Incremental and Interactive Relations of Triarchic Psychopathy Measure Scales with Antisocial and Prosocial Correlates: A Pre-Registered Replication of Gatner et al. (2016)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brinkley M. Sharpe ◽  
Kaela Van Til ◽  
Donald Lynam ◽  
Josh Miller

Meanness (i.e., callousness/unemotionality, antagonism) and disinhibition (e.g., impulsivity, antisocial behavior) are the consensus traits which undergird psychopathy. Significant debate exists regarding a proposed third dimension of boldness or fearless dominance, characterized by particularly high levels of both extraversion and emotional stability. The present study is a pre-registered direct replication of the work of Gatner and colleagues (2016) regarding the importance of boldness in psychopathy. Specifically, in a large undergraduate sample (n = 1,015) which more than doubled the original study sample size, we examined whether boldness exhibited curvilinear relations to antisocial and prosocial outcomes, provided incremental predictive utility, and interacted with meanness and disinhibition. Consistent with Gatner and colleagues’ findings, neither incremental, interactive, nor curvilinear effects of boldness accounted for more than a small amount of variance in outcomes beyond the main effects of meanness and disinhibition. We discuss both process and results in the context of promoting a culture of reproducibility, as well as transparent and open practices in clinical science.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Otterbring ◽  
Roopali Bhatnagar ◽  
Michal Folwarczny

Kim and Markus (1999) found that 74% of Americans selected a pen with an uncommon (vs. common) color, whereas only 24% of Asians made such a choice, highlighting a pronounced cross-cultural difference in the extent to which people opt for originality or make majority-based choices. Although influential, their original study relied on small sample size (N = 56), falling short of current standards for sample size estimation and power calculations. The present high-powered study (N = 729) replicates the overall findings from Kim and Markus (1999; Study 3), finding that American participants were significantly more inclined to make an uncommon choice (62.5%) compared to their Chinese counterparts (50%). However, our obtained effect size (r = .12) is significantly weaker than that of the original study (r = .50). Interestingly, given the globalization of mass media and the rapid economic progress of many Asian cultures during the last decades, a significantly larger proportion of Chinese, but not American, participants selected a pen with an uncommon color now than during the time of the original study. As such, mass media may have exported certain Western values to cultures traditionally characterized by collectivism and conformity, making such cultures more individualistic.


2015 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke W. Hyde ◽  
S. Alexandra Burt ◽  
Daniel S. Shaw ◽  
M. Brent Donnellan ◽  
Erika E. Forbes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Protzko ◽  
Jon Krosnick ◽  
Leif D. Nelson ◽  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Jordan Axt ◽  
...  

Failures to replicate evidence of new discoveries have forced scientists to ask whether this unreliability is due to suboptimal implementation of optimal methods or whether presumptively optimal methods are not, in fact, optimal. This paper reports an investigation by four coordinated laboratories of the prospective replicability of 16 novel experimental findings using current optimal practices: high statistical power, preregistration, and complete methodological transparency. In contrast to past systematic replication efforts that reported replication rates averaging 50%, replication attempts here produced the expected effects with significance testing (p<.05) in 86% of attempts, slightly exceeding maximum expected replicability based on observed effect size and sample size. When one lab attempted to replicate an effect discovered by another lab, the effect size in the replications was 97% that of the original study. This high replication rate justifies confidence in rigor enhancing methods and suggests that past failures to replicate may be attributable to departures from optimal procedures.


Author(s):  
Dur Khan

The study attempted to explore the impact of personality traits on academic performance with regards to gender differences. A primary study was conducted on a sample size of 666 students (453 males and 213 females). Using Mann-Whitney analysis, it was found that different personality traits impact the academic performance of students for both boys and girls. Extraversion, Conscientiousness Agreeableness and Emotional Stability were found to influence the academic performance of male students. On the other hand, Openness influenced the academic performance of female students. Conscientiousness was the only trait to influence the academic performance of both male as well as female students.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Bradburn ◽  
Ann Marie Ryan ◽  
Anthony Boyce ◽  
Tamera McKinniss ◽  
Jason Way

Research on personality within the organizational sciences and for employee selection typically focuses on main effects, as opposed to interactive effects between personality variables. Large, multi-organizational datasets involving two different measures of personality were examined to test theoretically driven trait by trait interactions in predicting job performance. Interactive effects of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Extraversion, Extraversion and Conscientiousness, and Emotional Stability and Conscientiousness were hypothesized as predicting overall job performance. However, these hypothesized effects were generally not supported. Implications for personality assessment are discussed.


Author(s):  
Catherine L. Saunders ◽  
D. Timothy Bishop ◽  
Jennifer H. Barrett

The non-central X2 distribution can be used to calculate power for tests detecting departure from a null hypothesis. Required sample size can also be calculated because it is proportional to the non-centrality parameter for the distribution. We demonstrate how these calculations can be carried out in Stata using the example of calculating power and sample size for case–control studies of gene–gene and gene–environment interactions. Do-files are available for these calculations.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marielle Zondervan-Zwijnenburg ◽  
Rens van de Schoot ◽  
Herbert Hoijtink

In the current study, we introduce the prior predictive p-value as a method to test replication of an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The prior predictive p-value is based on the prior predictive distribution. If we use the original study to compose the prior distribution, then the prior predictive distribution contains datasets that are expected given the original results.To determine whether the new data resulting from a replication study deviate from the data in the prior predictive distribution, we need to calculate a test statistic for each dataset. We propose to use F-bar, which measures to what degree the results of a dataset deviate from an inequality constrained hypothesis capturing the relevant features of the original study: H_RF. The inequality constraints in H_RF are based on the findings of the original study and can concern, for example, the ordering of means and interaction effects. The prior predictive p-value consequently tests to what degree the new data deviates from predicted data given the original results, considering the findings of the original study.We explain the calculation of the prior predictive p-value step by step, elaborate on the topic of power, and illustrate the method with examples. The replication test and its integrated power and sample size calculator are made available in an R-package and an online interactive application. As such, the current study supports researchers that want to adhere to the call for replication studies in the field of psychology.


2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coralia Sulea ◽  
Saul Fine ◽  
Gabriel Fischmann ◽  
Florin A. Sava ◽  
Catalina Dumitru

While counterproductive work behaviors (CWB) are considered to be associated with both personal and situational antecedents, the relationship between these two factors is not entirely understood. Toward a better understanding of this issue, the present study examined the moderating effects of personality traits on the relationship between a specific situational stressor, abusive supervision, and organization-targeted counterproductive behaviors (CWB-O). The results found significant main effects for both abusive supervision and personality, as expected, as well as a significant interaction between them, whereby employees with low scores in conscientiousness, agreeableness, and/or emotional stability were more likely to engage in CWB-O in response to abusive behaviors from their supervisors.


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