scholarly journals In Status We Trust: Socioeconomic Status, Reputation and Interpersonal Trust in Peer-to-Peer Markets

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijn Keijzer ◽  
Rense Corten
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Reputation Effects

Online peer-to-peer markets decentralize distribution of resources, creating a trust problem in economic exchange on the internet. Individual characteristics of trustees, as determinants for being trusted, are thus getting increasingly important. In light of this societal development, this study is concerned with socioeconomic status and reputation as part of the explanans for interpersonal trust. Some have argued that lower status trustees are trusted more easily because of their repeated reliance on resources in their social network. Others state that higher status trustees are trusted more easily, for they are more vulnerable to social control and loss of reputation.We propose a novel, quasi-experimental method for examining interpersonal trust situations mimicking the reality of peer-to-peer market platforms. 626 respondents were asked to place trust in their preferable trustee based on the asking price, and seller's characteristics. Conditional logistic regression models were estimated and showed that status increases perceived trustworthiness, and positively affects the trust premium for past trustworthy behavior. Strong reputation effects were found, sending out a warning for inequitable emergent hierarchies through reputation cascading.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Individual Characteristics and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Provinces of Milan and Lodi

2021 ◽  
pp. 002073142199484
Author(s):  
David Consolazio ◽  
Rossella Murtas ◽  
Sara Tunesi ◽  
Federico Gervasi ◽  
David Benassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Disadvantage ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Block Level ◽  
The Impact

Social inequalities in health are known to be influenced by the socioeconomic status of the territory in which people live. In the context of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, this study is aimed at assessing the role of 5 area-level indicators in shaping the risk of contagion in the provinces of Milan and Lodi (Lombardy, Italy), namely: educational disadvantage, unemployment, housing crowding, mobility, and population density. The study area includes the municipalities at the origin of the first Italian epidemic outbreak. Data on COVID-19 patients from the Integrated Datawarehouse for COVID Analysis in Milan were used and matched with aggregate-level data from the National Institute of Statistics Italy (Istat). Multilevel logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between the census block-level predictors and COVID-19 infection, independently of age, sex, country of birth, and preexisting health conditions. All the variables were significantly associated with the outcome, with different effects before and after the lockdown and according to the province of residence. This suggests a pattern of socioeconomic inequalities in the outbreak, which should be taken into account in the eventuality of future epidemics to contain their spread and its related disparities.

The Role of SBA Loans in Small Business Survival after Disaster Events

2021 ◽  
pp. 0739456X2110282
Author(s):  
Maria Watson
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Small Business Administration ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Business Survival ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Local businesses are important for recovering communities, yet program analyses of the effectiveness of Federal disaster loans—particularly for businesses—are limited and contradictory. This study looks at the role U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) Disaster Loans played in the long-term survival of small businesses in Galveston County, Texas after the 2008 Hurricane Ike. This research uses quasi-experimental design, matching methods, and conditional logistic regression to tease out the effect of the loan from potential confounding factors. The results show that businesses that received a disaster loan were significantly more likely to survive than their controls, and businesses that moved were also more likely to survive.

scholarly journals Neighbourhood maternal socioeconomic status indicators and risk of congenital heart disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qun Miao ◽  
Sandra Dunn ◽  
Shi Wu Wen ◽  
Jane Lougheed ◽  
Jessica Reszel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Chd Risk

Abstract Background This study aimed to examine the relationships between various maternal socioeconomic status (SES) indicators and the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD). Methods This was a population-based retrospective cohort study, including all singleton stillbirths and live births in Ontario hospitals from April 1, 2012 to March 31, 2018. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to examine the relationships between maternal neighbourhood household income, poverty, education level, employment and unemployment status, immigration and minority status, and population density and the risk of CHD. All SES variables were estimated at a dissemination area level and categorized into quintiles. Adjustments were made for maternal age at birth, assisted reproductive technology, obesity, pre-existing maternal health conditions, substance use during pregnancy, rural or urban residence, and infant’s sex. Results Of 804,292 singletons, 9731 (1.21%) infants with CHD were identified. Compared to infants whose mothers lived in the highest income neighbourhoods, infants whose mothers lived in the lowest income neighbourhoods had higher likelihood of developing CHD (adjusted OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.20–1.38). Compared to infants whose mothers lived in the neighbourhoods with the highest percentage of people with a university or higher degree, infants whose mothers lived in the neighbourhoods with the lowest percentage of people with university or higher degree had higher chance of CHD (adjusted OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.24–1.44). Compared to infants whose mothers lived in the neighbourhoods with the highest employment rate, the odds of infants whose mothers resided in areas with the lowest employment having CHD was 18% higher (adjusted OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.10–1.26). Compared to infants whose mothers lived in the neighbourhoods with the lowest proportion of immigrants or minorities, infants whose mothers resided in areas with the highest proportions of immigrants or minorities had 18% lower odds (adjusted OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.77–0.88) and 16% lower odds (adjusted OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.78–0.91) of CHD, respectively. Conclusion Lower maternal neighbourhood household income, poverty, lower educational level and unemployment status had positive associations with CHD, highlighting a significant social inequity in Ontario. The findings of lower CHD risk in immigrant and minority neighbourhoods require further investigation.

scholarly journals Self-Rated Health Status Based on the Type of Health Insurance: A Socioeconomic Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 004695802110281
Author(s):  
Minsung Sohn ◽  
Minsoo Jung ◽  
Mankyu Choi
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Private Health Insurance ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Healthcare Coverage

To investigate the effects of public and private health insurance on self-rated health (SRH) status within the National Health Insurance (NHI) system based on socioeconomic status in South Korea. The data were obtained from 10 867 respondents of the Korea Health Panel (2008-2011). We used hierarchical panel logistic regression models to assess the SRH status. We also added the interaction terms of socioeconomic status and type of health insurance as moderators. Medical aid (MA) recipients were 2.10 times more likely to have a low SRH status than those who were covered only by the NHI, even though the healthcare utilization was higher. When the interaction terms were included, those not covered by the NHI and had completed elementary school or less were 16.59 times more likely to have a low SRH status than those covered by the NHI and had earned a college degree or higher. Expanding healthcare coverage to reduce the burden of non-payment and unmet use to improve the health status of MA beneficiaries should be considered. Particularly, the vulnerability of less-educated groups should be focused on.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the interactionist model of socioeconomic status and problem behavior: A developmental cascade across generations

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica J. Martin ◽  
Rand D. Conger ◽  
Thomas J. Schofield ◽  
Shannon J. Dogan ◽  
Keith F. Widaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Problem Behavior ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Family Stress ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Social Selection ◽  
Social Causation ◽  
Adolescent Problem Behavior ◽  
The Social

AbstractThe current multigenerational study evaluates the utility of the interactionist model of socioeconomic influence on human development (IMSI) in explaining problem behaviors across generations. The IMSI proposes that the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and human development involves a dynamic interplay that includes both social causation (SES influences human development) and social selection (individual characteristics affect SES). As part of the developmental cascade proposed by the IMSI, the findings from this investigation showed that Generation 1 (G1) adolescent problem behavior predicted later G1 SES, family stress, and parental emotional investments, as well as the next generation of children's problem behavior. These results are consistent with a social selection view. Consistent with the social causation perspective, we found a significant relation between G1 SES and family stress, and in turn, family stress predicted Generation 2 (G2) problem behavior. Finally, G1 adult SES predicted both material and emotional investments in the G2 child. In turn, emotional investments predicted G2 problem behavior, as did material investments. Some of the predicted pathways varied by G1 parent gender. The results are consistent with the view that processes of both social selection and social causation account for the association between SES and human development.

ETHICS AND MEDICINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-141
Author(s):  
Oleg Letov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Health Needs ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Equitable Distribution ◽  
Medical Resources ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Informed Decisions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Voluntary Vaccination

This review examines such ethical categories as respect for patient freedom, paternalism, protection of the patient's interests, the principle of sustainability, justified allocation of resources, etc. It is noted, in particular, that, according to the principle of equitable distribution of medical resources, everyone gets what they deserve, in accordance with health needs and no one is discriminated against based on individual characteristics such as gender, socioeconomic status or age. Under the principle of patient freedom, people have the right to make informed decisions of their own, including with regard to voluntary vaccination programs.

scholarly journals Promoting Antenatal Care Attendance Through a Text Messaging Intervention in Samoa: Quasi-Experimental Study

10.2196/15890 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. e15890
Author(s):  
Jessica L Watterson ◽  
Diego Castaneda ◽  
Caricia Catalani
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Maternal Health ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Text Messaging ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Text Messaging Intervention ◽  
Sms Text Messaging

Background Antenatal care (ANC) has the potential to improve maternal health, but it remains underutilized and unevenly implemented in many low- and middle-income countries. Increasingly, text messaging programs for pregnant women show evidence that they can improve the utilization of ANC during pregnancy; however, gaps remain regarding how implementation affects outcomes. Objective This study aimed to assess facilitators and barriers to implementation of an SMS text messaging intervention for pregnant women in Samoa and to assess its impact on ANC attendance. Methods This study took place in Upolu, Samoa, from March to August 2014 and employed a quasi-experimental design. Half (n=3) of the public antenatal clinics on the island offered adult pregnant women the SMS text messaging intervention, with 552 women registering for the messages. At the comparison clinics (n=3), 255 women registered and received usual care. The intervention consisted of unidirectional text messages containing health tips and appointment reminders. The outcome of interest was the number of attended antenatal visits. Implementation data were also collected through a survey of the participating midwives (n=7) and implementation notes. Data analysis included a comparison of women’s baseline characteristics between the two groups, followed by the use of negative binomial regressions to test for associations between participation in the intervention and increased ANC attendance, controlling for individual characteristics and accounting for the clustering of women within clinics. Results The comparison of ANC attendance rates found that women receiving the SMS text messaging intervention attended 15% fewer ANC visits than the comparison group (P=.004), controlling for individual characteristics and clustering. Data analysis of the implementation process suggests that barriers to successful implementation include women registering very late in pregnancy, sharing their phone with others, and inconsistent explanation of the intervention to women. Conclusions These results suggest that unidirectional text messages do not encourage, and might even discourage, ANC attendance in Samoa. Interpreted with other evidence in the literature, these results suggest that SMS text messaging interventions are more effective when they facilitate better communication between patients and health workers. This study is an important contribution to our understanding of when SMS text messaging interventions are and are not effective in improving maternal health care utilization.

scholarly journals Association of Broiler Litter Microbiome Composition and Campylobacter Isolation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Valeris-Chacin ◽  
Maria Pieters ◽  
Haejin Hwang ◽  
Timothy J. Johnson ◽  
Randall S. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Broiler Litter ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Broiler House

Infection with Campylobacter species is one of the leading causes of bacterial diarrhea in humans in the US. Chickens, which become colonized on the farm, are important reservoirs of this bacterium. Campylobacter can establish itself in the broiler house via a variety of sources, can survive in the litter of the house, and possibly persist over successive flock cycles. However, the role of the broiler litter microbiome on Campylobacter persistence is not clear. A matched case-control study was conducted to determine whether the broiler litter microbiome composition was associated with Campylobacter isolation within the broiler house. Flocks were classified as cases when either Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli was isolated in boot sock samples, or as controls otherwise. Case and control flocks were matched at the broiler house level. Composite broiler litter samples were collected and used for DNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene V4 region sequencing. Reads were processed using the DADA2 pipeline to obtain a table of amplicon sequence variants. Alpha diversity and differential bacterial relative abundance were used as predictors of Campylobacter isolation status in conditional logistic regression models adjusting for flock age and sampling season. Beta diversity distances were used as regressors in stratified PERMANOVA with Campylobacter isolation status as predictor, and broiler house as stratum. When Campylobacter was isolated in boot socks, broiler litter microbiome richness and evenness were lower and higher, respectively, without reaching statistical significance. Campylobacter isolation status significantly explained a small proportion of the beta diversity (genus-level Aitchison dissimilarity distance). Clostridium and Anaerostipes were positively associated with Campylobacter isolation status, whereas Bifidobacterium, Anaerosporobacter, and Stenotrophomonas were negatively associated. Our results suggest the presence of bacterial interactions between Campylobacter and the broiler litter microbiome. The negative association of Campylobacter with Bifidobacterium, Anaerosporobacter, and Stenotrophomonas in litter could be potentially exploited as a pre-harvest control strategy.

scholarly journals Polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolism related genes and risk of multiple sclerosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Claire Simon ◽  
Kassandra L Munger ◽  
Xing Yang ◽  
Alberto Ascherio
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolism ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Vitamin D Levels

The extent to which potential genetic determinants of vitamin D levels may be related to multiple sclerosis (MS) risk has not been thoroughly explored. The objective of this study was to determine whether polymorphisms in VDR, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, CYP2R1 and DBP are associated with the risk of MS and whether these variants may modify associations between environmental or dietary vitamin D on MS risk. A nested case-control study was conducted in two, large cohorts of US nurses, including 214 MS cases and 428 age-matched controls. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and to assess the significance of gene—environment interactions. No associations were observed for any of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in VDR, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, CYP2R1 or DBP (p > 0.05 for all). The authors did observe an interaction (p = 0.04) between dietary intake of vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism on MS risk. The protective effect of increasing vitamin D was evident only in individuals with the ‘ff ’ genotype (RR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.78; p = 0.02 for 400 IU/day increase). It was concluded that this does not support a role for the selected SNPs involved in vitamin D metabolism in the etiology of MS. The finding of a marginally significant gene—environment interaction requires replication in larger datasets, but suggests future genetic studies may benefit from considering relevant environmental context.

scholarly journals Until Death Do Us Part. The Influence of Own and Partner’s Socioeconomic Status on the Health of Spanish Middle-Aged Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 4644
Author(s):  
Jordi Gumà ◽  
Jeroen Spijker
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Health Differences ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
Significant Health

Objectives: To explore whether the influence of a partner’s socioeconomic status (SES) on health has an additive or a combined effect with the ego’s SES. Methods: With data on 4533 middle-aged (30–59) different-sex couples from the 2012 Spanish sample of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) survey, we apply separate sex-specific logistic regression models to calculate predicted probabilities of having less than good self-perceived health according to individual and partner’s characteristics separately and combined. Results: Both approaches led to similar results: Having a partner with better SES reduces the probabilities of not having good health. However, the combined approach is more precise in disentangling SES effects. For instance, having a higher educated partner only benefits health among Spanish low-educated men, while men’s health is worse if they have a working spouse. Conversely, women’s health is positively influenced if at least one couple member is economically active. Conclusions: There are significant health differences between individuals according to their own and their partner’s SES in an apparently advantageous population group (i.e., individuals living with a partner). The combinative approach permits obtaining more precise couple-specific SES profiles.

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