scholarly journals From online resources to collaborative global neuroscience research: where are we heading?

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Pike-See Cheah ◽  
King-Hwa Ling ◽  
Eric Tatt Wei Ho
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Software Tools ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Neuroscience Research

Neuroscience has emerged as a richly transdisciplinary field, poised to leverage potential synergies with information technology. To investigate the complex nervous system in its normal function and the disease state, researchers in the field are increasingly reliant on generating, sharing and analyzing diverse data from multiple experimental paradigms at multiple spatial and temporal scales. There is growing recognition that brain function must be investigated from a systems perspective. This requires an integrated analysis of genomic, proteomic, anatomical, functional, topological and behavioural information to arrive at accurate scientific conclusions. The integrative neuroinformatics approaches for exploring complex structure-function relationships in the nervous system have been extensively reviewed. To support neuroscience research, the neuroscientific community also generates and maintains web-accessible databases of experimental and computational data and innovative software tools. Neuroinformatics is an emerging sub-field of neuroscience which focuses on addressing the unique technological and computational challenges to integrate and analyze the increasingly high-volume, multi-dimensional, and fine-grain data generated from neuroscience experiments. The most visible contributions from neuroinformatics include the myriad reference atlases of brain anatomy (human and other mammals such as rodents, primates and pig), gene and protein sequences and the bioinformatics software tools for alignment, matching and identification. Other neuroinformatics initiatives include the various open-source preprocessing and processing software and workflows for data analysis as well as the specifications for data format and software interoperability that allow seamless exchange of data between labs, software tools and modalities.

scholarly journals Opportunities and Challenges for Single-Unit Recordings from Enteric Neurons in Awake Animals

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Barth ◽  
Hsin-I Huang ◽  
Gianna Hammer ◽  
Xiling Shen
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Gastrointestinal System ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Unit Recording ◽  
Neural Recordings ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Single Unit Recordings ◽  
Excised Tissue ◽  
Intrinsic Neurons

Advanced electrode designs have made single-unit neural recordings commonplace among modern neuroscience research. However, single-unit resolution remains out of reach for the intrinsic neurons of the gastrointestinal system. Single-unit recordings of the enteric (gut) nervous system have been conducted in anesthetized animal models and excised tissue, but there is a large physiological gap between awake and anesthetized animals, particularly for the enteric nervous system. Here, we describe the opportunity for advancing enteric neuroscience offered by single-unit recording capabilities in awake animals. We highlight the primary challenges to microelectrodes in the gastrointestinal system including structural, physiological, and signal quality challenges.

scholarly journals Context-Based Resilience in Cyber-Physical Production System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Bagozi ◽  
Devis Bianchini ◽  
Valeria De Antonellis
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Human In The Loop ◽  
Operator Interface ◽  
Physical Elements ◽  
Cyber Physical Production Systems ◽  
Smart Machine

AbstractCyber-physical systems are hybrid networked cyber and engineered physical elements that record data (e.g. using sensors), analyse them using connected services, influence physical processes and interact with human actors using multi-channel interfaces. Examples of CPS interacting with humans in industrial production environments are the so-called cyber-physical production systems (CPPS), where operators supervise the industrial machines, according to the human-in-the-loop paradigm. In this scenario, research challenges for implementing CPPS resilience, promptly reacting to faults, concern: (i) the complex structure of CPPS, which cannot be addressed as a monolithic system, but as a dynamic ecosystem of single CPS interacting and influencing each other; (ii) the volume, velocity and variety of data (Big Data) on which resilience is based, which call for novel methods and techniques to ensure recovery procedures; (iii) the involvement of human factors in these systems. In this paper, we address the design of resilient cyber-physical production systems (R-CPPS) in digital factories by facing these challenges. Specifically, each component of the R-CPPS is modelled as a smart machine, that is, a cyber-physical system equipped with a set of recovery services, a Sensor Data API used to collect sensor data acquired from the physical side for monitoring the component behaviour, and an operator interface for displaying detected anomalous conditions and notifying necessary recovery actions to on-field operators. A context-based mediator, at shop floor level, is in charge of ensuring resilience by gathering data from the CPPS, selecting the proper recovery actions and invoking corresponding recovery services on the target CPS. Finally, data summarisation and relevance evaluation techniques are used for supporting the identification of anomalous conditions in the presence of high volume and velocity of data collected through the Sensor Data API. The approach is validated in a food industry real case study.

The Effect of Grain Refiners for Aluminium Alloy Containing Mn-Ti-Sr Dispersoid

2006 ◽  
Vol 519-521 ◽  
pp. 449-454
Author(s):  
V.T. Vacariu ◽  
Aurelian Buzaianu ◽  
Eugeniu Vasile ◽  
R. Trusca ◽  
Petru Moldovan
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Sr Modification ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Homogenization Time ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Complex Shapes ◽  
Metallic Compounds

The new structural applications of aluminum materials are determined by intelligent lightweight design: the demand of safety, ecology, recycling and by economics. Al-Si alloys allow complex shapes to be cast. Metallurgical a high volume fraction of fine dispersoid which are less about 0.1 microns in size are useful for retaining a fine grain. In the 6061 series of alloys, iron combines with aluminium and silicon to form two types of commune inter-metallic, (beta AlFeSi and alpha AlFeSi).The type of inter-metallic that is present these alloys will have an important bearing on the homogenization time, workability and quality of the surface finish. The microstructure of the as-cast samples was evaluated by electronic microscopy and the morphology of inter-metallic compounds related to the efficiently modification. Mn-Ti-Sr modification of Al-alloys is normally accompanied by an increase in porosity in the casting.

Viral Strategies for Targeting the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire N. Bedbrook ◽  
Benjamin E. Deverman ◽  
Viviana Gradinaru
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Recombinant Viruses ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Cell Type Specific Expression ◽  
Cell Type Specific

Recombinant viruses allow for targeted transgene expression in specific cell populations throughout the nervous system. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is among the most commonly used viruses for neuroscience research. Recombinant AAVs (rAAVs) are highly versatile and can package most cargo composed of desired genes within the capsid's ∼5-kb carrying capacity. Numerous regulatory elements and intersectional strategies have been validated in rAAVs to enable cell type–specific expression. rAAVs can be delivered to specific neuronal populations or globally throughout the animal. The AAV capsids have natural cell type or tissue tropism and trafficking that can be modified for increased specificity. Here, we describe recently engineered AAV capsids and associated cargo that have extended the utility of AAVs in targeting molecularly defined neurons throughout the nervous system, which will further facilitate neuronal circuit interrogation and discovery.

Anatomy of the Brain

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-29
Author(s):  
Sumit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
Broad Area ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Sensorimotor Systems ◽  
Associated Function ◽  
The Brain

Neuroanatomy is a specific branch within neuroscience that deals with brain anatomy. Its broad area includes the brain structure, organization, and localization/networks of the nervous system. It also helps in understanding the sensorimotor systems, along with associated function like learning, behavior, vision, attention, language, and so on. In the present chapter, the author comprehensively discussed the brain basic morphology, architecture, and also some functional aspects of the brain. At the end of this chapter, the author included the tool and techniques used in the study of brain anatomy so that student can learn and understand the topic clearly.

scholarly journals Techniques for the Management of Failed Surgery for Fractures of the Neck of Femur

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1223-1229
Author(s):  
Philip M Stott ◽  
Sunny Parikh
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
High Volume ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Tips And Tricks ◽  
Neck Of Femur ◽  
Management Of Complications ◽  
Failed Surgery ◽  
Surgical Treatments

Background: The majority of modern surgical treatments for managing hip fracture in the elderly are successful and result in a very low rate of revision surgery. Subsequent operations are however occasionally necessary. Optimal management of complications such as infection, dislocation or failed fixation is critical in ensuring that this frail patient group is able to survive their treatment and return to near normal function. Methods: This paper is a discussion of techniques, tips and tricks from a high volume hip fracture unit Conclusion: This article is a technique-based guide to approaching the surgical management of failed hip fracture treatment and includes sections on revising both failed fixation and failed arthroplasty.

scholarly journals Unraveling of Central Nervous System Disease Mechanisms Using CRISPR Genome Manipulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 117957351878746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aino Vesikansa
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Central Nervous System Disease ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Cns Diseases ◽  
The Brain

The complex structure and highly variable gene expression profile of the brain makes it among the most challenging fields to study in both basic and translational biological research. Most of the brain diseases are multifactorial and despite the rapidly increasing genomic data, molecular pathways and causal links between genes and central nervous system (CNS) diseases are largely unknown. The advent of an easy and flexible CRISPR-Cas genome editing technology has rapidly revolutionized the field of functional genomics and opened unprecedented possibilities to dissect the mechanisms of CNS disease. CRISPR-Cas allows a plenitude of applications for both gene-focused and genome-wide approaches, ranging from original “gene scissors” making permanent modifications in the genome to the regulation of gene expression and epigenetics. CRISPR technology provides a unique opportunity to establish new cellular and animal models of CNS diseases and holds potential for breakthroughs in the CNS research and drug development.

The Cutting Edge: Neurotransmitters and Brain Tissue Transplant

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-705
Author(s):  
V. Susan Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Tissue Transplant ◽  
Human Nervous System

Neural tissue transplant represents one of the most exciting and controversial areas of current basic neuroscience research. It offers enormous therapeutic promise for patients with degenerative and traumatic neurologic disorders. This article reviews the functions of several common neurotransmitters and examines the clinical applications of tissue transplant into the human nervous system

Pathophysiological Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin B. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Loosely Coupled ◽  
Therapeutic Mechanism ◽  
Novel Theory ◽  
Cortical System ◽  
High Beta

Pathophysiology is central to neuroscience and psychiatry for a number of reasons. Indeed, nearly every inference to normal function of the nervous system is derived from notions of pathophysiology. Understanding DBS’s mechanisms of action—a therapeutic mechanism, particularly—greatly depends on the prior informing conception of pathophysiology. Several current theories of pathophysiology are critically reviewed such as the GPi Rate, high beta oscillations, excessive bursting and hypersynchronization theories. A novel theory offered that introduces the concept of the basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical system as a network of loosely coupled nonlinear polysynaptic reentrant oscillators.

scholarly journals An Integrated Analysis of Tumor Purity of Common Central Nervous System Tumors in Children Based on Machine Learning Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Yang ◽  
Jiajia Wang ◽  
Shuaiwei Tian ◽  
Qinhua Wang ◽  
Yang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Cns Tumors ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Cns Tumor ◽  
Tumor Sample ◽  
Tumor Purity

Background: Tumor purity is defined as the proportion of cancer cells in the tumor tissue, and its effects on molecular genetics, the immune microenvironment, and the prognosis of children’s central nervous system (CNS) tumors are under-researched.Methods: We applied random forest machine learning, the InfiniumPurify algorithm, and the ESTIMATE algorithm to estimate the tumor purity of every child’s CNS tumor sample in several published pediatric CNS tumor sample datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), aiming to perform an integrated analysis on the tumor purity of children’s CNS tumors.Results: Only the purity of CNS tumors in children based on the random forest (RF) machine learning method was normally distributed. In addition, the children’s CNS tumor purity was associated with primary clinical pathological and molecular indicators. Enrichment analysis of biological pathways related to the purity of medulloblastoma (MB) revealed some classical signaling pathways associated with MB biology and development-related pathways. According to the correlation analysis between MB purity and the immune microenvironment, three immune-related genes, namely, CD8A, CXCR2, and TNFRSF14, were negatively related to MB purity. In contrast, no significant correlation was detected between immunotherapy-associated markers, such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA4; most infiltrating immune cells; and MB purity. In the tumor purity–related survival analysis of MB, ependymoma (EPN), and children’s high-grade glioma, we discovered a minor effect of tumor purity on the survival of the aforementioned pediatric patients with CNS tumors.Conclusion: Our purity pediatric pan-CNS tumor analysis provides a deeper understanding and helps with the clinical management of pediatric CNS tumors.

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