KONSEP DASAR ILMU GIZI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Yudianti
Keyword(s):  

Gizi atau makanan di perlukan manusia untuk pemeliharaan tubuh termasuk pertumbuhan dan pergantian jaringan yang rusak akibat kerja atau kegiatan fisik. Gizi merupakan salah satu faktor yang sangat penting dalam meningkatkan kesegaran jasmani. Keadaan gizi dikatakan baik atau normal apabila terdapat keseimbangan antara kebutuhan hidup terhadap zat-zat gizi dengan makanan yang dikonsumsi, maksudnya jumlah energi dan zat gizi yang dikonsumsi tubuh sama dengan yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh serta sama dengan energi yang dikeluarkan dari dalam tubuh.Pola makan akan menentukan jumlah zat-zat gizi yang diperlukan oleh tubuh untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya. Tujuan adalah untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatan, kualitas sumber daya manusia, taraf hidup, kecerdasan dan kesejahteraan rakyat pada umumnya. Peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia berkaitan erat dengan pangan dan gizi. Gizi diartikan sebagai suatu proses organisme menggunakan makanan yang di konsumsi secara normal melalui proses pencernaan, penyerapan, transportasi, penyimpanan, metabolisme dan pengeluaran zat gizi untuk mempertahankan kehidupan, pertumbuhan dan fungsi normal organ tubuh untuk menghasilkan tenaga.Status gizi baik atau status gizi optimal terjadi apabila tubuh mendapat asupan zat gizi yang cukup. Status gizi kurang dapat terjadi apabila tubuh mengalami kekurangan satu atau lebih zat gizi esensial. Status gizi lebih dapat terjadi apabila tubuh memperoleh zat gizi yang melebihi dari angka kecukupan, sehingga menimbulkan efek yang membahayakan bagi tubuh.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 6082
Author(s):  
Ludmila Lozneanu ◽  
Raluca Anca Balan ◽  
Ioana Păvăleanu ◽  
Simona Eliza Giuşcă ◽  
Irina-Draga Căruntu ◽  
...  

BMI-1 is a key component of stem cells, which are essential for normal organ development and cell phenotype maintenance. BMI-1 expression is deregulated in cancer, resulting in the alteration of chromatin and gene transcription repression. The cellular signaling pathway that governs BMI-1 action in the ovarian carcinogenesis sequences is incompletely deciphered. In this study, we set out to analyze the immunohistochemical (IHC) BMI-1 expression in two different groups: endometriosis-related ovarian carcinoma (EOC) and non-endometriotic ovarian carcinoma (NEOC), aiming to identify the differences in its tissue profile. Methods: BMI-1 IHC expression has been individually quantified in epithelial and in stromal components by using adapted scores systems. Statistical analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between BMI-1 epithelial and stromal profile in each group and between groups and its correlation with classical clinicopathological characteristics. Results: BMI-1 expression in epithelial tumor cells was mostly low or negative in the EOC group, and predominantly positive in the NEOC group. Moreover, the stromal BMI-1 expression was variable in the EOC group, whereas in the NEOC group, stromal BMI-1 expression was mainly strong. We noted statistically significant differences between the epithelial and stromal BMI-1 profiles in each group and between the two ovarian carcinoma (OC) groups. Conclusions: Our study provides solid evidence for a different BMI-1 expression in EOC and NEOC, corresponding to the differences in their etiopathogeny. The reported differences in the BMI-1 expression of EOC and NEOC need to be further validated in a larger and homogenous cohort of study.


2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-80
Author(s):  
Huber Wolfgang ◽  
Sebastian Mair ◽  
Alexander Herner ◽  
Ulrich Mayr ◽  
Tobias Lahmer ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Devendra Verma ◽  
Michelle Previtera ◽  
Rene Schloss ◽  
Noshir Langrana

Adhesions are abnormal fibrous connections between tissues and can occur following virtually any type of surgery (1). They are often painful and can severely disrupt normal organ function. The incidence of adhesions following surgery is very high; some estimate an incidence as high as 80%. Thus, the prevention of adhesions has the potential to save the healthcare market billions of dollars and improve the lives of hundreds of thousands of patients.


Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5043
Author(s):  
Pei-Yu Hou ◽  
Chen-Hsi Hsieh ◽  
Le-Jung Wu ◽  
Chen-Xiong Hsu ◽  
Deng-Yu Kuo ◽  
...  

Background: For advanced breast cancer with lymph node involvement, adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) with regional nodal irradiation (RNI) has been indicated to reduce cancer recurrence and mortality. However, an extensive RT volume is associated with normal organ exposure, which increases the toxicity and affects patient outcomes. Modern arc RT techniques can improve normal organ sparing compared with conventional techniques. The aim of this study was to explore the optimal technique for left-breast RT with RNI. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients receiving RT with RNI for left-breast cancer. We used modern arc RT techniques with either volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) or helical tomotherapy (HT) with a novel block technique, and compared differences in dosimetry parameters between the two groups. Subgroup analysis of RNI with or without internal mammary node (IMN) volume was also performed. Results: A total of 108 eligible patients were enrolled between 2017 and 2020, of whom 70 received VMAT and 38 received HT. The median RT dose was 55 Gy. No significant differences were found regarding the surgery, RT dose, number of fractions, target volume, and RNI volume between the VMAT and HT groups. VMAT reduced the heart mean dose more than HT (3.82 vs. 5.13 Gy, p < 0.001), as well as the cardiac parameters of V5-V20, whole-lung mean dose, lung parameters of V5-V20, and contralateral-breast and esophagus mean dose. In the subgroup analysis of RNI with IMNs, the advantage of VMAT persisted in protecting the heart, lung, contralateral breast, and esophagus. HT was beneficial for lowering the thyroid mean dose. For RNI without IMN, VMAT improved the low-dose exposure of the heart and lung, but HT was similar to VMAT in terms of heart, whole-lung, and contralateral-breast mean dose. Conclusions: For patients with left-breast cancer receiving adjuvant RT with RNI, VMAT reduced the exposure dose to the heart, lung, contralateral breast, and esophagus compared with HT. VMAT was superior to HT in terms of normal organ sparing in the patients who underwent RNI with IMN irradiation. Considering the reduction in normal organ exposure and potential toxicity, VMAT is the optimal technique for patients receiving RNI when deep inspiration breath-hold is not available.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojiang Duan ◽  
Zhen Cao ◽  
Hua Zhu ◽  
Chen Liu ◽  
Xiaojun Zhang ◽  
...  

Abstract Purpose: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a promising target for prostate cancer imaging and therapy. The most commonly used scaffold incorporates a glutamate-urea (Glu-Urea) function. We recently developed oxalyldiaminopropionic acid-urea (ODAP-Urea) PSMA ligands in an attempt to improve upon the pharmacokinetic properties of existing agents. Here we report the synthesis of an optimized 68 Ga-labeled ODAP-Urea-based ligand, [ 68 Ga]Ga-P 137 , and first-in-human results. Methods: Twelve ODAP-Urea-based ligands were synthesized and radiolabeled with 68 Ga in high radiochemical yield and purity. Their PSMA inhibitory capacities were determined using the NAALADase assay. Radioligands were evaluated in mice bearing 22Rv1 prostate tumors by microPET. Lead compound [ 68 Ga]Ga-P 137 was evaluated for stability, cell uptake and biodistribution. PET imaging of [ 68 Ga]Ga-P 137 was performed in three patients head-to-head compared to [ 68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-617. Results : Ligands were synthesized in 11.1%-44.4% yield and >95% purity. They have high affinity to PSMA( K i of 0.13 NM to 5.47 nM). [ 68 Ga]Ga-P 137 was stable and hydrophilic. [ 68 Ga]Ga-P 137 showed higher uptake than [ 68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-617 in tumor-bearing mice at 6.43 ± 0.98 %ID/g vs 3.41 ± 1.31 %ID/g at 60 min post-injection. In humans studies, the normal organ biodistribution of [ 68 Ga]Ga-P 137 was grossly equivalent to that of [ 68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-617 except for within the urinary tract, in which [ 68 Ga]Ga-P 137 demonstrated lower uptake. Conclusion: The optimized ODAP-Urea-based ligand [ 68 Ga]Ga-P 137 can image PSMA in xenograft models and humans, with lower bladder accumulation to the Glu-Urea-based agent, [ 68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-617, in a preliminary, first-in-human study.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Futri Alifia
Keyword(s):  

Gizi merupakan zat-zat yang ada dalam makanan yang diperlukan oleh tubuh sehingga tubuh memperoleh energi yang dapat digunakan untuk menjalani aktivitas sehari-hari, zat-zat tersebut seperti karbohidrat, lemak, protein, mineral, vitamin dan air. Selain itu gizi dapat diartikan juga sebagai suatu proses penyerapan, maupun pengeluaran zat gizi untuk mempertahankan kehidupan, pertumbuhan dan fungsi normal organ tubuh serta menghasilkan tenaga.


1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Shankle ◽  
Benjamin H. Landing ◽  
John Gregg

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