scholarly journals Linguistic and Psychological Features of Autogenous and Reactive Obsessions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Kim ◽  
Cass Dykeman
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
First Person ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Usage Rates

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is typically thought of as a single mental health disorder. More recently, internally-focused (autogenous) and externally-focused (reactive) subtypes have been proposed. This study examined the language used in describing these subtypes using anonymous posts from Reddit. The study used natural language processing software to look at differences in the use of the linguistic variables of first-person singular, first-person plural, third-person singular, and third-person plural as well as use of the psychological variables negative emotion, anger, anxiety, insight, causation, certainty, risk, religion, swear words, body, health, sexual, discrepancy, future, and death. A log likelihood ratio (G2) was calculated to determine the differences of usage rates in the two corpuses. The results showed a large effect size of the use of first-person singular pronouns in both the autogenous and reactive corpuses. The psychological variables of “insight” and “sexual” had the largest effect sizes in the autogenous corpus, while “health” and “body” had the largest effect sizes in the reactive corpus. The differences in the usage rates of the linguistic and psychological variables in the corpuses show the heterogeneity of OCD and the importance of understanding lesser known forms of obsessions such as those with repugnant themes. Clinical implications and future research recommendations are discussed.Keywords: reactive OCD, autogenous OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder, LIWC, corpus linguistics

Modelling a Multi-Dimensional Model of Memory Performance in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Multi-Level Meta-Analytic Review.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Persson ◽  
Alan Yates ◽  
Klaus Kessler ◽  
Ben Harkin
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Multi Level

Even though memory performance is a commonly researched aspect of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), a coherent and unified explanation of the role of specific cognitive factors has remained elusive. To address this, the present meta-analysis examined the predictive validity of Harkin and Kessler’s (2011) Executive Function (E), Binding Complexity (B) and Memory Load (L) Classification System with regards to affected vs. unaffected memory performance in OCD. We employed a multi-level meta-analytic approach (Viechtbauer, 2010) to accommodate the interdependent nature of the EBL model and interdependency of effect sizes (305 effect sizes from 144 studies, including 4424 OCD patients). Results revealed that the EBL model predicted memory performance, i.e., as EBL demand increases, those with OCD performed progressively worse on memory tasks. Executive function was the driving mechanism behind the EBL’s impact on OCD memory performance and negated effect size differences between visual and verbal tasks in those with OCD. Comparisons of sub-task effect sizes were also generally in accord with the cognitive parameters of the EBL taxonomy. We conclude that standardised coding of tasks along individual cognitive dimensions and multi-level meta-analyses provides a new approach to examine multi-dimensional models of memory and cognitive performance in OCD and other disorders.

Exposure and Response Prevention for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Case Study of a Veteran With Violent Intrusive Thoughts

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Veronica Siffert ◽  
Colette Riahi ◽  
Melinda A. Stanley ◽  
Terri L. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Response Prevention ◽  
Exposure And Response Prevention ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Supportive Psychotherapy ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Poor Treatment

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is the gold standard treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); however, few studies have evaluated the use of ERP with veterans. This case study describes ERP and medication treatment of a veteran who experienced violent sexual thoughts, countered by compulsions of focusing on the distressing thought to ensure a negative emotion or reversing the thought to a nonviolent thought or image. The veteran had previously received supportive psychotherapy and medication for depression, anxiety, and sleep difficulties, with poor treatment adherence. Upon reengagement in treatment, the therapist provided ERP in 34 sessions over 14 months, with 15 sessions via video telehealth to home. The patient used the OCD Workbook as a resource throughout treatment. The patient developed a hierarchy of target obsessions and rituals with associated subjective units of distress; completed exposures, beginning with lower-level items; and wrote imaginal scripts. He also received zolpidem for insomnia and venlafaxine for anxiety and depression. His scores on the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire and Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale decreased significantly.

Linguistic Indicators of Reflective Practice Among Music Education Majors

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-69
Author(s):  
D. Gregory Springer ◽  
Olivia Swedberg Yinger
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Reflective Practice ◽  
Teacher Educators ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Peer Teaching ◽  
First Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Music Education Majors

The purpose of this study was to examine linguistic indicators of reflective practice in preservice music teachers’ written reflections following peer-teaching experiences. In an instrumental rehearsal techniques course, eight preservice music educators completed four peer-teaching episodes and submitted a written reflection after each episode. Reflections were analyzed with Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software to examine students’ usage of pronouns (first-person singular, first-person plural, third-person singular, and third-person plural), temporal focus words (past-, present-, and future-focused words), and affect words (positive- and negative-emotion words). Results indicated significantly more first-person singular words over all other types of pronouns, fewer future-focused words than past- or present-focused words, and more positive-emotion words than negative-emotion words. These linguistic results were observed across all episodes (i.e., they did not change across time). Results are interpreted in light of previous linguistic analysis literature, and implications for music teacher educators are discussed.

Neuroanatomical assessment of the impact of negative emotion on implicit memory in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 206-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-Eui Park ◽  
Jong-Chul Yang ◽  
Gwang-Woo Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Retrieval Task ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveWe performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to discriminate the differential brain activation patterns in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and healthy controls during implicit retrieval tasks with emotionally neutral and unpleasant words.MethodsSixteen patients with OCD (mean age: 31.4±10.1 years) and 16 healthy controls (mean age: 32.6±5.8 years) with no history of neurological or psychiatric illness underwent 3-T fMRI. The stimulation paradigm consisted of the following cycle: rest, encoding of a string of two-syllable words, rest, and retrieval of the previously encoded words with the first consonant omitted.ResultsDuring the implicit retrieval task with emotionally neutral words, no distinct brain activity was observed in either the patients with OCD or healthy controls. On the other hand, during the retrieval task with unpleasant words, the patients with OCD showed predominant activity in the superior/middle temporal pole, medial superior frontal gyrus, and orbitofrontal cortex (uncorrected p<0.001, extent threshold: 30 voxels), whereas the healthy controls did not show any distinct regions of activation.ConclusionThis study revealed the differential brain activation patterns between patients with OCD and healthy controls during implicit memory tasks with unpleasant words. Our results suggest that the impact of negative emotion on implicit memory task may be associated with the symptomatology of OCD. This finding may be helpful for understanding the neural mechanisms that underlie implicit memory retrieval, particularly the interaction between emotion and cognition, in patients with OCD.

Commentary: Meta-analysis of trials comparing antidepressants with active placebos

1998 ◽  
Vol 172 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Healy
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

This attempt to establish treatment effect sizes follows a tradition, which dates back over 20 years, of assessing the effects of antidepressant treatment under ‘blinder conditions'. The method adopted by Moncrieff et al has some merit but involves a recourse to studies, many of which are over 30 years old. While the studies may not be seriously flawed, it is difficult to have much confidence in them. None appears to have included what the authors describe as an ‘inert’ placebo, which strictly speaking would be a non-drug arm to the study. The number of studies is small. The dose of drugs used, which might be expected to have some influence on outcomes, is not mentioned. Finally, as experience with studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder indicates, treatment effect sizes can vary substantially from one decade to another –most probably because different individuals are recruited although all may apparently meet the same diagnostic criteria.

scholarly journals Design and Validation of Augmented Reality Stimuli for the Treatment of Cleaning Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoilo Emilio García-Batista ◽  
Kiero Guerra-Peña ◽  
Ivan Alsina-Jurnet ◽  
Antonio Cano-Vindel ◽  
Luisa Marilia Cantisano-Guzmán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Plastic Bag

Fear to contamination is an easy-to-provoke, intense, hard-to-control, and extraordinarily persistent fear. A worsening of preexisting psychiatric disorders was observed during the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) outbreak, and several studies suggest that those with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) may be more affected than any other group of people. In the face of worsening OCD symptoms, there is a need for mental health professionals to provide the support needed not only to treat patients who still report symptoms, but also to improve relapse prevention. In this line, it is recommended to improve alternative strategies such as online consultations and digital psychiatry. The aim of this study is to develop augmented reality (AR) stimuli that are clinically relevant for patients with cleaning OCD and assess their efficiency to obtain emotionally significant responses. Four AR stimuli were developed: a plastic bag full of garbage, a piece of bread with mold, a dirty sports shoe, and a piece of rotten meat. All stimuli were shown to a clinical group (17 patients with cleaning OCD) and a control group (11 patients without OCD). Relevant results were the design of the AR stimuli. These stimuli were validated with the statistical difference in perceived anxiety in the meat stimuli between the clinical and control groups. Nevertheless, when looking at effect sizes, all stimuli present effect sizes from small (plastic bag) to large (meat), with both shoe and bread between small and medium effect sizes. These results are a valuable support for the clinical use of these AR stimuli in the treatment of cleaning OCD.

Modelling a Multi-Dimensional Model of Memory Performance in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Multi-Level Meta-Analytic Review.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Harkin ◽  
Klaus Kessler ◽  
Sofia Persson ◽  
Alan Yates
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Multi Level

Even though memory performance is a commonly researched aspect of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), a coherent and unified explanation of the role of specific cognitive factors has remained elusive. To address this, the present meta-analysis examined the predictive validity of Harkin and Kessler’s (2011) Executive Function (E), Binding Complexity (B) and Memory Load (L) Classification System with regards to affected vs. unaffected memory performance in OCD. We employed a multi-level meta-analytic approach (Viechtbauer, 2010) to accommodate the interdependent nature of the EBL model and interdependency of effect sizes (305 effect sizes from 144 studies, including 4424 OCD patients). Results revealed that the EBL model predicted memory performance, i.e., as EBL demand increases, those with OCD performed progressively worse on memory tasks. Executive function was the driving mechanism behind the EBL’s impact on OCD memory performance and negated effect size differences between visual and verbal tasks in those with OCD. Comparisons of sub-task effect sizes were also generally in accord with the cognitive parameters of the EBL taxonomy. We conclude that standardised coding of tasks along individual cognitive dimensions and multi-level meta-analyses provides a new approach to examine multi-dimensional models of memory and cognitive performance in OCD and other disorders.

scholarly journals Determining prognostic variables of treatment outcome in obsessive–compulsive disorder: effectiveness and its predictors in routine clinical care

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Herzog ◽  
Bernhard Osen ◽  
Christian Stierle ◽  
Thomas Middendorf ◽  
Ulrich Voderholzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Evidence Based Psychotherapy

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to investigate the naturalistic effectiveness of routine inpatient treatment for patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and to identify predictors of treatment outcome. A routinely collected data set of 1,596 OCD inpatients (M = 33.9 years, SD = 11.7; 60.4% female) having received evidence-based psychotherapy based on the cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) in five German psychotherapeutic clinics was analyzed. Effect sizes (Hedges' g) were calculated for several outcome variables to determine effectiveness. Predictor analyses were performed on a subsample (N = 514; M = 34.3 years, SD = 12.2; 60.3% female). For this purpose, the number of potential predictors was reduced using factor analysis, followed by multiple regression analysis to identify robust predictors. Effect sizes of various outcome variables could be classified as large (g = 1.34 of OCD–symptom change). Predictors of changes in OCD and depressive symptoms were symptom severity at admission and general psychopathological distress. In addition, patients with higher social support and more washing compulsions benefited more from treatment. Subgroup analyses showed a distinct predictor profile of changes in compulsions and obsessions. The results indicate that an evidence-based psychotherapy program for OCD can be effectively implemented in routine inpatient care. In addition to well-established predictors, social support, and washing compulsions in particular were identified as important positive predictors. Specific predictor profiles for changes in obsessions and compulsions are discussed.

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