scholarly journals More Error than Attitude in Implicit Association Tests (IATs), a CFA-MTMM analysis of measurement error.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Chequer
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Random Error ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Method Variance ◽  
Trait Variance ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

Many design characteristics of the popular Implicit Association Test (IAT) appear to make the task highly susceptible to measurement error. This study examined potential sources of measurement error for two types of IAT, the classic verbal IAT (VIAT) and a fully pictorial IAT (PIAT). A CFA-MTMM analytical approach was used to estimate the influence of both random error and method variance on the IAT scores. Four empirical IATs were employed to assess implicit bias towards Middle Eastern and European people (‘Racial’ VIAT and PIAT) and countries (‘Country’ VIAT and PIAT). They were completed by 198 student participants from an Australian University. The CFA-MTMM analysis provided clear evidence of measurement error confounding IAT scores. Specifically, IAT data was shown to be, on average, comprised of just over 50% random error variance, nearly 30% method variance and under 20% trait variance. These results demonstrate unequivocally that IAT scores are predominantly composed of measurement error not implicit attitudes. These findings have significant implications for the use of IATs in applied research. Options for minimising the impact of high error variance in future implicit attitudinal research are considered.

scholarly journals Construct Validation of the Pictorial Implicit Association Test (PIAT): Implications for implicit attitudinal research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Chequer
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Construct Validation ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Construct validation of the Pictorial Implicit Association Test (PIAT) was assessed using Confirmatory Factor Analytic (CFA) procedures to account for measurement error. The PIAT was compared with the traditional verbal IAT (VIAT) to examine construct validity and internal consistency. Attitudes towards Middle Eastern and European people and countries were examined using two PIATs, two VIATs and two explicit attitude questionnaires for 198 student participants. Results demonstrated convergent validity of the PIATs and VIATs, supporting the equivalency of these task formats. The PIAT appears a suitable alternative to the VIAT for use in applied behavioural research, especially with populations for whom the VIAT is inappropriate, such as young children and the illiterate. However, evidence of substantial error variance in both the PIAT and the more widely used VIAT was concerning, and suggests the need for latent modelling analytical approaches to address error variance in implicit attitudinal research.

Evaluation of Design Characteristics for Animal Mortality Composting Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Tiago Costa ◽  
Neslihan Akdeniz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
List Type ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Composting Systems

HighlightsDesign characteristics for animal mortality compost cover materials were tested.Compressive stress was applied to simulate the effects of the mortalities on cover materials.The highest permeability was measured for sawdust at 25% moisture content.A linear relationship was found between the volumetric flow rate and the power required to aerate the piles.Abstract. Composting is an aerobic process that relies on natural aeration to maintain proper oxygen levels. Air-filled porosity, mechanical strength, and permeability are among the essential parameters used to optimize the process. This study’s objective was to measure the physical parameters and airflow characteristics of three commonly used cover materials at four moisture levels, which could be used in designing actively aerated swine mortality composting systems. A laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to measure pressure drops across the cover materials as a function of the airflow rate and the material’s moisture content. Compressive stress was applied for 48 h to simulate the impact of swine mortalities on the cover materials. The power required to aerate each material was determined as a function of volumetric flow rate and moisture content. As expected, air-filled porosity and permeability decreased with increasing bulk density and moisture content. The highest average permeability values were measured at 25% moisture content and ranged from 66 × 10-4 to 70 × 10-4 mm2, from 161 × 10-4 to 209 × 10-4 mm2, and from 481 × 10-4 to 586 × 10-4 mm2 for woodchips, ground cornstalks, and sawdust, respectively. For the range of airflow rates tested in this study (0.0025 to 0.0050 m3 s-1 m-2), a linear relationship (R2 = 0.975) was found between the volumetric flow rate (m3 s-1) and the power required to aerate the compost pile (W per 100 kg of swine mortality). Keywords: Airflow, Darcy’s law, Livestock, Modeling, Permeability, Pressure drop.

The moderating effect of culture on the relationship between accountability and professional scepticism

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Medhat Endrawes ◽  
Shane Leong ◽  
Kenan M. Matawie
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Big 4 ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This study aims to examine whether accountability and culture have an impact on auditors’ professional scepticism. It also examines whether culture moderates the effect of accountability on auditors’ professional scepticism. Design/methodology/approach Three of the Big 4 firms in Australia and Egypt participated in an audit judgement experiment, which required them to indicate their beliefs about the risk of fraud and error at the planning stage of a hypothetical audit and evaluate the truthfulness of explanations provided by the client management. The authors examined whether their professional scepticism was influenced by accountability. Findings The results indicate professional scepticism differs significantly between cultures in some situations. The fact that culture influences scepticism suggests that even when auditors use the same standards (such as ISA 240 and ISA 600), they are likely to be applied inconsistently, even within the same firm. The authors, therefore, recommend that international bodies issue additional guidance on cultural values and consider these cultural differences when designing or adopting auditing standards. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that examines whether culture moderates the impact of accountability on auditors’ professional scepticism using Egyptian and Australian (Middle Eastern and Western) auditors. Prior literature suggests that individuals subject to accountability pressure increase their cognitive effort and vigilance to detect fraud and error. As the authors find evidence that culture moderates accountability pressure and as accountability affects scepticism, they add to the literature suggesting that culture can influence professional scepticism.

scholarly journals The Impact of Sports on Athletic Performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Amir Torkashvand
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Alpha Coefficient ◽  
Strategic Performance ◽  
The Third ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
High Level ◽  
Descriptive Survey ◽  
The Impact

This study seeks to influence environment sports on the performance of athletes. Applied research is a descriptive survey. The population consisted of high-level of athletes in martial disciplines in Tehran (3 sports gym) were estimated at around 158 people. 113 athletes have been invited to respond to the questionnaire that they use randomly chosen sample of the population by Cochran formula. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire consists of 3 parts. The first part included demographic information and the second part of the questionnaire contains 12 questions, including questions of appearance and the third part is consist of the standard questionnaire strategic performance of Thomas. Relaiability of questionnaire is achived with experts and stability of it was 0,966 by using of Cronbach's alpha coefficient in e SPSS software. The results show that the apparent and qualitative factors are directly affecting the performance of athletes.

scholarly journals Interpretation of Adaptive Observing Guidance for Atlantic Tropical Cyclones

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (12) ◽  
pp. 4006-4029 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Reynolds ◽  
M. S. Peng ◽  
S. J. Majumdar ◽  
S. D. Aberson ◽  
C. H. Bishop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Naval Research ◽  
Error Statistics ◽  
Background Error ◽  
Analysis Error ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Perturbation Growth

Abstract Adaptive observing guidance products for Atlantic tropical cyclones are compared using composite techniques that allow one to quantitatively examine differences in the spatial structures of the guidance maps and relate these differences to the constraints and approximations of the respective techniques. The guidance maps are produced using the ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF) based on ensembles from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and total-energy singular vectors (TESVs) produced by ECMWF and the Naval Research Laboratory. Systematic structural differences in the guidance products are linked to the fact that TESVs consider the dynamics of perturbation growth only, while the ETKF combines information on perturbation evolution with error statistics from an ensemble-based data assimilation scheme. The impact of constraining the SVs using different estimates of analysis error variance instead of a total-energy norm, in effect bringing the two methods closer together, is also assessed. When the targets are close to the storm, the TESV products are a maximum in an annulus around the storm, whereas the ETKF products are a maximum at the storm location itself. When the targets are remote from the storm, the TESVs almost always indicate targets northwest of the storm, whereas the ETKF targets are more scattered relative to the storm location and often occur over the northern North Atlantic. The ETKF guidance often coincides with locations in which the ensemble-based analysis error variance is large. As the TESV method is not designed to consider spatial differences in the likely analysis errors, it will produce targets over well-observed regions, such as the continental United States. Constraining the SV calculation using analysis error variance values from an operational 3D variational data assimilation system (with stationary, quasi-isotropic background error statistics) results in a modest modulation of the target areas away from the well-observed regions, and a modest reduction of perturbation growth. Constraining the SVs using the ETKF estimate of analysis error variance produces SV targets similar to ETKF targets and results in a significant reduction in perturbation growth, due to the highly localized nature of the analysis error variance estimates. These results illustrate the strong sensitivity of SVs to the norm (and to the analysis error variance estimate used to define it) and confirm that discrepancies between target areas computed using different methods reflect the mathematical and physical differences between the methods themselves.

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