample with mild diarrhea. Norovirus GII was found in 30 samples (96.8%); one sample with mild diarrhea (3.3%), 20 samples with moderate diarrhea (66.7%), and nine samples with severe diarrhea (30%). Conclusion: Norovirus GII was the most prevalent cause of acute diarrhea and 30% of the cases manifested as severe diarrhea.

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