The uncommon is common: Structural similarities of symptom heterogeneity across mental disorders
The heterogeneity of symptoms among individuals diagnosed with the same mental disorder complicates the identification of biomarkers and the development of targeted treatments. Yet, the characteristics of this heterogeneity remain largely unknown. We investigated the frequency of disorder-specific symptom combinations, a marker of symptom heterogeneity, in five samples, each assessed for symptoms of a specific disorder (posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and burnout). The frequency of symptom combinations was heavily skewed in all samples, with most symptom combinations being reported only by few individuals. Moreover, the distribution of the symptom combination frequency could be approximated by a power-law and a log-normal distribution. This demonstrates similarities in the structure of symptom heterogeneity among mental disorders. Furthermore, we show that studies with sample sizes typical for research in mental health preclude many rare symptom combinations, limiting the validity of the obtained evidence by such studies for individuals with rare symptom combinations.