scholarly journals Lucky or clever? From expectations to responsibility judgments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Gerstenberg ◽  
Tomer David Ullman ◽  
Jonas Nagel ◽  
Max Kleiman-Weiner ◽  
David Lagnado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causal Role ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Quantitative Accuracy ◽  
Prior Expectation ◽  
Posterior Expectation ◽  
Counterfactual Model ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

How do people hold others responsible for the consequences of their actions? We propose a computational model that attributes responsibility as a function of what the observed action reveals about the person, and the causal role that the person's action played in bringing about the outcome. The model first infers what type of person someone is from having observed their action. It then compares a prior expectation of how a person would behave with a posterior expectation after having observed the person's action. The model predicts that a person is blamed for negative outcomes to the extent that the posterior expectation is lower than the prior, and credited for positive outcomes if the posterior is greater than the prior. We model the causal role of a person's action by using a counterfactual model that considers how close the action was to having been pivotal for the outcome. The model captures participants' responsibility judgments to a high degree of quantitative accuracy across three experiments that cover a range of different situations. It also solves an existing puzzle in the literature on the relationship between action expectations and responsibility judgments. Whether an unexpected action yields more or less credit depends on whether the action was diagnostic for good or bad future performance.

scholarly journals Система организации епархиального управления Белорусской автокефальной православной церкви в 1949–1980 гг.

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Александр Слесарев ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Religious Organization ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Educational Publishing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Management

The article is devoted to the consideration of the history of the development of the system of diocesan administrations of the unrecognized Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (BAOC). Formed in 1948–1949, the named religious organization over the next several decades was an influential center for the consolidation of the Belarusian post-war Diaspora. The activities of the parishes of the BAOC were not limited to the organization of services and involved the conduct of social, cultural, educational, publishing and other work. In turn, the control, management and coordination of parish activities largely depended on the principles of organizing diocesan administration. On the basis of the study, it is concluded that the volume of administrative powers of the episcopate is gradually reduced and the role of the laity in the administration of dioceses is strengthened. The noted instability of the diocesan structures of the BAOC in the period under review is explained by the high degree of dependence of the diocesan affiliation of parishes on the relationship with a particular hierarch.

Family Management Programmes for Schizophrenic Patients

1989 ◽  
Vol 155 (S5) ◽  
pp. 112-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Hahlweg ◽  
Eli Feinstein ◽  
Ursula Müller ◽  
Matthias Dose
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Family Management ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Schizophrenic Psychosis ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Family Variables ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Hypotheses on the relationship of schizophrenia and family variables have changed considerably over the last 15 years: whereas speculations on the causal role of familial interaction for the onset of schizophrenic psychosis previously dominated the field of psychological theorising and psychotherapy (Bateson et al, 1956), it was not possible to confirm these theories empirically. In accordance with the research on Expressed Emotion (EE), a shift in emphasis to the influence of family variables on the further course of the illness has taken place. As a consequence, promising new techniques have been developed for the prevention or postponement of relapse.

scholarly journals Self-concept and Family: A study on Greek secondary school students

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitris Kiritsis
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Family ◽  
Major Variation ◽  
Essential Contribution ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the study is twofold. On the one hand it concerns the measurement and the examination of the subjects’ self-concept and on the other the detection and justification of the role of family in its configuration. The study analyzed the data collected from the answers to a research questionnaire of 1344 15-and 16-year-old school students in the Prefecture of Thessaloniki, Greece) with the use of a stratified random sampling technique. The first important finding concerned the high degree of the general self-concept of the adolescents. Among the seven specific sectors of the general self-concept a major variation was noted, with the higher average to be traced in the relationship that the students have configured with their peers and the lower one in the valuation of their academic competence. The second important finding was the ascertainment of the essential contribution of the family.

scholarly journals Could the Environmental Regulation Promote Green Innovation? Evidence From China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiyong Zou ◽  
Yunjun Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Green Innovation ◽  
Coordinated Development ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
D Investment

Abstract Could the environmental regulation promote green innovation? This is a very controversial issue. In view of the fact that the existing literature only studies the relationship between the two, lacks effective heterogeneity research, and pays less attention to the deeper analysis mechanism between the two. This study fills the gap. This paper selects the panel data of 285 prefecture level cities in China from 2000 to 2019 for empirical research. The results show that environmental regulation has a significant and continuous positive impact on green innovation.From the perspective of heterogeneity, we find that cities with higher level of green innovation are suitable to improve the intensity of environmental regulation; Cities with low level of green innovation can not formulate high-intensity environmental regulation policies. The intermediary mechanism shows that under the situation of stricter environmental regulations, producers will pay more attention to the promotion and accumulation of human capital, and provide strong intellectual support for green innovation activities. The adjustment mechanism shows that the cities with high degree of marketization and financial R&D investment are conducive to strengthening the promotion of environmental regulation on green innovation. On the contrary, it weakens the role of environmental regulation in promoting green innovation. In addition, this paper uses SYS-GMM model and selects appropriate instrumental variables to solve the endogeneity problem of the model. We find that after reducing the endogeneity of the model, improving the intensity of environmental regulation can still promote the level of green innovation. Using SDM decomposition model, we find that environmental regulation has spatial spillover effect on green innovation, and the formulation of environmental regulation strategy is conducive to the coordinated development of regional green innovation.

scholarly journals “THE FALL OF THE SECOND WALL”: THE NORMALIZATION OF RELATIONS BETWEEN CUBA AND THE UNITED STATES AND THE ROLE OF POPE FRANCIS

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-215
Author(s):  
Pablo A. Baisotti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
The Political ◽  
Pope Francis ◽  
Cuban American ◽  
Degree Of Acceptance ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The pastoral trips of Pope Francis to Cuba and to the United States were not only religious. The political activity that he organized to consolidate the relationship between the two recently reconciled countries was remarkable. Through visits, meetings and masses the Pope expressed his position and concerns about various arguments, beyond the recomposed Cuban-American relationship. During the trip he addressed subjects including the environment, poverty, family, union, freedom, all of which were themes that the Pontiff had clearly stated in his encyclical Laudato Si ‘(2015) and his Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Gaudium (2013). With this trip, Pope Francis ended up consolidating his status as a global politician as well as a pastor with a high degree of acceptance not only among Catholics.

scholarly journals About the Role of the Development of Collocations in the Process of Idiomatization (Based on the German Language)

2020 ◽  
Vol 162 (5) ◽  
pp. 135-143
Author(s):  
D.A. Bakhmatov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
German Language ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Diachronic Changes

The interpretation of the concept of idiomatization and the related concept of phraseologization was performed by analyzing the process of metaphorical reinterpretation of the collocation (a phraseological unit with partial reinterpretation) resulting in the formation of an idiom (a phraseological unit with a high degree of reinterpretation). In this paper, idiomatization is regarded as the process of reinterpretation of a collocation. The interpretation of the concepts of idiomatization and phraseologization was clarified. The object of research is German idioms, which emerged from collocations that have undergone a semantic shift. Common collocations do not always undergo the reinterpretation process. Therefore, there is no direct dependence between their idiomatization and usage frequency. In addition, language unobservability does not always provide an accurate image of the diachronic changes that a particular collocation is subject to. In this regard, the question was raised about the relationship between the concepts of development and reproducibility (frequency) of a collocation. The high relevance of the research is due to the need to understand idiomatization in the light of both corpus linguistics and language philosophy. The purpose of the study is to define the role played by the development of a collocation in the process of idiomatization. To solve this problem, a diachronistic approach was used during the research. The accumulation of reproducibility changes over the collocation history was interpreted as development. The process of collocation idiomatization was considered as a qualitative-quantitative transition: the degree of development of the collocation (the result of quantitative changes) can become the basis for its transition to an idiom (qualitative change). The paper is intended for specialists in the field of diachronic phraseology of the German language, general linguistics, corpus linguistics, and philosophy of language.

Reassessing the relationship between elections and democratization

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-320
Author(s):  
Nam Kyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Authoritarian Elections ◽  
The Relationship

Do elections improve a country’s prospects for democratization? The theory of democratization by elections proposes that reiterated multiparty elections foster gradual institutional changes leading to progress toward democracy. Edgell et al. provide the most systematic evidence for this theory, but substantial disagreements remain among scholars studying the effects of authoritarian elections on democratization. In this study, I reassess the relationship between elections and democratization. In doing so, I account for the temporal structure of democratic qualities that are highly persistent. When I control for the dynamics of democratic qualities by adding a lag (or lags) of the dependent variable, the democratizing effects of repeated elections disappear; indeed, most evidence indicates a negative relationship between elections and democratization. This finding calls into question the causal role of elections in the process of democratization and demonstrates the importance of modeling the persistent nature of democracy in exploring the effect of a variable on democratization.

Psychophysiology: The Missing Link in Macroergonomic Models of Musculoskeletal Disorders

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 2-733-2-734
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Schleifer ◽  
Ronald Ley ◽  
Thomas W. Spalding
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Work Stress ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Missing Link ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
The Relationship

This presentation proposes that psychophysiology is a bridge between macroergonomic factors and work-related musculoskeletal disorders. It is argued that the causal role of macroergonomic factors in musculoskeletal disorders is best understood through the application of psychophysiological models, methods, and measures. A psychophysiological approach provides for a more definitive and finer grain analysis of the relationship between macroergonomic factors and musculoskeletal disorders than is possible with correlational epidemiological studies. It is concluded that psychophysiology provides a biological plausible explanation for how work stress factors contribute to musculokskeletal disorders.

scholarly journals The role of morphology on the spatial distribution of short-duration rainfall extremes in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Mazzoglio ◽  
Ilaria Butera ◽  
Massimiliano Alvioli ◽  
Pierluigi Claps
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Morphological Heterogeneity ◽  
Rainfall Extremes ◽  
Index Rainfall ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Regressions

Abstract. The dependence of rainfall on elevation has frequently been documented in the scientific literature and may be relevant in Italy, due to the high degree of geographical and morphological heterogeneity of the country. However, a detailed analysis of the spatial variability of short-duration rainfall extremes and their connection to the landforms does not exist. Using a new, comprehensive and position-corrected rainfall extreme dataset (I2-RED), we present a systematic study of the relationship between geomorphological forms and the average of rainfall extremes (index rainfall) across the whole of Italy. We first investigated the dependence of sub-daily rainfall depths on elevation and other landscape indices through univariate and multivariate linear regressions. After analyzing the results, we repeated the analysis on geomorphological subdivisions of Italy. The results of the national-scale regression analysis did not confirm the assumption of elevation being the sole driver of the variability of rainfall extremes. The longitude, latitude, distance from the coastline, morphological obstructions and mean annual rainfall resulted to be significantly related to the index rainfall, and to play different roles for different durations (1- to 24-hours). However, when comparing the results of the best multivariate regression models with univariate regressions for morphological subdivisions, we found that “local” rainfall-topography relationships within the geomorphological subdivisions outperformed the country-wide multiple regressions and offered a reasonable representation of the effect of morphology on rainfall extremes.

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