scholarly journals Current epidemiological situation on leptospirosis in the territories adjacent to Lake Baikal

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
E. Yu. Kiseleva ◽  
V. M. Korzun ◽  
S. A. Borisov ◽  
N. V. Breneva ◽  
A. F. Timoshenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mass Analyzer ◽  
Natural Focus ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
The Mean

Background. In presence the epizootiological situation on leptospirosis in the territories adjacent to Lake Baikal is not studied well. The showing up of natural focus, discovering of host animal’s species composition and etiological structure of leptospirosis causative agents are essential to plan any epidemiological response and to organize the specific prophylaxis.Aim: to analyze contemporary characteristics of leptospirosis natural foci at the territories adjacent to Lake Baikal.Materials and methods. From 2011 till 2020 the territory of nine Irkutsk Region's administrative districts was investigated. Trapping has been done at four kind of sites (wetland, meadow, forest-shrub, steppificated meadow) and boroughs. 1152 small mammals which belonged to 35 species were collected. Collected samples were studied by complex of methods. Serogroup belonging was detected by micro agglutination and decomposition test, and genomic species – by Microflex LT mass analyzer.Results. A leptospirosis natural foci in the Irkutsk city boundary was newly founded and there were isolated (from small mammals) four pathogenic cultures of leptospiras belonging to Javanica serogroup. Main hosts of causative agents at the territories adjacent to Lake Baikal were defined (insect-eating mammals: tundra shrew, largetoothed Siberian shrew, even-toothed shrew, shrew-mouse, and rodents: root vole, ground vole, narrow-skulled vole, sewer rat). By micro agglutination were defined pathogenic leptospirosis serogroups (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Javanica, Pomona, Sejroe, Autumnalis, Australis), all over 2.4 ± 0.45 % seropositive. Antibody dilution at survey animals ranged from 1 : 20 to 1 : 640. On the grounds of PCR results the mean value of infected animals in studied sample was 16.4 ± 1.14 %. Positive PCR findings were at 19 from 35 animal species.Conclusion. At the territories adjacent to Lake Baikal In the Baikal region, the proportion of animals that have had contact with pathogenic leptospira is quite high. Natural focus of this infection are highly pervasive in this region, they are evolved mainly in dewy sites. 

Reduction in the Radiocesium in Meats of the Sika Deer and Wild Boar by Cooking

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAYUMI HACHINOHE ◽  
RYUSUKE FUJIMOTO ◽  
TAKURO SHINANO ◽  
EIICHI KOTAKE-NARA ◽  
SHIOKA HAMAMATSU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Sika Deer ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Retention Factor ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Wild Animal ◽  
Cooking Methods ◽  
Processing Factor ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Food Processing Retention Factor

ABSTRACT The behavior of radiocesium in wild animal meats upon cooking was investigated. The ratio of the concentration change (processing factor, Pf), remaining ratio (food processing retention factor, Fr), and removal ratio of radiocesium in the meats by grilling, boiling, and steaming were determined. Differences in cooking methods, rather than differences in meat parts or animal species, clearly influenced the Pf, Fr, and removal ratios. The mean Fr values were 0.9 (range, 0.7 to 1.0) for grilling, 0.6 (range, 0.4 to 0.7) for boiling, and 0.5 (range, 0.4 to 0.7) for steaming. The removal effect of grilling (11%) was lower than that of boiling (41%) or steaming (47%). The mean value of Pf was 1.2 (range, 1.1 to 1.6) for grilling, 0.8 (range, 0.6 to 0.9) for boiling, and 0.8 (range, 0.7 to 1.0) for steaming. The radiocesium concentration in the meats increased only upon grilling, but not by boiling or steaming. This difference is due to the lower removal effect of grilling than that of boiling and steaming. Therefore, boiling and steaming were more effective than grilling for removing radiocesium and reducing its concentration in wild animal meats. Furthermore, the ratio of water content fluctuations due to boiling was negatively correlated with Pf and Fr. It was evident that greater reductions in water content resulted in lower concentrations and improved radiocesium removal in the meats. These results suggest that some of the radiocesium naturally present in the meats is soluble in water and that the radiocesium dissolved in water can be removed from the meat with the release of water from the tissue. HIGHLIGHTS

scholarly journals Game theory and evolution

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (01) ◽  
pp. 8-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Haigh
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Mean

Maynard Smith and Price (1973) have shown that the methods and terminology of Game Theory can be used to study the evolution of various strategies in animal species. They write a ij as the mean ‘value’ to the user of strategy i when his opponent uses strategy j; these values a ij are related to the fitness of the user of i, in the sense that, if a ij is large, it is advantageous to use strategy i when one's opponent uses strategy j, and this advantage will be reflected in an increase in one's reproductive potential. For example, these may be a contest for territory, or dominance rights.

scholarly journals Game theory and evolution

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Haigh
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Mean

Maynard Smith and Price (1973) have shown that the methods and terminology of Game Theory can be used to study the evolution of various strategies in animal species. They write aij as the mean ‘value’ to the user of strategy i when his opponent uses strategy j; these values aij are related to the fitness of the user of i, in the sense that, if aij is large, it is advantageous to use strategy i when one's opponent uses strategy j, and this advantage will be reflected in an increase in one's reproductive potential. For example, these may be a contest for territory, or dominance rights.

scholarly journals Detecting and predicting risks relayed to spread of natural foci infections on flood-affected territories in Irkutsk region

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-104
Author(s):  
N.V. Breneva ◽  
◽  
S.V. Balakhonov ◽  
A.Ya. Nikitin ◽  
I.V. Meltsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Epizootic Process ◽  
Prevention Activities

In summer 2019 in western Irkutsk region abundant and long rainfall caused a catastrophic flood that became a federal emergency. It resulted in a threat that natural infection foci would be activated in that emergency zone; given that, the Irkutsk Anti-plague Institute, together with Rospotrebnadzor territorial offices and regional veterinary authorities, conducted an epizootologic-epidemiologic study on affected territories in order to detect and predict possible epidemiologic risks. Totally, the study covered 30 socially significant objects and natural biotopes in three mu-nicipal districts in the region. We tested blood serum of people (244 samples), farm and home ani-mals (253), and organs taken from caught small mammals aiming at determining natural foci infec-tions in them with bacteriologic, serologic, and PCR procedures; overall. 4,370 examinations were performed. Share of immune people amounted to 13.1% regarding tularemia; 17.5%, tick-borne en-cephalitis; yersiniosis, 10.8%; leptospirosis, 3.1%; tick-borne borreliosis, 7.1%. Antibodies to pathogenic leptospira were detected in 36.0–81.3% farm animals and it can indicate there is a latent epizootic process. In July 2019 there was low population of synanthropic rodents in socially significant objects on affected territories and small mammals population also decreased in natural foci with high contagion rate for tularemia agent (down to 17.9%). In September 2019 rats were detected to inhabit food-related objects and small mammals migrated actively in natural stations, contagion rate with tularemia agent going down among them whereas there was a growth in conta-gion rate with leptospira (up to 40.0%). We also revealed new natural tularemia and leptospirosis foci. Activity in natural infections foci didn’t exceed long-term average level just after the flood; still, there are persisting risks on affected territories in Irkutsk region that an epidemiologic situation might get worse there. The paper contains recommendations on further epizootologic-epidemiologic monitoring and organizing prevention activities such as control over sanitary situation at socially significant objects, local deratization, and sanitation in natural foci of animal leptospirosis.

scholarly journals Results of Epizootiological Monitoring of Small Mammals Habitant in Crimea Over the Period of 2015–2017

2018 ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Kovalenko ◽  
L. S. Zinich ◽  
S. N. Yakunin ◽  
O. A. Poluektova ◽  
O. Yu. Ramenskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hantavirus Infection ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Natural Focus ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Natural Foci

Objective of this work is to analyze the spatial distribution of various species of small mammals, caught between 2015 and 2017, and to identify the dominant species in different landscape areas, as well as their role in functioning of natural foci of zoonotic infections (tularemia, leptospirosis, tick-borne encephalitis, Lyme disease, Crimean hemorrhagic fever, hantavirus infection) in the territory of Crimea. Materials and methods. Small mammals were caught during the period of 2015–2017 and investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and direct hemagglutination reaction. Results and conclusions. The dominant species of small mammals, containing the causative agents of some or other natural-focal infection are ubiquitous species, i.e. disseminated across the territory of the whole peninsula. In the presence of concomitant favorable conditions, they may contribute to the expansion of the natural foci of these infections. Positive tests for Lyme disease detected not only in small mammals caught in mountain-forest areas, but in steppe zone too may testify to the fact that the border of the natural focus of this infection is expanded. To clarify the boundaries of the natural foci of infections circulating in the territory of Crimea, it is necessary to conduct comprehensive analysis of distribution of small mammals, blood-sucking ectoparasites, and also epidemic manifestations in different natural areas of Crimea.

scholarly journals Detecting and predicting risks relayed to spread of natural foci infections on flood-affected territories in Irkutsk region

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-104
Author(s):  
N.V. Breneva ◽  
◽  
S.V. Balakhonov ◽  
A.Ya. Nikitin ◽  
I.V. Meltsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Epizootic Process ◽  
Prevention Activities

In summer 2019 in western Irkutsk region abundant and long rainfall caused a catastrophic flood that became a federal emergency. It resulted in a threat that natural infection foci would be activated in that emergency zone; given that, the Irkutsk Anti-plague Institute, together with Rospotrebnadzor territorial offices and regional veterinary authorities, conducted an epizootologic-epidemiologic study on affected territories in order to detect and predict possible epidemiologic risks. Totally, the study covered 30 socially significant objects and natural biotopes in three mu-nicipal districts in the region. We tested blood serum of people (244 samples), farm and home ani-mals (253), and organs taken from caught small mammals aiming at determining natural foci infec-tions in them with bacteriologic, serologic, and PCR procedures; overall. 4,370 examinations were performed. Share of immune people amounted to 13.1% regarding tularemia; 17.5%, tick-borne en-cephalitis; yersiniosis, 10.8%; leptospirosis, 3.1%; tick-borne borreliosis, 7.1%. Antibodies to pathogenic leptospira were detected in 36.0–81.3% farm animals and it can indicate there is a latent epizootic process. In July 2019 there was low population of synanthropic rodents in socially significant objects on affected territories and small mammals population also decreased in natural foci with high contagion rate for tularemia agent (down to 17.9%). In September 2019 rats were detected to inhabit food-related objects and small mammals migrated actively in natural stations, contagion rate with tularemia agent going down among them whereas there was a growth in conta-gion rate with leptospira (up to 40.0%). We also revealed new natural tularemia and leptospirosis foci. Activity in natural infections foci didn’t exceed long-term average level just after the flood; still, there are persisting risks on affected territories in Irkutsk region that an epidemiologic situation might get worse there. The paper contains recommendations on further epizootologic-epidemiologic monitoring and organizing prevention activities such as control over sanitary situation at socially significant objects, local deratization, and sanitation in natural foci of animal leptospirosis.

Long-period modulated superstructures in Pd-12.5 at.%Ce and Pd-15 at.%Ce alloys

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Kuwano ◽  
Masaru Itakura ◽  
Kensuke Oki
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Ultra High Purity ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Atomic Scattering ◽  
The Mean

Pd-Ce alloys exhibit various anomalies in physical properties due to mixed valences of Ce, and the anomalies are thought to be strongly related with the crystal structures. Since Pd and Ce are both heavy elements, relative magnitudes of (fcc-fpd) are so small compared with <f> that superlattice reflections, even if any, sometimes cannot be detected in conventional x-ray powder patterns, where fee and fpd are atomic scattering factors of Ce and Pd, and <f> the mean value in the crystal. However, superlattices in Pd-Ce alloys can be analyzed by electron microscopy, thanks to the high detectability of electron diffraction. In this work, we investigated modulated superstructures in alloys with 12.5 and 15.0 at.%Ce.Ingots of Pd-Ce alloys were prepared in an arc furnace under atmosphere of ultra high purity argon. The disc specimens cut out from the ingots were heat-treated in vacuum and electrothinned to electron transparency by a jet method.

Partition Coefficient Ratios and Tumour Perfusion Studied with 85mKr and 133Xe

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (06) ◽  
pp. 253-257
Author(s):  
M. Mäntylä ◽  
J. Perkkiö ◽  
J. Heikkonen
Keyword(s):  
Partition Coefficient ◽  
Partition Coefficients ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Malignant Tumour ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Perfusion Rate ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
The Mean

The relative partition coefficients of krypton and xenon, and the regional blood flow in 27 superficial malignant tumour nodules in 22 patients with diagnosed tumours were measured using the 85mKr- and 133Xe-clearance method. In order to minimize the effect of biological variables on the measurements the radionuclides were injected simultaneously into the tumour. The distribution of the radiotracers was assumed to be in equilibrium at the beginning of the experiment. The blood perfusion was calculated by fitting a two-exponential function to the measuring points. The mean value of the perfusion rate calculated from the xenon results was 13 ± 10 ml/(100 g-min) [range 3 to 38 ml/(100 g-min)] and from the krypton results 19 ± 11 ml/(100 g-min) [range 5 to 45 ml/(100 g-min)]. These values were obtained, if the partition coefficients are equal to one. The equations obtained by using compartmental analysis were used for the calculation of the relative partition coefficient of krypton and xenon. The partition coefficient of krypton was found to be slightly smaller than that of xenon, which may be due to its smaller molecular weight.

Detection of Soluble Fibrin Monomer Complexes in Blood by Means of Protamine Sulphate Test

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 044-049 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Lipiński ◽  
K Worowski
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Coronary Thrombosis ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Protamine Sulphate ◽  
Soluble Fibrin ◽  
Fibrin Monomer ◽  
Dog Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Precipitable Protein

SummaryIn the present paper described is a simple test for detecting soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) in blood. The test consists in mixing 1% protamine sulphate with diluted oxalated plasma or serum and reading the optical density at 6190 Å. In experiments with dog plasma, enriched with soluble fibrin complexes, it was shown that OD read in PS test is proportional to the amount of fibrin recovered from the precipitate. It was found that SFMC level in plasma increases in rabbits infused intravenously with thrombin and decreases after injection of plasmin with streptokinase. In both cases PS precipitable protein in serum is elevated indicating enhanced fibrinolysis. In healthy human subjects the mean value of OD readings in plasma and sera were found to be 0.30 and 0.11, while in patients with coronary thrombosis they are 0.64 and 0.05 respectively. The origin of SFMC in circulation under physiological and pathological conditions is discussed.

Detection of Circulating Tissue Factor and Factor VII in a Normal Population

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (05) ◽  
pp. 772-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybille Albrecht ◽  
Matthias Kotzsch ◽  
Gabriele Siegert ◽  
Thomas Luther ◽  
Heinz Großmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Gender

SummaryThe plasma tissue factor (TF) concentration was correlated to factor VII concentration (FVIIag) and factor VII activity (FVIIc) in 498 healthy volunteers ranging in age from 17 to 64 years. Immunoassays using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were developed for the determination of TF and FVIIag in plasma. The mAbs and the test systems were characterized. The mean value of the TF concentration was 172 ± 135 pg/ml. TF showed no age- and gender-related differences. For the total population, FVIIc, determined by a clotting test, was 110 ± 15% and the factor VIlag was 0.77 ± 0.19 μg/ml. FVII activity was significantly increased with age, whereas the concentration demonstrated no correlation to age in this population. FVII concentration is highly correlated with the activity as measured by clotting assay using rabbit thromboplastin. The ratio between FVIIc and FVIIag was not age-dependent, but demonstrated a significant difference between men and women. Between TF and FVII we could not detect a correlation.

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