scholarly journals (2019) Optimal Threshold for Selection of Candidates in Multi-Winner Elections

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Optimal Threshold ◽  
The Political ◽  
Optimal Selection ◽  
Approval Voting ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Winning Set ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Selection Of

<p> We devise a method for political and economic decision making that's applicable to the optimal selection of multiple alternatives from a larger set of alternatives. This method could be used, for example, in the selection of a committee or a parliament. The method combines utilitarian voting with approval voting and sets an optimal threshold above which an individual voter's sincere ratings are turned into approval style votes. Those candidates above threshold are chosen in such a way as to maximize the individual's expected utility for the winning set. We generalize range/approval hybrid voting which deals with a single member outcome to the case of multiple outcomes. The political case easily generalizes to the economic case in which a commodity bundle is to be chosen by each individual from an available set which is first chosen from a larger set by the amalgamation of the individual choosers' inputs. As the set made available gets larger, the individual voter or chooser is more likely to gain greater utility or satisfaction because more of their above threshold candidates will be included in the winning set.</p> <p><br> </p>

scholarly journals (2019) Optimal Threshold for Selection of Candidates in Multi-Winner Elections

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Optimal Threshold ◽  
The Political ◽  
Optimal Selection ◽  
Approval Voting ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Winning Set ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Selection Of

<p> We devise a method for political and economic decision making that's applicable to the optimal selection of multiple alternatives from a larger set of alternatives. This method could be used, for example, in the selection of a committee or a parliament. The method combines utilitarian voting with approval voting and sets an optimal threshold above which an individual voter's sincere ratings are turned into approval style votes. Those candidates above threshold are chosen in such a way as to maximize the individual's expected utility for the winning set. We generalize range/approval hybrid voting which deals with a single member outcome to the case of multiple outcomes. The political case easily generalizes to the economic case in which a commodity bundle is to be chosen by each individual from an available set which is first chosen from a larger set by the amalgamation of the individual choosers' inputs. As the set made available gets larger, the individual voter or chooser is more likely to gain greater utility or satisfaction because more of their above threshold candidates will be included in the winning set.</p> <p><br> </p>

Toward a Concept of Domesticated Markets

1979 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Arndt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Competitive Market ◽  
The Political ◽  
Interorganizational Systems ◽  
Internal Markets ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Economic Decision Making

The competitive market is eroding. To an increasing degree, transactions are occurring in internal markets within the framework of long-term relationships. The emerging domesticated markets call for more attention to the management of interorganizational systems and to the political aspects of economic decision making.

Optimal selection of stochastic intervals under a sum constraint

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 454-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Coffman ◽  
L. Flatto ◽  
R. R. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Decision Rule ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Random Variables ◽  
Optimal Threshold ◽  
Optimal Selection ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Common Distribution ◽  
The Common ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Selection Of

We model a selection process arising in certain storage problems. A sequence (X1, · ··, Xn) of non-negative, independent and identically distributed random variables is given. F(x) denotes the common distribution of the Xi′s. With F(x) given we seek a decision rule for selecting a maximum number of the Xi′s subject to the following constraints: (1) the sum of the elements selected must not exceed a given constant c > 0, and (2) the Xi′s must be inspected in strict sequence with the decision to accept or reject an element being final at the time it is inspected.We prove first that there exists such a rule of threshold type, i.e. the ith element inspected is accepted if and only if it is no larger than a threshold which depends only on i and the sum of the elements already accepted. Next, we prove that if F(x) ~ Axα as x → 0 for some A, α> 0, then for fixed c the expected number, En(c), selected by an optimal threshold is characterized by Asymptotics as c → ∞and n → ∞with c/n held fixed are derived, and connections with several closely related, well-known problems are brought out and discussed.

The Neurobiology of Aggression

2013 ◽  
pp. 1103-1111
Author(s):  
R. James ◽  
R. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Emotional Modulation ◽  
Good Decision ◽  
Norm Violations ◽  
Instrumental Aggression ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Selection Of

This chapter considers the neurobiology of aggression both the neural systems mediating this behavior as well as how these systems can become perturbed such that the aggression is maladaptive to the individual. A distinction will be drawn between planned, goal directed instrumental aggression and threat/ frustration based reactive aggression. Instrumental aggression implicates the neural systems involved in instrumental motor behavior generally as well as emotional learning and decision making systems that allow the selection of one action over another. Conditions decreasing the responsiveness of neural systems allowing good decision making (amygdala, striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex) are associated with an increased risk for maladaptive instrumental aggression. Reactive aggression implicates sub cortical systems involved in the basic response to threat as well as cortical systems involved in emotional modulation and the response to norm violations.

scholarly journals Geographical aspects of the changes of Hungary’s deconcentrated state administration system between 1990 and 2012

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
Gábor Kozma ◽  
Attila Barta
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
County Level ◽  
Administration System ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract One of the most important segments of the post-1990 transformation of territory-based administration in Hungary was the changing of the geographical structure of deconcentrated state administrative organisations. The study, on the one hand, provides a brief overview of the history of deconcentrated state administrative organisations in Hungary, and discusses the regional characteristics of the organisational transformations after the political changes, taking six moments in time (the middle of 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2012 respectively) as the basis. On the other hand, using the same six snapshots in time, it examines which settlements experienced favourable or unfavourable changes, and what factors influenced the selection of the seats for these institutions. The results of the survey indicated that the alignment of territorial structure of deconcentrated state administrative organizations to the planning-statistical, NUTS 2 regions has already begun at the end of the 1990s. The government formed in 2006 took significant steps in the area of aligning the spatial structure of the organizations with the planning-statistical regions; however, in the period after 2010 the significance of the county level increased again. In the period examined, no significant changes took place at the top and at the bottom of the list according to the number of seats: the largest settlements of the individual regions reinforced their leading positions.

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