scholarly journals main mechanisms of the effect of intestinal microflora on the immune system and their importance in clinical practice

Author(s):  
Yurii V. Marushko
Author(s):  
Alexander Viktorovich Zhestkov ◽  
Olga Olegovna Pobezhimova

Particular attention is paid to atopic dermatitis (AD) as one of the earliest and most frequent clinical manifestations of allergy in children. AD is a multifactorial disease, the development of which is closely related to genetic defects in the immune response and adverse environmental influences. It was found that the action of these factors determines the rate of development of AD, especially in young children. One of these factors is a violation of the intestinal microbiota, which plays an essential role in the development of the child's immune system and has a protective effect in the formation of atopy. It has been shown that 80-95% of patients with AD have intestinal dysbiosis, while, along with a deficiency of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, there is an excessive growth of Staphilococcus. The use of modern molecular genetics technologies made it possible to obtain a fairly complete understanding of the number, genetic heterogeneity and complexity of the bacterial components of the intestinal microbiota, while clinical studies have shown the importance of its interactions with the host organism in the formation of various forms of pathology. It has been established that the human intestinal microbiota is an evolutionary set of microorganisms that exists as a balanced microecological system in which the symbiotic microflora is in dynamic equilibrium, forms microbial associations that occupy a certain ecological niche in it, and is one of the most important factors affecting human health. The gut microbiota plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, which causes immunosuppression, but the exact mechanism of its action is still unclear. It is widely known that probiotics act on the immune system. These are living microorganisms with immunomodulatory effects that stimulate Th1 cytokines and suppress Th2 responses, which are being investigated for the treatment of several diseases. The most commonly used probiotics are part of the intestinal microflora such as lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and enterococci. The purpose of this article: to systematize the information available today on the influence of the composition of the intestinal microflora on the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.


2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harsharn Gill

The human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) harbours an extremely complex and diverse microbial ecosystem representing over 500 different species. While a majority of indigenous bacteria are benign or beneficial, some possess the potential to cause disease; in healthy individuals, a balance exists between these populations. In addition to nutritional and barrier functions, the intestinal microflora plays an important role in guiding the development of a balanced immune system and maintaining gut homeostasis. Perturbations in the microbial homeostasis due to factors such as antibiotic therapy, stress and infection enhances predisposition to increased risk of infectious diseases, cancers and immunoinflammatory disorders.


2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Grigoryev ◽  
V. G. Matveeva ◽  
D. L. Shukevich ◽  
A. S. Radivilko ◽  
E. A. Velikanova ◽  
...  

The immune system in critical illnesses initiates local inflammation in the damaged area. In the absence of a balance between local and systemic inflammations, an infectious or non-infectious systemic inflammatory response follows, which has a stage of "hyper inflammation - compensatory anti-inflammatory response", that may result in multi-organ failure. The final stage of critical ill-nesses, therefore, will be characterized by induced immunosuppression with the impaired function of neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells and release of myeloid-derived suppres-sor cells. The aim of the review is to evaluate the contribution of various components of the im-mune response to the formation of induced immune suppression from the perspective of candidate diagnostic markers.


Author(s):  
Malini Bhole

Neutrophils are an important component of the innate immune system, forming the first line of defence against bacterial invasion. Abnormalities in either neutrophil numbers or function lead to immunodeficiency disorders affecting the innate immune system, with a predisposition towards developing serious and often life-threatening infections. Alterations in neutrophil numbers and function may also be noted secondary to systemic diseases, where they may act as markers for ongoing disease processes. Most of the primary neutrophil disorders discussed in this chapter will present in childhood. In adults, acquired neutropenia is the commonest neutrophil abnormality encountered in clinical practice, although, rarely, some primary neutrophil defects may present.


2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadranka Frece ◽  
Blaženka Kos ◽  
Ivan Krešimir Svetec ◽  
Zoran Zgaga ◽  
Jasna Beganović ◽  
...  

The synbiotic effect of the oral treatment of Swiss albino mice with milk-based diets supplemented with Lactobacillus helveticus M92 and various kinds of prebiotics was investigated. Survival, competition, adhesion and colonization, as well as, immunomodulating capability of Lb. helveticus M92, in synbiotic combination, in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of mice, were monitored. After the mice were fed with synbiotics, the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts in faeces were increased and reduction of enterobacteria and sulphite-reducing clostridia was observed. Similar results were obtained in homogenates of small and large intestine of mice on the 1st and 14th day, after feeding with synbiotics. After the mice were orally given viable Lb. helveticus M92 cells, alone or in combination with prebiotic, the concentration of faecal SIgA and total serum IgA antibodies from all immunized mice were higher compared with the control. The specific humoral immune response was not evoked after oral administration, therefore their synbiotic application is suitable. Among inulin, lactulose and raffinose, Lb. helveticus M92 in combination with inulin, has shown the best synbiotic effect on intestinal and faecal microflora and immune system of mice.


2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 2039-2052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Perazella ◽  
Anushree C. Shirali

Nephrotoxicity from cancer therapies is common and increasingly encountered in clinical practice, such that the subfield of “onco-nephrology” has emerged. Conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and novel agents targeting specific genes/proteins are effective cancer therapies but suffer from a number of adverse kidney effects. An effective avenue of cancer treatment is immunotherapy, which uses drugs that augment immune system–mediated recognition and targeting of tumor cells. As such, leveraging the immune system to target malignant cells represents an important modality in eradicating cancer. IFN and high-dose IL-2 are older immunotherapies used in clinical practice to treat various malignancies, whereas new cancer immunotherapies have emerged over the past decade that offer even more effective treatment options. The immune checkpoint inhibitors are an exciting addition to the cancer immunotherapy armamentarium. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells are also a new immunotherapy used to treat various hematologic malignancies. However, as with the conventional and targeted cancer agents, the immunotherapies are also associated with immune-related adverse effects, which includes nephrotoxicity.


2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungwoo Lee ◽  
Hyun S. Lillehoj ◽  
Gregory R. Siragusa

Author(s):  
A.S. Mukhammadieva ◽  
◽  
Rish.S. Mukhammadiev ◽  
K.V. Usoltsev ◽  
Rin.S. Mukhammadiev ◽  
...  

The composition of the intestinal microflora of rats with experimental antibiotic-associated dysbiosis and after its correction with a biological product based on lactic acid and propionic acid microorganisms was studied. The results obtained indicate the normalization of the number of microorganisms when using the suspension form of the drug and make it possible to recommend its use in clinical practice for the correction of intestinal microflora disorders in animals.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monjur Ahmed

Although Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, it can affect multiple organs behaving like a multisystem immune mediated disease. The dysregulated immune system in patients with Crohn’s disease leads to uncontrolled inflammation which primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract but may also affect various extra-intestinal organs. With the increased incidence and prevalence of Crohn’s disease, its extra-intestinal manifestations are increasingly being seen in our clinical practice. The musculoskeletal, mucocutaneous, ophthalmic, hepatobiliary, renal, cardiovascular and pulmonary manifestations of Crohn’s disease have been reviewed in this chapter. Some of these extra-intestinal manifestations are due to systemic inflammation, some of them are due to malabsorption of nutrients and bile salts, and some due to medications given for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. These extra-intestinal manifestations of Crohn’s disease are seen in at least 25% of patients with Crohn’s disease. Some of them correlate well with Crohn’s disease activity but the rest of them have no relation to the activity of Crohn’s disease. Although most of the time the extra-intestinal features are seen after the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease, they can precede or follow the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease. Management of these extra-intestinal manifestations varies as the ones associated with activity of Crohn’s disease respond to remission of Crohn’s disease whereas the ones not related to the activity of Crohn’s disease require specific treatments for those conditions.


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