scholarly journals Floristic Composition and Community Structure of Epiphytic Angiosperms in an Urban Forest Fragment in the Eastern Amazon

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josélia Rozanny Vieira Pacheco ◽  
Felipe Fajardo Villela Antolin Barberena
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Vascular Epiphytes

Vascular epiphytes are one of the most important forest components, contributing to microclimatic maintenance. These plants find ideal conditions for development in the Amazon due to the spatial heterogeneity and high temperature and humidity typical of this biome. In recent years, the Brazilian Amazon has undergone dramatic changes in its landscape, mainly due to the increase in deforestation and fire rates. We present here the floristic composition and analyze the community structure of epiphytic angiosperms of an urban forest fragment in Eastern Amazon. A total of 71 epiphytic individuals were recorded belonging to eight species and four families. Orchidaceae was the most representative family, corroborating the pattern for surveys of epiphytic diversity in the Neotropical region. Epiphytic species were found on 24 individuals of 10 tree species. The epiphytic importance value (IVe) was low for all species, except for Aechmea tocantina and Rhipsalis baccifera. Cactaceae was the family with the highest IVe. Most epiphytes were found in the crown of trees (83.1%). The diversity index of the fragment was H’ = 1.80 and the equity index was J= 0.87, reflecting the absence of highly dominant species. Conservation of urban forest fragments is necessary for the maintenance of epiphytic flora and ecosystem services.

scholarly journals Diversity, community structure and conservation status of an Atlantic Forest fragment in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius Costa Cysneiros ◽  
Joaquim de Oliveira Mendonça-Junior ◽  
Tatiana Dias Gaui ◽  
Denise Monte Braz
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Forest Remnant

The State of Rio de Janeiro still holds unknown portions of the Atlantic Forest, which represent gaps in the knowledge of this ecosystem. Paracambi and neighbor municipal districts comprise a vast stretch of virtually unknown forest that makes up part of the Serra do Mar biodiversity corridor. The following study describes the tree community structure in a stretch of the ombrophilous Atlantic Forest, in the Parque Natural Municipal do Curió (Curio MNP), Paracambi, Rio de Janeiro, which serves as the basis to evaluate species diversity and conservation status. The altitudes in the area ranges from 100 to 690 m and the climate varies from mild subtropical to tropical hot and humid. Forty plots (10x10m) were randomly placed along the area, where all the stems equal to or greater than five centimeters (5 cm) diameter at breast high from ground level were measured. A total of 749 individuals, pertaining to 128 genera and 210 species were recorded, eight of which are listed as threatened of extinction in the Brazilian flora. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H′) was 4.7 nat.ind.-1 and the species with greater importance value was Pseudopiptadenia contorta (1.6460 m2; 18 individuals) while the most common species wereSenefeldera vertcilata (48) and Actinostemon verticilatus (47 individuals). Despite the sample area being a little smaller than that commonly adopted in tropical studies, data pointed to a richness hitherto not registered in any other study for the State of Rio de Janeiro, no matter the inclusion criteria used, and also confirmed by the two estimator indices used, which have revealed very similar results. The vertical forest structure, the values associated to the successional stage of the species and other aspects of community structure indicate that the Curio MNP encompasses forest stretches in advanced stages of ecological succession. Besides its key location for the connectivity of forest fragments in the region, the results emphasize the ecological importance of this forest remnant and the need for its conservation.

scholarly journals Vascular epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest in the Sinos River basin, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: richness, floristic composition and community structure

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (2 suppl) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
MD Barbosa ◽  
DFP Becker ◽  
S Cunha ◽  
A Droste ◽  
JL Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Vascular Epiphytes

<p>The Atlantic Forest, which has a vast epiphytic richness, is a priority area for preservation, listed as one of the five most important world hotspots. Vascular epiphyte richness, composition and community structure were studied in two fragments, one of the ombrophilous (29º43'42"S and 50º22'00"W) and the other of the seasonal (29º40'54"S and 51º06'56"W) forest, both belonging to the Atlantic Forest biome in the Sinos River basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In each fragment, 40 trees, divided into four ecological zones, were analyzed. In each zone, the occurrence of the species was recorded, and the importance value of each species was calculated according to the frequency of phorophytes and intervals, and cover scores. The Shannon index was calculated for the two communities. In the fragment of the ombrophilous forest (F1), 30 epiphytic species were recorded, and in the seasonal forest (F2), 25. The highest importance value was found for <italic>Microgramma squamulosa</italic> (Kaulf.) de la Sota in both fragments. The diversity indexes for F1 (H'=2.72) and F2 (H'=2.55) were similar and reflected the subtropical location of the areas. The decrease in mean richness in both fragments in zone 3 (internal crown) to zone 4 (external crown) may be associated with time and space availability for epiphyte occupation and microclimate variations. Exclusive species were found in the areas, which suggest that a greater number of preserved fragments may result in a greater number of preserved epiphytic species in the Sinos River basin.</p>

scholarly journals CARACTERIZAÇÃO FLORÍSTICA E ESTRUTURAL DE UM FRAGMENTO DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA, EM CURITIBA, PR – BRASIL

FLORESTA ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubens Marques Rondon Neto ◽  
Carina Kozera ◽  
Regina do Rocio De Andrade ◽  
Adriana Trippia Cecy ◽  
Ana Paula Hummes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Araucaria Angustifolia ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Casearia Sylvestris ◽  
Index Value

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a composição florística e a estrutura dos indivíduos arbóreos com DAP ³ 5cm presentes em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista (Floresta com Araucária), denominado “Capão do Tigre”, situado em Curitiba - PR. Em dezoito parcelas de 10 x 20m foram inventariados 710 indivíduos, distribuídos em 77 espécies, pertencentes a 36 famílias e 55 gêneros. O valor do índice de diversidade Shannon para as espécies foi de 3,437. A densidade total estimada foi de 1.972 indivíduos/ha e os valores médios de DAP e altura encontrados foram 11,6 cm e 8,2 m, respectivamente. De acordo com o parâmetro valor de importância ampliado, as espécies mais importantes foram Casearia sylvestris, Allophylus edulis, Luehea divaricata, Araucaria angustifolia, Cupania vernalis, Ocotea corymbosa, Ocotea nutans, Jacaranda puberula, Mollinedia clavigera e Solanum sanctae-catharinae. FLORISTIC AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A FRAGMENT OF MIXED OMBROPHYLOUS FOREST IN CURITIBA, PR - BRAZIL Abstract The aim of this paper was to know the floristic composition and the structureof a Mixed Ombrophylous Forest fragment (Araucaria Forest), named “Capão do Tigre”, situated in Curitiba - PR. It was inventoried 710 trees individuous in eighteen 10 x 20 m plots with DBH ³ 5cm, distributed in 77 species from 55 gender and 36 families. The Shannon diversity index value was 3,437 for the species. The total density found was 1.972 individuous/ha, and the medium DBH and height was 11,6 cm and 8,2 m, respectively. Acording to the parameters of Amplieted Importance Value, the most important species are: Casearia sylvestris, Allophylus edulis, Luehea divaricata, Araucaria angustifolia, Cupania vernalis, Ocotea corymbosa, Ocotea nutans, Jacaranda puberula, Mollinedia clavigera e Solanum sanctae-catharinae.

scholarly journals ABUNDANCE OF TREES USED AS FOOD BY PRIMATES IN FRAGMENTS OF ATLANTIC FOREST

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-41
Author(s):  
Valdecir Da Silva ◽  
Vera Lúcia da Silva ◽  
Válter Da Silva ◽  
Dimítri De Araújo Costa ◽  
Francisco De Assis da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Forest Diversity ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Historical Factors

Forest fragmentation favours the propagation of some arboreal primate species that can alter the floristic composition of a community. This process may be associated with the loss of seed dispersants. In this work we propose to identify if the presence of frugivorous primates of medium and large size (Sapajus flavius and Alouatta belzebul) can influence forest diversity and structure. Further, we ask if the size of the fragment affects the availability of resources for these primates. Three fragments were studied in the Atlantic Forest of the State of Paraíba, Brazil, located in the municipalities of Sapé, Mamanguape, Rio Tinto, and Mataraca. In each area 25 plots of 50 x 4 m were delimited, randomly distributed along trails and transects. All trees with chest-high circumferences (CAP) above 12 cm found within the plots were marked with ribbons, and numbered continuously. A total of 114 plant species were documented in the Pacatuba Forest, 79 in the Asplan Forest, and 97 in the “Guaribas” (Sema III) Biological Reserve (REBIO) Forest. According to the Chao and Jacknife estimators, the REBIO Guaribas Forest can present more species than recorded in the present investigation. Species Tapirira guianensis, Protium giganteum and Protium heptaphyllum are the most abundant in the Asplan, Pacatuba and Sema III Forests, respectively. In the REBIO Guaribas Forest, the Shannon diversity index was (H') = 3.75, the Alpha-Fisher index was = 26.57 and the Simpson index (1-D) was = 0.90. Pacatuba was the forest fragment with the highest index of diversity (H') = 375, Alpha-Fischer = 33.74 and Simpson (1-D) = 0.95. Pacatuba and REBIO Guaribas Forsts possess greater Beta diversity. The results suggest that local and historical factors possibly increase Beta diversity, contributing to the increase in resources used as food by primates. Therefore, the presence of primates of medium and large size in the Pacatuba Forest may affect the diversity of resources, contributing to the dispersion of large fruits and seeds. The presence of primates of medium and large size can thus contribute to the preservation of floristic diversity in forest fragments.

scholarly journals Inventory of ferns and lycophytes within forest fragments of Araucaria in southern Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivanete Teresinha Mallmann ◽  
Vinícius Leão da Silva ◽  
Jairo Lizandro Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Life Form ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Araucaria Forest ◽  
Floristic Inventory ◽  
Ferns And Lycophytes

Abstract: The Araucaria Forest is a unique plant formation, practically restricted to the Atlantic Forest biome, in the South and Southeast of Brazil. It is immensely fragmented and its area is reduced to a minimum fraction, from 13 to 2% of the original area, due to intense anthropic exploitation. Our study evaluated the richness and floristic composition of ferns and lycophytes within three Araucaria forest fragments, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. For the floristic inventory, a parcel of 1 ha (100x100m) was demarcated inside three fragments, which were classified by size: large (246 ha - H1LF), medium (57 ha - H2MF) and small (5.2 ha - H3SF). Occurring species life forms and preferential substrates up to 4 meters above ground were recorded. In total, 55 species were catalogued, only two of which were lycophytes, distributed in 32 genera and 17 families. Considering the area of fragments, the recorded species richness has decreased, presenting greater numbers in H1LF (48), followed by H2MF (33), and H3SF (29). In the three sites, terrestrial substrate and the hemicryptophyte species life form predominated. We observed that one hectare of a larger forest fragment presented 65% more species than that of a smaller one, considering that the smaller fragment total area represents only 2% of the larger forest's area. On the other hand, one hectare of the smaller fragment contributed 17% to fern and lycophyte species conservation occurring in Brazilian Araucaria Forests, and 8% to the state of Rio Grande do Sul's total richness. The diverse heterogeneity and species composition grants floristic identity to each of the studied forest interiors. Our results highlight the need to include the botanical parameters here analyzed in management, conservation degree evaluation, and maintenance of Araucaria Forests plant biodiversity.

A new species of Stenomicra Coquillett (Diptera: Periscelididae) from the Brazilian Amazon and its life history

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4407 (4) ◽  
pp. 591
Author(s):  
ELIANE SOLAR GOMES ◽  
ROSALY ALE-ROCHA ◽  
RUTH LEILA FERREIRA KEPPLER
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New Species ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The City ◽  
A New Species

A new species of Stenomicra is described for the Neotropical Region, from phytotelmata of Araceae at an urban forest fragment in the city of Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Morphological descriptions of the immatures and the adults (male and female) are provided, together with biological information on the life cycle of the species and its “host” plant. 

ESTRUTURA, DIVERSIDADE E HETEROGENEIDADE DO ESTRATO REGENERANTE EM UM FRAGMENTO FLORESTAL URBANO APÓS 10 ANOS DE SUCESSÃO FLORESTAL

FLORESTA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaela Vilela Eiras e Paiva ◽  
José Hugo Campos Ribeiro ◽  
Fabricio Alvim Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Small Fragment ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Semideciduous Forest ◽  
Dalbergia Nigra

Este estudo visou avaliar a composição florística, a fitossociologia e a diversidade de espécies do estrato regenerante arbóreo de um pequeno fragmento (0,5 ha) de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, após 10 anos de abandono, no perímetro urbano do município de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. Os indivíduos da regeneração arbórea (altura ≥ 1 m e DAP < 5 cm) foram amostrados em 25 parcelas aleatórias de 5 x 5 m. Foram amostrados 1224 indivíduos pertencentes a 40 espécies. Houve uma forte predominância (> 90%) de espécies de estágios sucessionais iniciais (pioneiras e secundárias iniciais). Como reflexo da forte dominância ecológica observada, exercida principalmente pela elevada densidade das espécies Dalbergia nigra e Siparuna guianensis, o valor do índice de diversidade de espécies de Shannon (H’ = 2,38) foi muito inferior aos valores encontrados para fragmentos florestais maduros. Mesmo sendo um fragmento pequeno, isolado e em estágio inicial de sucessão secundária, análises multivariadas (agrupamento e DCA) evidenciaram a formação de grupos florísticos e uma forte diferenciação no arranjo das espécies, evidenciando a heterogeneidade típica de florestas tropicais. Embora apresente uma baixa diversidade, esse fragmento urbano tem funções ecológicas e sociais importantes para a região, que carece de áreas verdes para a conservação da flora nativa.AbstractStructure, diversity and heterogeneity of regeneration stratum in an urban forest fragment after 10 years of forest succession. This research aimed to evaluate the floristic composition, phytosociology and species diversity of the regenerating woody stratum of a small fragment (0.5 ha) of Semideciduous Forest, after 10 years of abandonment, in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. All woody individuals (height ≥ 1 m dbh <5 cm) were sampled at 25 random plots of 5 x 5 m. We sampled 1224 individuals belonging to 40 species. There was a strong predominance (> 90%) of species of early successional stages (pioneer and early secondary). Reflecting the strong observed ecological dominance, exercised primarily by the high density of the species Dalbergia nigra and Siparuna guianensis, species diversity value (Shannon index H '= 2.38) was much lower than the values found for mature forest fragments in this region. Although a small fragment, isolated and in early stages of secondary succession, the multivariate analysis (cluster and DCA) revealed the formation of distinct floristic groups and a strong differentiation in the arrangement of the species, showing the tropical forests typical heterogeneity. Although it has a low diversity, this urban fragment has ecological and social importance to the region, that present lack of green areas to conserve the native flora.Keywords:  Phytosociology; multivariate analysis; gradient analysis; ecological groups.

scholarly journals Abundância e Diversidade de Coleópteros de Solo em Fragmentos de Capoeira ao Entorno da Zona Urbana do Município de Uruará-PA, Brasil.

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinaldo Lucas Cajaiba ◽  
Wully Barreto Da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fauna ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Species Accumulation Curves ◽  
Accumulation Curves ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
The Impact

A ação humana vem transformando as paisagens florestais em fragmentos isolados de remanescentes, podendo levar muitas espécies à extinção. Desta maneira se faz necessário a realização de estudos para o conhecimento e adequada caracterização da fauna de solo e, por conseguinte sua preservação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar a fauna de coleópteros em um fragmento florestal ao entorno da cidade de Uruará, PA. Para tanto, utilizou-se armadilhas tipo pitfall não iscadas para a coleta. O fragmento foi dividido em quatro transectos, com armadilhas instaladas ao longo da borda (T1), 50 m (T2), 100 m (T3) e 200 m (T4). Foram coletados 196 indivíduos, classificados em sete famílias e 34 espécies/morfoespécies. A família que apresentou a maior abundância foi a Curculionidae representando 56,40% da abundância, tendo o gênero Xyleborus sp. a maior dominância. Através do índice de Diversidade de Shanon, observou-se que a área de borda apresentou a menor diversidade e maior dominância (índice de Berger-Parker). Através da curva de acumulação e dos estimadores de espécies, ficou evidenciado que a área de estudo apresenta uma quantidade superior de espécies ao encontrado no presente estudo, e que pesquisas futuras são necessárias para um melhor acompanhamento das alterações que ocorrem nos fragmentos florestais com a finalidade de propor medidas de menor impacto e preservação dessa biodiversidade. Abundance and Diversity of Ground Dwelling Beetles (Arthropoda: Insecta) in Fragments of Shrubbery Vegetation (Capoeira) in the Surroundings of the Urban Zone of Uruará City-PA, Brazil   Abstract. Human action has been transforming forest landscapes into isolated fragments, which may lead to the extinction of many species. Therefore, studies should be conducted to provide knowledge and the appropriate characterization of soil fauna, and, consequently, its preservation. This study was aimed to characterize the fauna of beetles in a forest fragment in the surroundings of Uruará city, PA. Unbaited pitfall traps were used for the collection of the beetles. The fragment was divided into four transects, with traps installed along the border (T1), 50 m (T2), 100 m (T3) and 200 m (T4). 196 individuals classified in seven families and 34 species/morphospecies were collected. The most abundant family was the Curculionidae accounting for 56.40% of the abundance, with gender Xyleborus sp. being the most dominant. Measurement with the Shannon Diversity Index for measurement showed lower diversity and greater dominance (Berger-Parker index) in the border area. Using species accumulation curves and estimators it became evident that the study area had a greater number of species than those found in the present study, and that further studies are needed to better monitor changes in forest fragments in order to propose measures to reduce the impact on this biodiversity and preserve it.

scholarly journals Komposisi Jenis, Struktur Komunitas, dan Keanekaragaman Mangrove Asosiasi Langge Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara-Provinsi Gorontalo

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Sukirman Rahim ◽  
Dewi Wahyuni K Baderan
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Relative Density ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Importance Value Index ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Nypa Fruticans

Hutan mangrove Langge yang terdapat di Kecamatan Anggrek Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara memiliki keunikan dari pola zonasi dan keanekaragaman jenis. Hal ini yang menjadikan hutan mangrove di kawasan tersebut sebagai objek wisata tracking mangrove yang dikenal dengan nama “mangrove in love. Hutan mangrove memiliki berbagai fungsi ekologis yang sangat kompleks yakni sebagai daerah pemijahan  (spawing ground), tempat asuhan (nursery ground), dan tempat mencari makan (feeding ground) biota laut yang beraneka jenis dan memiliki fungsi ekonomis diantaranya buah mangrove dapat diolah menjadi berbagai produk kue dan sumber pangan alternatif pengganti beras. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : 1) untuk mengetahui komposisi jenis mangrove asosiasi; 2) untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas dari hutan mangrove Langge; dan 3) nilai Indeks Keanekaragaman. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode jalur berpetak (kombinasi plot dan transek). Jumlah spesies yang ditemukan akan dilihat untuk menjadi dasar penentuan komposisi jenis. Untuk pengkuran struktur komunitas mangrove dengan melakukan perhitungan terhadap Kerapatan Relatif (KR) dan Frekuensi Relatif (FR). Selanjutnya data yang didapatkan ditabulasikan untuk memperoleh nilai Indeks Nilai Penting (INP). Perhitungan keanekaragaman jenis menggunakan rumus (Sannon-wienner). Hasil penelitian menemukan 12 spesies tumbuhan mangrove asosiasi yakni Acanthus spinosus, Chromolaena odorata, Crassocephalum sp, Calotropis gigantean, Ipomea pes-caprae, Ricinus communis Excoecaria agallocha, Scaevola taccada, Spinifex littoreus, Terminalia catappa, Derris trifoliate dan Nypa fruticans. Struktur komunitas menunjukkan Chromolaena odorata memiliki nilai INP sebesar 33,2%, Kerapatan Relatif sebesar 24,91%, dan Frekuensi Relatif sebesar 8,33%.  Spesies dengan nilai INP terendah dimiliki oleh Nypa fruticans yaitu sebesar 9,14%, Kerapatan Relatif sebesar 0,81%, dan Frekuensi Relatif sebesar 8,33%. Nilai Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’) mangrove asosiasi sebesar 2,175 dan termasuk dalam kriteria tingkat keanekaragaman sedang. Data yang diperoleh ini dapat digunakan dalam pengelolaan hutan mangrove di Gorontalo Utara serta dapat menjadi database dalam usaha konservasi mangrove guna mengurangi efek pemanasan global.Langge mangrove forest located in the District of North Gorontalo District Orchid has a uniqueness of zoning patterns and keanekragaman types. This is what makes the mangrove forests in the region as a tourist attraction tracking mangrove known as the "mangrove in love. Mangrove forests have a variety of ecological functions is very complex which is a spawning area (spawing ground), point of care (nursery grounds), and foraging (feeding ground) various types of marine life and has the economic function of which pieces of mangrove can be processed into various products cake and alternative food sources instead of rice. This study aims to: 1) to determine the association of mangrove species composition; 2) to determine the community structure of mangrove forests Langge; and 3) the value of diversity index. The method used in this study is a terraced path method (combination of plots and transects). The composition of the types of views based on the number of species found. For sizing mangrove community structure by calculating the Relative Density (KR) and Relative Frequency (FR). Then the data obtained are tabulated to get the value of Importance Value Index (IVI). Calculation of species diversity using the formula (Sannon-wienner). The study found an association of twelve species of mangrove plants and the relative dominance (DR), then the data obtained are tabulated to get the value of Importance Value Index (IVI). Calculation of species diversity using the formula (Sannon-wienner). The study found an association of eight species of mangrove plants and the relative dominance (DR), then the data obtained are tabulated to get the value of Importance Value Index (IVI). Calculation of species diversity using the formula (Sannon-wienner). The study found an association of twelve species of mangrove plantsnamely Acanthus spinosus, Chromolaena odorata, Crassocephalum sp, Calotropis gigantean, Ipomea pes-caprae, Ricinus communis Excoecaria agallocha, Scaevola taccada, Spinifex littoreus, Terminalia catappa, Derris trifoliate dan Nypa fruticans. Community structure showed Chromolaena odorata has a value of IVI of 33,2%, amounting to 24,91% Relative Density and Relative Frequency of 8,33%. The species with the lowest IVI owned by Nypa fruticans that is equal to 9,14%, 0,81% Relative Density and Relative Frequency of 8,33%. Values Diversity Index (H ') at 2.175 and mangrove associates included in the criteria for a medium level of diversity. The data obtained can be used in the management of mangrove forests in North Gorontalo and can be a database of mangrove conservation efforts to reduce the effects of global warming.

scholarly journals Reproductive biology of endemic Solanum melissarum Bohs (Solanaceae) and updating of its current geographic distribution as the basis for its conservation in the Brazilian Cerrado

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Coelho ◽  
D. C. Gomes ◽  
F. A. G. Guilherme ◽  
L. F. Souza
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Pollination Mechanism ◽  
Euglossa Cordata ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Poricidal Anthers

Abstract The genus Solanum (family Solanaceae) includes more than 1400 species and has buzz-pollinated flowers with poricidal anthers. The present study aimed to describe the distribution, breeding system and pollination mechanism of Solanum melissarum, a species endemic to Brazil. The study of breeding system was conducted in an urban forest fragment in Jataí, GO. Distribution data were gathered from floristic surveys and digital plant databases. The floral morphology and the pollination mechanism were studied on through field observations and preserved flowers. The breeding system was determined through hand pollination treatments. The species has a distribution only in the Brazilian Atlantic forest coastal, and this study provides the first records of S. melissarum for the state of Goiás. The pendulous flowers have poricidal anthers close to the stigma, with membranous thecae joined by a connective bearing osmophores that attract males of Euglossa cordata bees. As they collect fragrances, the bees press the thecae and pollen is released through a bellows mechanism. Based on the hand-pollination treatments, this species is self-incompatible. Isolated forest fragments may not include enough pollinators to ensure the pollination of plants with specialized systems. However, they are essential for the conservation of species with interesting phytogeographic patterns, such as the vicariance observed in S. melissarum, and for the conservation of regional diversity.

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