scholarly journals Victim of violent death: what is the role of alcoholemia?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 048-052
Author(s):  
Miziara Ivan Dieb ◽  
Carmen Miziara Silvia Molleis Galego
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Blood Alcohol

Introduction: The tendency to impulsive behaviors and/or violence is exacerbated after alcohol consumption. Still, the relation between alcohol/violent deaths reported in the literature is not accurate, and in general, alcohol is only seen as a trigger to aggressive actions. The relationship of the victims with their blood alcohol is less studied. They were especially concerned about the role of alcohol as a risk factor for victims of unnatural death. Thus, our goal is to check the influence of alcohol in victims of violent deaths as homicides, suicides, and accidents. Materials and methods: Retrospectively the medical records of 805 autopsies performed at the Institute of Forensic Medicine (IML) of Franco da Rocha, in the period 2001 to 2017 were reviewed. The variables studied were sex, age, types of violent death rates, and alcohol - these were considered positive when above 0.3 mg/ml. The dosage of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was performed using samples of 10 ml of blood collected at necropsy, is preferably taken from the cardiac chambers or of the right femoral vein. Dosages of alcohol in blood samples were done in the Forensic Toxicology Center of the IML by gas chromatography, using the technique of separation “headspace” and double column. Results: Drug testing for alcohol was available for 488 (79.1%) of 617 necropsies. Of the 617 subjects studied, 532 (85.7%) were male, and 85 (13.8%) were females (with high rates of adolescents). The vast majority (n = 230) were killed, and 40.5% of victims had BAC above 0.3 mg/ml of blood. Traffic accidents came next, accounting for 181 deaths, with 41% of victims presenting positive BAC. Discussion: High blood alcohol levels of the victims were associated mainly with the genesis of accidents (drowning, falls, traffic, aspiration/ smothering) and murder (with impaired ability to resist or by causing the release of impulses to engage in violent situations), about 40% of cases. Conclusion: Our results indicate that alcohol abuse is a risk factor for victims of violent death. In these cases, alcohol has two types of action. Direct: contributes to accidents of various kinds - from traffic by decreasing powers of concentration, attention, and loss of reflexes, to other types of accidents such as drowning, falls, swallowing disorders causing airway obstruction, and mechanical asphyxia. And they were indirect, making it easier for individuals to engage in conflict (and thus become victims of crimes).

An Overview of Alcohol Testing and Interpretation in the 21st Century

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna T. Kelly ◽  
Ashraf Mozayani
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Driving Under The Influence ◽  
Ethyl Glucuronide ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Alcohol Testing

Ethanol analysis is the most commonly carried out drug testing in a forensic toxicology laboratory. Determination of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is needed in a multitude of situations, including in postmortem analysis, driving under the influence (DUI) and drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) cases, workplace drug monitoring, and probation investigations. These analyses are carried out by direct measurement of ethanol concentrations as well as of metabolic by-products, such as ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS). This review article will discuss pharmacokinetics, including absorption, distribution, and elimination of ethanol, methods for the detection of ethanol, the effect of ethanol on human performance, the role of alcohol in injuries and fatalities, and information regarding the interactions that may occur between alcohol and other drugs. Finally, an explanation will be given on how to interpret alcohol levels as well as the extrapolation and calculation of blood alcohol levels at times prior to sample collection.

A Review of Alcohol-Impaired Driving: The Role of Blood Alcohol Concentration and Complexity of the Driving Task

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 1238-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teri L. Martin ◽  
Patricia A. M. Solbeck ◽  
Daryl J. Mayers ◽  
Robert M. Langille ◽  
Yvona Buczek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Impaired Driving ◽  
Alcohol Impaired Driving ◽  
Driving Task

scholarly journals Geographical Detection of Traffic Accidents Spatial Stratified Heterogeneity and Influence Factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhuan Zhang ◽  
Huapu Lu ◽  
Wencong Qu
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Drunk Driving ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Blood Alcohol

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the existence of stratification heterogeneity in traffic accidents in Shenzhen, what factors influence the casualties, and the interaction of those factors. Geographical detection methods are used for the analysis of traffic accidents in Shenzhen. Results show that spatial stratification heterogeneity does exist, and the influencing factors of fatalities and injuries are different. The traffic accident causes and types of primary responsible party have a strong impact on fatalities and injuries, followed by zones and time interval. However, road factors, lighting, topography, etc., only have a certain impact on fatalities. Drunk driving, speeding over 50%, and overloading are more likely to cause more casualties than other illegal behaviors. Speeding over 50% and speeding below 50% have significant different influences on fatalities, while the influences on injuries are not obvious, and so do drunk driving (Blood Alcohol Concentration ≥ 0.08) and driving under the influence of alcohol (0.08 > Blood Alcohol Concentration ≥ 0.02). Both pedestrians and cyclists violating the traffic law are vulnerable to fatality. Heavy truck overloading is more likely to cause major traffic accidents than minibuses. More importantly, there are nonlinear enhanced interactions between the influencing factors, the combination of previous non-significant factors and other factors can have a significant impact on the traffic accident casualties. The findings could be helpful for making differentiated prevention and control measures for traffic accidents in Shenzhen and the method selection of subsequent research.

Unnatural and Violent Death in Cases with High Blood Alcohol Concentration- Autopsy Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1506-1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danica Cvetković ◽  
Vladimir Živković ◽  
Vera Lukić ◽  
Slobodan Nikolić
Keyword(s):  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Autopsy Study

scholarly journals Drunken state in fatally injured drivers of motor vehicles

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 359-365
Author(s):  
Gordana Djurovic ◽  
Nemanja Rancic ◽  
Slobodan Savic
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Effective Preventive Measure

Introduction. Consumption of alcohol may be an important causative factor in traffic accidents, particularly in categories of drivers and pedestrians. Objective. Analysis of frequency and other important medicolegal characteristics of drunken state of motor vehicles drivers. Methods. We analyzed autopsies performed at the Institute of Forensic Medicine Belgrade during 2008 and 2009. Data were obtained from autopsy protocols, results of toxicological examinations, and police reports about circumstances of traffic accidents. Results. Out of all 84 fatally injured drivers, drunken state was proved in 31 (36.9%). The majority of them were males (30% or 97%), while only one female driver was under the influence of alcohol. The most often drunken drivers were in the third life decade (10% or 32.2%). In most cases the injured alcoholised drivers died immediately after the accident (83.8%). In most of them blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was higher than 2? (58.1%), most frequently (12) BAC varied between 2.1? and 2.5?, and the highest determined BAC was 3.85?. The majority of accidents occurred between midnight and 6 a.m. (54.8%), mostly during working days (77.4%). The most frequent ways of the occurrence of traffic accidents were driving by turning away from the road and striking from behind another vehicle on the road. Conclusion. The obtained results point out the important role of the drunken state of the drivers of motor vehicles as a causative factor in traffic accidents in our population. The potentially effective preventive measure could be absolute prohibition of alcohol consumption for all drivers.

scholarly journals The Influence of Alcohol and Drugs on Drowning among Victims of Senior Years

Safety ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Pearn ◽  
Amy Peden ◽  
Richard Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Australian Study ◽  
Alcohol And Drugs ◽  
Drug Involvement ◽  
The Impact

Unintentional fatal drowning among older people is an issue as lifespans lengthen and older people embrace active retirement. While pre-existing medical conditions are a known risk factor for drowning among this age group, less is known about the role of alcohol and drugs. This 15-year (1 July 2002 to 30 June 2017) Australian study used coronial data to investigate the impact on older people (aged 65 years and older) of the obtundent effects of prescribed drugs which had been ingested by those with a positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Of the closed coronial cases with toxicological information (N = 471), one quarter (24.6%; N = 116) had consumed alcohol prior to drowning (one in seven BAC ≥ 0.05%), of which a third also had obtundent drugs present (33.6%; N = 39). Rivers/creeks/streams and swimming pools were the locations with the highest number of drowning deaths. Bathtubs (36.8%) and rivers/creeks/streams (17.9%) recorded the highest proportion of cases with victims having a BAC ≥ 0.05%. Bathtubs (13.2%), lakes (7.0%), and rivers/creeks/streams (6.8%) recorded the highest proportion of drowning cases with obtundent drug involvement. Obtundent drug involvement was significantly more likely for activities where the person who drowned was alone (i.e., unknown activity) (X2 = 6.8; p = 0.009). Common obtundent drugs included Diazepam, Tempazepam, and Codeine. Advocacy to prevent drowning in older people is a complex challenge, due to the myriad of locations where drowning occurs, the consumption of alcohol, and polypharmacy required for treating illness and maintaining good health.

On-site detection of saliva-alcohol as a function of blood alcohol concentration using colorimetric biosensor based on deposited Chromium (VII) Oxide Nanoparticles on filter paper

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalal N. Jeber ◽  
Maher Ahmed Abed ◽  
Ausama Abbas Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Occupational Accidents ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Alcohol intoxication is usually associated with drowning, falls, overdoses, fires, occupational accidents, physical and sexual abusements, domestic violence and traffic accidents. Therefore, alcohol considered an important factor for the explanation of the occurrence of many types of injuries. For many purposes such as forensic, it is important to establish a detection method to ensure whether the subject or the patient have consumed alcohol at a level that would be the reason for the accidents or injuries occur. Therefore, in this work, a simple, rapid and low-cost method was developed and validated for the detection of the alcohol in saliva as a function of blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The method is based on fabricated a biosensor consisted of chromium oxide nanoparticles deposited on filter paper. The validation of the biosensor was tested on 50 participants which categories into two selected groups (1 and 2). Group 1 consisted of 20 subjects from an organized party (no alcohol), they usually consumed three to four drinks as an average per week while Group 2 consisted of 30 subjects from an organized party the local bar (alcohol group), usually consumed two to three drinks per day. The results of the present study have shown that 95% of group 1 demonstrated positive results with variable colour intensities of the BAC in comparison to the 80% only of subjects from group 2. The present study has approved that the fabricated biosensor can effectively detect 0.02% or more of BAC which can be a useful test for many purposes such as medical, forensic, research and workplace.

The Importance of Alcohol Testing by Gas Chromatography vs the Cordebard Classical Method Modified in the Medico Legal Investigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 2407-2410
Author(s):  
Dan Perju Dumbrava ◽  
Carmen Corina Radu ◽  
Sofia David ◽  
Tatiana Iov ◽  
Catalin Jan Iov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Classical Method ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Technical Details ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method ◽  
Alcohol Testing ◽  
Living Person

Considering the growing number of requests from the criminal investigations authorities addressed to the institutions of legal medicine, testing of blood alcohol concentration both in the living person and in the corpse, we believe that a presentation of the two methods which are used in our country, is a topic of interest at present. The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with the technical details on how blodd alcohol concentration is realised by means of the gas chromatographic method and the classical one, (Cordebard modified by D. Banciu and I. Droc) respectively. Another purpose of this article is to also show, in a comparative way, the elements that make the gas chromatographic method superior to the former one.

A Driving Simulator Study of the Performance Effects of Low Blood Alcohol Concentration

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (18) ◽  
pp. 943-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wade Allen ◽  
Zareh Parseghian ◽  
Anthony C. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Divided Attention ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Simulator Study ◽  
And Performance

There is a large body of research that documents the impairing effect of alcohol on driving behavior and performance. Some of the most significant alcohol influence seems to occur in divided attention situations when the driver must simultaneously attend to several aspects of the driving task. This paper describes a driving simulator study of the effect of a low alcohol dose, .055 BAC (blood alcohol concentration %/wt), on divided attention performance. The simulation was mechanized on a PC and presented visual and auditory feedback in a truck cab surround. Subjects were required to control speed and steering on a rural two lane road while attending to a peripheral secondary task. The subject population was composed of 33 heavy equipment operators who were tested during both placebo and drinking sessions. Multivariate Analysis of Variance showed a significant and practical alcohol effect on a range of variables in the divided attention driving task.

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