scholarly journals Dissociating conscious and unconscious influences on visual detection effects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Stein ◽  
Marius Peelen
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Visual Detection ◽  
Interocular Suppression ◽  
Perceptual Integration ◽  
Unconscious Processing ◽  
General Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Conscious Processes ◽  
Rule Out

The scope of unconscious processing is highly debated, with recent studies showing that even high-level functions such as perceptual integration and category-based attention occur unconsciously. For example, upright faces that are suppressed from awareness through interocular suppression break into awareness more quickly than inverted faces. Similarly, verbal object cues boost otherwise invisible objects into awareness. Here, we replicate these findings, but find that they reflect a general difference in detectability not specific to interocular suppression. To dissociate conscious and unconscious influences on visual detection effects, we use an additional discrimination task to rule out conscious processes as a cause for these differences. Results from this detection-discrimination dissociation paradigm reveal that while face orientation is processed unconsciously, category-based attention requires awareness. These findings provide insights into the function of conscious perception and offer an experimental approach for mapping out the scope and limits of unconscious processing.

Learning of across- and within-task contingencies modulates partial-repetition costs in dual-tasking

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse Pelzer ◽  
Christoph Naefgen ◽  
Robert Gaschler ◽  
Hilde Haider
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Feature Binding ◽  
Dual Tasking ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Task Set ◽  
Task Processing ◽  
Tone Discrimination ◽  
Task Sets

AbstractDual-task costs might result from confusions on the task-set level as both tasks are not represented as distinct task-sets, but rather being integrated into a single task-set. This suggests that events in the two tasks are stored and retrieved together as an integrated memory episode. In a series of three experiments, we tested for such integrated task processing and whether it can be modulated by regularities between the stimuli of the two tasks (across-task contingencies) or by sequential regularities within one of the tasks (within-task contingencies). Building on the experimental approach of feature binding in action control, we tested whether the participants in a dual-tasking experiment will show partial-repetition costs: they should be slower when only the stimulus in one of the two tasks is repeated from Trial n − 1 to Trial n than when the stimuli in both tasks repeat. In all three experiments, the participants processed a visual-manual and an auditory-vocal tone-discrimination task which were always presented concurrently. In Experiment 1, we show that retrieval of Trial n − 1 episodes is stable across practice if the stimulus material is drawn randomly. Across-task contingencies (Experiment 2) and sequential regularities within a task (Experiment 3) can compete with n − 1-based retrieval leading to a reduction of partial-repetition costs with practice. Overall the results suggest that participants do not separate the processing of the two tasks, yet, within-task contingencies might reduce integrated task processing.

Research on Biological Materials by Applied Technology with an Algorithm for Identifying and Counting Cells in Microscopic Particle Image

2014 ◽  
Vol 540 ◽  
pp. 352-355
Author(s):  
Sui Yuan Zhang ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Xian Qiao Chen ◽  
Ze Wu Jiang ◽  
Xiang Cai
Keyword(s):  
Particle Image ◽  
Dynamic Threshold ◽  
Biological Cells ◽  
Edge Detecting ◽  
Applied Technology ◽  
Channel Information ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fundamental Units ◽  
Rule Out

Cells are fundamental units of life, and the key point in the field of biomaterial. Biological cells are always with high density, small nucleus and much impurities. Based on the technology of image processing, we propose a new method to count cells on the image of microscopic cells with high level of recognition. To precisely count the number, our method includes edge detecting and marking, efficient usage of three channel information of enhanced nucleus, binaryzation of dynamic threshold in separated areas and finally denoising. The experiment shows that the method is precise and quickly-reacted, moreover it can effectively rule out the impact of impurities. With little adjustment, it can apply to some other fields, not only decrease the labor involved, but the budget as well.

Oddity and Discrimination Learning after Pretraining on a Nonrepeated Oddity Task

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Sugimura
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oddity Task ◽  
Oddity Learning ◽  
High Level

128 kindergarten children learned an oddity task with no repeated stimuli until they reached one of the three criteria of 4/4, 8/8, and 8/8 + 20 correct responses, and then they were given either an oddity task with repeated stimuli or a discrimination task. With increasing numbers of pretraining trials, the repeated oddity learning became significantly easier but ease of the discrimination learning did not change significantly. These findings were interpreted as showing that attention to relational cues increased to a high level through learning the nonrepeated oddity task, whereas attention to absolute cues remained at almost the same level as in the control group with no pretraining.

Explaining continuous improvement

2021 ◽  
pp. 197-210
Author(s):  
John Toner ◽  
Barbara Gail Montero ◽  
Aidan Moran
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Skill Maintenance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Situational Demands ◽  
High Level ◽  
Conscious Processes ◽  
Automated Procedures

The final chapter synthesizes the arguments presented over the course of the book by suggesting that skill execution continues to be governed by conscious processes even after performers have attained a high level of expertise. It argues that skill-focused attention is necessary if experts are to eschew proceduralization and react flexibly to ‘crises’ and fine-grained changes in situational demands. In doing so, it discusses the role played by conscious control, reflection, and bodily awareness in maintaining performance proficiency. It suggests that skill maintenance and continuous improvement are underpinned by the use of both automated procedures (acknowledging that these are inherently active and flexible) and metacognitive knowledge. The chapter concludes by briefly considering how skill-focused attention needs to be applied in both training and performance contexts in order to facilitate continuous improvement.

scholarly journals Hidden diagnosis behind viral infection: the danger of anchoring bias

2018 ◽  
pp. bcr-2018-226613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Iwai ◽  
Kenichi Tetsuhara ◽  
Eiki Ogawa ◽  
Mitsuru Kubota
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Serum Amylase ◽  
Abdominal Infection ◽  
Anchoring Bias ◽  
Intra Abdominal Infection ◽  
High Level ◽  
Diagnostic Biases ◽  
Rule Out

Anchoring bias is one of the most common diagnostic biases that may lead to closed-minded thinking and could result in unnecessary tests, inappropriate patient management and even misdiagnosis. A 4-year-old boy was brought to the emergency department because of shaking chills. On the basis of bilateral swollen preauricular areas, high level of serum amylase and the prevalence of mumps, he initially received a diagnosis of mumps in spite of the shaking chills. However, blood culture turned out to be positive for two different kinds of bacteria. The patient finally received a diagnosis of polymicrobial bacteraemia resulting from suppurative appendicitis. We must consider and rule out bacteraemia in the differential diagnosis for patients who present with shaking chills, even in the presence of symptoms or information consistent with a more common viral infection such as mumps. In addition, intra-abdominal infection should be ruled out in the presence of polymicrobial enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia.

Invisible Adaptation: The Effect of Awareness on the Strength of the Motion Aftereffect

Perception ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 835-857
Author(s):  
Daphne Roumani ◽  
Konstantinos Moutoussis
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
Stimulus Strength ◽  
Perceptual Awareness ◽  
Physical Stimulus ◽  
Adaptation Stimulus ◽  
Unconscious Processing ◽  
Total Absence ◽  
Direction Discrimination

The ability to process information despite the lack of perceptual awareness is one of the most fascinating aspects of the visual system. Such unconscious processing is often investigated using adaptation, where any presence of the former can be traced by its footprint on aftereffects following the latter. We have investigated the mechanisms of the motion aftereffect (MAE) using random dot displays of varying motion coherence as well as crowding to modulate both the physical as well as the perceptual strength of the adaptation stimulus. Perceptual strength was quantitatively measured as the performance in a forced-choice direction-discrimination task. A motion-nulling technique was used to quantitatively measure the strength of the MAE. We show that the strength of the dynamic MAE is independently influenced by both the physical stimulus strength as well as the subjective perceptual strength, with the effect of the former being more prominent than that of the latter. We further show that the MAE still persists under conditions of subthreshold perception. Our results suggest that perceptual awareness can influence the strength of visual processing, but the latter is not fully dependent on the former and can still take place at its partial or even total absence.

scholarly journals Bayesian Comparison of Explicit and Implicit Causal Inference Strategies in Multisensory Heading Perception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Acerbi ◽  
Kalpana Dokka ◽  
Dora E. Angelaki ◽  
Wei Ji Ma
Keyword(s):  
Causal Inference ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Inference Process ◽  
Computational Framework ◽  
Bayesian Model Comparison ◽  
Vestibular Cues ◽  
Multisensory Cues ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rule Out

AbstractThe precision of multisensory heading perception improves when visual and vestibular cues arising from the same cause, namely motion of the observer through a stationary environment, are integrated. Thus, in order to determine how the cues should be processed, the brain must infer the causal relationship underlying the multisensory cues. In heading perception, however, it is unclear whether observers follow the Bayesian strategy, a simpler non-Bayesian heuristic, or even perform causal inference at all. We developed an efficient and robust computational framework to perform Bayesian model comparison of causal inference strategies, which incorporates a number of alternative assumptions about the observers. With this framework, we investigated whether human observers’ performance in an explicit cause attribution and an implicit heading discrimination task can be modeled as a causal inference process. In the explicit inference task, all subjects accounted for cue disparity when reporting judgments of common cause, although not necessarily all in a Bayesian fashion. By contrast, but in agreement with previous findings, data from the heading discrimination task only could not rule out that several of the same observers were adopting a forced-fusion strategy, whereby cues are integrated regardless of disparity. Only when we combined evidence from both tasks we were able to rule out forced-fusion in the heading discrimination task. Crucially, findings were robust across a number of variants of models and analyses. Our results demonstrate that our proposed computational framework allows researchers to ask complex questions within a rigorous Bayesian framework that accounts for parameter and model uncertainty.

Molecular synthons for accurate structural determinations: the equilibrium geometry of 1-chloro-1-fluoroethene

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 3615-3625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Gambi ◽  
Andrea Pietropolli Charmet ◽  
Paolo Stoppa ◽  
Nicola Tasinato ◽  
Giorgia Ceselin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chemical Calculations ◽  
Quantum Chemical ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Equilibrium Structure ◽  
Equilibrium Geometry ◽  
High Level

The equilibrium structure for 1-chloro-1-fluoroethene is obtained by high-level quantum chemical calculations and the semi-experimental approach.

Patients with carcinoma of unknown primary and “colon cancer profile”: Clinicopathologic features and survival data.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 4130-4130
Author(s):  
Gauri R. Varadhachary ◽  
Siddharth Karanth ◽  
John D. Hainsworth ◽  
Huamin Wang ◽  
Heather R. Carlson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Survival Data ◽  
Unknown Primary ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Md Anderson ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sites Of Metastases ◽  
Level Of Agreement ◽  
Rule Out

4130 Background: We have previously proposed a “colon cancer profile” (CCP-CUP) favorable subset. CCP-CUP is ~ 8% of all CUP with features resembling lower gastroinestional cancers. Distinguishing this entity from other CUP pts is of significance given the progress in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Additionally, emerging data suggests a high level of agreement between histology+IHC and tissue of origin profiling for CCP-CUP. Methods: The retrospective cohort includes 74 pts from MD Anderson (50) and Sarah Cannon (24) Cancer Centers from 2004 -2010. Pts with CDX2+ tumors and pathology suggesting a "GI profile" were chosen. All pts met the definition of CUP and most had a negative colonoscopy. Results: 2 cohorts were created - Cohort 1 (34 pts), labeled “consistent with lower GI profile” [CDX2+, CK20+, CK7-] and Cohort 2 (40 pts), labeled “probable lower GI profile” [CDX2+, irrespective of CK7/CK20 status]. Most pts had a good PS; 58% women, median age 59 yrs; 20 (27%) pts had ascites on presentation and the predominant sites of metastases included liver (30%), carcinomatosis (50%), and nodes (51%). 53 pts received first line CRC regimens (FOLFOX or FOLFIRI based), 15 pts received gemcitabine or taxane based and 3 ‘other’ regimens. OS was 37 mo (C.I 22- 52). 6 of these were "outliers" (Stage 4 NED or indolent pathology). Excluding these, cohorts 1 and 2 had 32 and 36 pts - their OS were 37 and 21 mo respectively. There was no difference in OS of pts with or without ascites on presentation. Kras data was available for 17; 12 were Kras mutant. On multivariate analysis, the factors found to negatively influence survival were age, PS (of 2) and 3 or more sites of disease. Conclusions: Survival of IHC defined CCP-CUP pts (which may include colorectal, appendiceal and small bowel profile) exceeds historical control and illustrates a new "favorable" subset. IHC is not without its limitations – nonetheless, pts with CDX2 + tumors and CUP should undergo evaluation for GI cancers and likely best served with an armamentarium of drugs used for CRC. Since carcinomatosis and liver mets are predominant sites, all patients with abdominal CUP should undergo optimal IHC (CDX-2, CK7, and CK20) testing to rule out a CCP-CUP.

scholarly journals Accuracy of D-Dimers to Rule Out Venous Thromboembolism Events across Age Categories

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Der Sahakian ◽  
Y. E. Claessens ◽  
J. C. Allo ◽  
J. Kansao ◽  
G. Kierzek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Intermediate Risk ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Thromboembolism Events ◽  
High Level ◽  
Rule Out

Background. Strategies combining pretest clinical assessment and D-dimers measurement efficiently and safely rule out venous thromboembolism events (VTE) in low- and intermediate-risk patients.Objectives. As process of ageing is associated with altered concentrations of coagulation markers including an increase in D-dimers levels, we investigated whether D-dimers could reliably rule out VTE across age categories.Method. We prospectively assessed the test performance in 1,004 patients visiting the emergency department during the 6-month period with low or intermediate risk of VTE who also received additional diagnostic procedures.Results. 67 patients had VTE with D-dimers levels above the threshold, and 3 patients displayed D-dimers levels below the threshold. We observed that specificity of D-dimers test decreased in an age-dependent manner. However, sensitivity and negative predictive value remained at very high level in each age category including older patients.Conclusion. We conclude that, even though D-dimers level could provide numerous false positive results in elderly patients, its high sensitivity could reliably help physicians to exclude the diagnosis of VTE in every low- and intermediate-risk patient.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document