Understanding Reward Dysfunction in Bipolar Affective Disorder through Behavioural, Cognitive and Neurobiological Changes

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Dopaminergic Systems ◽  
Genetic Level

Bipolar disorder, like many neuropsychiatric conditions, can be studied from a number of perspectives; from observation of behaviour, to study of cognitive dysfunction, through to changes at the molecular and genetic level. A consequence of this way of working is that there is inadequate communication between different levels of analysis, such that insufficient thought is given to whether a theoretical model derived from behavioural work fits with neurobiological data, and vice versa. Such limitations represent a key limiting factor in successful translation. Therefore, this paper takes a dominant theoretical model of bipolar disorder, based on that by Gray (1994) and developed by Alloy et al., (2015) as a basis to propose that the foundational pathology in bipolar is reward hypersensitivity, and to review how recent diverse neurobiological, cognitive and behavioural findings fit with this understanding. Executive Function deficits, partially derived from heritable structural changes are suggested as a foundation through which reward hypersensitivity develops to disorder, and CANA1C polymorphism-induced hyperactivity, further serves to drive the system towards reward seeking goals, through interaction with dopaminergic systems. This action is supplemented by a genetic predisposition for cognitive regulatory dysfunction, leading to improper modulation of emotive and reward networks. Specifically, deficits in top-down limbic modulation leads to behaviours disproportionally driven by limbic and reward circuitry; this pathology strengths over time through use. This therefore eventually results in substantial regional disconnect, reflected in epigenetic changes to neurotransmitters and observable histological changes.

HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE INTESTINES OF POULTRY DURING FODDER INTOXICATION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.P. Dolgov ◽  
◽  
A.A. Abramov ◽  
E.V. Kuzminova ◽  
E.V. Rogaleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Beet Pulp

The article presents the data on the study of the influence of mycotoxins combination (T-2 toxin at the concentration of 0.095 mg/kg and aflatoxin B1 in the concentration of 0.019 mg/kg) on the body of quails and the results of pharmacocorrection of toxicosis with a complex consisting of beet pulp and lecithin. Structural changes in the intestines of quais at fodder mycotoxicosis are described. The use of antitoxic feed additives in poultry led to a weakening of the action of xenobiotics, which was confirmed by an increase in the safety of poultry and increase in body weight of quails, a decrease in the clinical manifestations of intoxication, as well as in positive changes in the structure of the intestine of the poultry during histological examination.

ADOECIMENTO DE PROFESSORES UNIVERSITÁRIOS COM DIAGNÓSTICO DE TRANSTORNO AFETIVO BIPOLAR UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

REVISTA FIMCA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Pâmela Gomes Artioli ◽  
Natiely Souza Lima ◽  
Camila Silva
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Education Professionals ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Work Routine ◽  
Teaching Area

Introdução: Com o passar dos anos, além de doenças laborais físicas, surge um novo cenário de doenças emocionais que vem afetando gradativamente profissionais da área da docência a pesquisa em questão visou identificar os transtornos mentais que mais provocam afastamento de docentes em instituições de ensino superior, (com ênfase no transtorno bipolar), onde contribuiu para se aprofundar a análise de fatores relacionados a esse tipo de transtorno. Objetivos: os objetivos deste estudo, são de realizar análise crática e reflexiva quanto ao número elevado de professores de ensino superior com o Transtorno Afetivo Bipolar, e a relação dos fatores associados a este impedimento dos profissionais, destacar também questões relativas à saúde mental, e identificar quais são as consequências que implicam na rotina de trabalho desses professores e o aumento de docentes com diagno?stico de Transtorno Bipolar. Materiais e Métodos: Quanto à fundamentação teórica, trata-se de um referencial bibliográfico ao passo que utiliza de literaturas científicas disponibilizadas por meio eletrônico. Utilizando-se como técnica de análise de dados a análise de conteúdo interpretativa. Os critérios de inclusão que foram usados são: publicações em português, entre os anos de 2000 a 2018 disponíveis na íntegra. Conclusão: Por fim chegou-se ao entendimento de que além da sobrecarga os docentes remanescentes, o adoecimento crescente dos profissionais da educação compromete a qualidade de vida desses profissionais. Introduction: Over the years, in addition to physical work-related illnesses, a new scenario of emotional diseases emerges that has gradually affected professionals in the teaching area. The research in question aimed at identifying the mental disorders that cause the most withdrawal of teachers in higher education institutions, (with emphasis on bipolar disorder), where it contributed to deepen the analysis of factors related to this type of disorder. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to perform a critical and reflexive analysis regarding the high number of teachers of higher education with Bipolar Affective Disorder, and the relation of the factors associated with this impediment of the professionals, also highlight issues related to mental health, and identify what are the consequences that imply in the work routine of these teachers and the increase of teachers diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder. Materials and Methods: Regarding the theoretical basis, it is a bibliographical reference while using scientific literatures made available electronically. The analysis of interpretive content was used as data analysis technique. The inclusion criteria that were used are: publications in Portuguese, between the years 2000 to 2018 available in full. Conclusion: Finally, it was understood that in addition to overloading the remaining teachers, the growing sickness of education professionals compromises the quality of life of these professionals.

Morphophysiological studies of the shoot apex. I. Recurrent growth flushes and their relationship with structural changes in the growing apex of Callistemon viminalis

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1287-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Purohit ◽  
K. K. Nanda
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Active Period ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Floral Buds ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Callistemon Viminalis

The annual growth cycle of Callistemon viminalis consists of three phases: (1) a reproductive phase that continues till the end of February; (2) a vegetative phase that lasts from the end of February till the end of August; and (3) a long dormant phase which lasts till the end of December. The cycle exhibits four growth flushes with alternating periods of active growth and rest. The duration of the successive rest periods increases, leading eventually to the onset of the long dormant phase.The growing apex exhibits more or less similar histological changes in different growth flushes. An increase in divisional activity of the cells of flanking meristem, accompanied by a decline in the elongation of cells of pith rib meristem, characterizes the rest period. During the active period of growth, the cells of the pith rib meristem elongate but the activity of the flanking meristem decreases. The number of leaves produced in each growth flush, therefore, is dependent upon the duration of the preceding rest period, and their size and nature on the duration of active growth. In growth flush 1 the cells of the rib meristem show elongation twice during the active period corresponding with the separation of floral buds and of foliage leaves respectively. In the long dormant phase, on the other hand, the cells of the flanking meristem show high divisional activity twice, first during September when new leaf primordia are initiated, and again during November when floral buds are initiated. Events of great significance thus occur during the long dormant phase. The reproductive development is characterized by a marked increase in the rate of cell division in the flanking meristem accompanied by cessation of growth, the features that characterize the rest period as well.

Who Responds to Prophylactic Lithium Therapy?

1993 ◽  
Vol 163 (S21) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Abou-Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Family History ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Predictors Of Outcome ◽  
Powerful Predictor ◽  
Bipolar Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
Psychotic Features

The search for predictors of outcome has not been particularly rewarding, and the use of lithium remains empirical: a trial of lithium is the most powerful predictor of outcome. However, lithium is a highly specific treatment for bipolar disorder. In non-bipolar affective disorder, factors of interest are correlates of bipolar disorder: mood-congruent psychotic features, retarded-endogenous profile, cyclothymic personality, positive family history of bipolar illness, periodicity, and normality between episodes of illness.

scholarly journals Neurocysticercosis presenting as bipolar disorder: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. e100663
Author(s):  
Surbhi Batra ◽  
Sumit Kumar ◽  
Lokesh Singh Shekhawat
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Manic Episode ◽  
Symptoms And Signs ◽  
Rule Out

Neurocysticercosis is the most common neuro-parasitosis caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium. The most common manifestations include seizures and hydrocephalus. Psychiatric abnormalities are relatively rare but depressive symptoms are frequent in patients with neurocysticercosis. However, mania as a presentation is relatively rare. Pregnancy and the postpartum period are relatively vulnerable times and they can lead to reactivation of existing neurocysterci lesions. We are discussing the case of a 23-year-old female patient with neurocysticercosis leading to the reactivation of lesions in the peripartum and postpartum period leading to bipolar affective disorder. Improvement in the patient was seen with a combination of antipsychotics, antihelmintics, antiepileptics and steroids, along with improved radiological signs of neurocysterci lesions. Although neurocysticercosis is a common illness, its prevalence presenting as a manic episode is merely 2.6% and, hence, missed easily. Therefore, it is important to rule out organic aetiology in patients even with a classic presentation of bipolar affective disorder and those having any other neurological symptoms and signs.

scholarly journals Histological changes of the sciatic nerve in dogs after intraneural application of lidocaine--relation to the established application pressure

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakira Mornjaković ◽  
Faruk Dilberović ◽  
Esad Ćosović ◽  
Kučuk-Alija Divanović ◽  
Asja Začiragić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Covering System

Histological changes of sciatic nerve in adult dogs 7 days after single application of 2% lido-caine (4 ml dose, speed of injection 3 ml/min) and measurement of the application pressure was studied, with a goal to investigate structural changes of the nerve in relation to the established pressure values. The application pressure was determined by using Bio Bench software. In intrafascicular puncture an average application pressure of 198.23 ± 52 kPa was found, and in interfascicular puncture its average value was 53.3 ± 17.9 kPa, with a note that individual differences are regularly present. Seven days after the injection, a nerve dissection was performed and serial sections covering the region of injection’s puncture and bordering proximal and distal zones, in the total length of 3 cm, were prepared. The found changed show the presence of nerves’ fibers lesions with a strong reactivity of Schwann’s cell, as well as the change of interstitial structure concerning hypercellularity and occurrence of cellular extravasation. The covering system of the nerve in the zone of epineurium manifests changes of inflammatory process and in perineurium a decomposition of lamella layers and the alteration of their tinctorial properties were noticed. A comparison of the found nerve reactivities in intra- and interfascicular application showed their one-way alteration, although the lesions were more noticeable in the conditions of intrafascicular application. The damages were mostly expressed in the zone of local application of anesthetic, than distally from it, while the damage to the structure in the proximal part is of the smallest degree.

scholarly journals Thermostabilization and purification of the human dopamine transporter (hDAT) in an inhibitor and allosteric ligand bound conformation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas Navratna ◽  
Dilip K. Tosh ◽  
Kenneth A. Jacobson ◽  
Eric Gouaux
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Transporter ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Secondary Active Transport ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Dopamine Reuptake ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Chemical Messenger ◽  
Hormonal Release ◽  
Detergent Micelles

AbstractThe human dopamine transporter(hDAT) plays a major role in dopamine homeostasis and regulation of neurotransmission by clearing dopamine from the extracellular space using secondary active transport. Dopamine is an essential monoamine chemical messenger that regulates reward seeking behavior, motor control, hormonal release, and emotional response in humans. Psychostimulants such as cocaine primarily target the central binding site of hDAT and lock the transporter in an outward-facing conformation, thereby inhibiting dopamine reuptake. The inhibition of dopamine reuptake leads to accumulation of dopamine in the synapse causing heightened signaling. In addition, hDAT is implicated in various neurological disorders and disease-associated neurodegeneration. Despite its significance, the molecular architecture of hDAT and its various conformational states are poorly understood. Instability of hDAT in detergent micelles has been a limiting factor in its successful biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization. To overcome this hurdle, first we identified ligands that stabilize hDAT in detergent micelles. Then, we screened ∼200 single residue mutants of hDAT using high-throughput scintillation proximity assay, and identified a thermostable variant(I248Y). Here we report a robust strategy to overexpress and successfully purify a thermostable variant of hDAT in an inhibitor and allosteric ligand bound conformation.

Depot Antipsychotics in the Prophylaxis of Bipolar Affective Disorder

1994 ◽  
Vol 165 (6) ◽  
pp. 827-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Littlejohn ◽  
F. Leslie ◽  
J. Cookson
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
British Journal ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Prophylactic Treatment ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Depot Antipsychotic ◽  
Depot Antipsychotics ◽  
Depot Medication

BackgroundThe efficacy of depot antipsychotic drugs in the prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder was investigated.MethodLife charts were constructed for 18 outpatients with bipolar disorder receiving prophylactic treatment with depot medication. The durations of affective episodes were compared during periods on or off medication.ResultsThe subjects suffered fewer relapses and spent significantly less time in hospital (P = 0.001) for treatment of manic, depressive and mixed affective illness during treatment with depot antipsychotics.ConclusionsDepot antipsychotic medication may be a useful prophylactic treatment for certain patients with bipolar affective disorder.British Journal of Psychiatry (1994), 165, 827–829

Correlation between alterations of inflammatory markers and treatment with atypical antipsychotics in patients diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S422-S422 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Godio ◽  
F. Marino ◽  
M. Preve
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Atypical Antipsychotics ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Symptomatology ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionClinical evidences suggests that cerebral inflammatory processes are involved in the development of major affective disorders [1].Obvious correlations exist between changes of inflammatory markers such as acute-phase protein C (PCR) and VES, in patients with bipolar spectrum diagnosis [2].ObjectivesOur aim is demonstrating the correlations between changes of PCR and VES and pharmacological treatment with atypical antipsychotics in patients with acute bipolar disorder, highlighting a trend.MethodTwenty patients with bipolar disorder were assessed at the entrance (T0), after three weeks (T1) and after six weeks (T2) of hospitalization using specific rating scales and blood tests routines include PCR and VES.ResultsIs possible to appreciate a correlation between the affective phase of bipolar disorder and inflammatory markers with a proportional trend (Table 1).Discussion and conclusionThe scores obtained seem to confirm the effect of antipsychotic in both sense of psychiatric symptomatology reduction and in anti-inflammatory action.A confirmation of a correlation between the resolution of affective disorders and normalization of inflammatory markers confirm the intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity of such drug compounds [3].Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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