scholarly journals From sequences to variables – Rethinking the relationship between sequences and outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satu Helske ◽  
Jouni Helske ◽  
Guilherme Kenji Chihaya
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Cluster Membership ◽  
Individual Sequences ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Relationship

Sequence analysis (SA) has gained increasing interest in social sciences for theholistic analysis of life course and other longitudinal data. The usual approach isto construct sequences, calculate dissimilarities, group similar sequences with clusteranalysis, and use cluster membership as a dependent or independent variable in a linear or nonlinear regression model.This approach may be problematic as the cluster memberships are assumed to befixed known characteristics of the subjects in subsequent analysis. Furthermore, often it is more reasonable to assume that individual sequences are mixtures of multiple ideal types rather than equal members of some group. Failing to account for these issues may lead to wrong conclusions about the nature of the studied relationships.In this paper, we bring forward and discuss the problems of the "traditional" useof SA clusters and compare four approaches for different types of data. We conduct a simulation study and an empirical study, demonstrating the importance of considering how sequences and outcomes are related and the need to adjust the analysis accordingly. In many typical social science applications, the traditional approach is prone to result in wrong conclusions and so-called position-dependent approaches such as representativeness should be preferred.

5. Finding Answers: Theories and How to Apply Them

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-158
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter shows how to develop an answer to a particular research question. It first considers the requirements and components of an answer to a research question before discussing the role of ‘theory’ in social science research, what a ‘theoretical framework’ is, and what a hypothesis is. It then explores the three components of a hypothesis: an independent variable, a dependent variable, and a proposition (a statement about the relationship between the variables). It also looks at the different types of hypotheses and how they guide various kinds of research. It also explains why conceptual and operational definitions of key terms are important and how they are formulated. Finally, it offers suggestions on how to answer normative questions.

De cognitieve drie-eenheid: realiseren, interpreteren en abstraheren

2014 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Radder
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Ordinary Life ◽  
Conceptual Innovation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Causal Judgments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

The article consists of three main sections, in which I successively discuss the nature and role of realization, interpretation and abstraction in experimental and observational processes. In this way, these sections address several fundamental problems in philosophy of science, ontology and epistemology, and philosophy of language. Section 1 introduces the notion of realization processes, and argues that successful realization requires causal judgments. The second section discusses the role of conceptual interpretation in experiments and observations, explains how realization and interpretation can be distinguished, and emphasizes the significance of different types and ranges of experimental and observational reproducibility. It also includes a subsection on the issue of reproducibility in contemporary social sciences and psychology. Section 3 explains how concepts are abstracted from existing realization processes, and concludes that abstraction bestows a nonlocal meaning on these extensible concepts. In addition, I discuss and criticize some rival views of abstraction and concept meaning (to wit, mentalism and localism). The article concludes with some observations on the notion of a (cognitive) trinity.In my reply, I respond to the points raised in the six commentary papers. The following issues are addressed: the place of causality in physics (Steffen Ducheyne), perception in ordinary life (Monica Meijsing), the role of reproducibility in psychology and the social sciences (Daniël Lakens, Ruud Abma), the significance and implications of conceptual innovation (Lieven Decock), and the relationship between meaning, communication and ontology (Martin Stokhof and Michiel van Lambalgen).

scholarly journals Adolescent Concepts of Responsibility in Different Types of Moral Dilemmas

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Molchanov ◽  
O.V. Almazova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

The paper presents results of an empirical study of adolescents' concepts of responsibility in different types of moral dilemmas characterized by violations of moral norms. The study proved that the type of moral dilemma and the context of interaction of its participants determine the adolescents' readiness to recognize the responsibility of the main character of the dilemma for violating the norm. In dilemmas of asocial type adolescents are more willing to recognize the responsibility of the offender whose behavior leads to obvious damage for one of the participants in the interaction. As for prosocial dilemmas and dilemmas of confronting norms, adolescents tend to deny the responsibility of the offender. The paper provides a comparative analysis of empirically identified types of adolescent concepts of responsibility, including the differentiated responsibility with egoistic orientation, high responsibility, low responsibility and ‘polar’ responsibility. The authors highlight the ambiguity of the relationship between adolescents’ evaluation of behavior, their readiness to recognize responsibility in moral transgression, and their judgment about the necessity of punishment. The paper concludes with the discussion concerning the relationship between the level of development of moral judgments/moral reasoning and the concepts of responsibility in adolescents.

Enacting networks, crossing borders: On the internationalization of the social sciences in Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 705-722
Author(s):  
Leandro Rodriguez Medina
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Strategic Networks ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Global North ◽  
The One

The study of the internationalization of science seems to be focused on the natural and formal sciences and on networks of the Global North. A shift towards the social sciences and a peripheral region (Mexico) is proposed here and shows that two different types of networks are enacted to face the challenges of internationalized research. On the one hand, there are strategic networks which internalize the pressure of incentives brought to bear on academics and tend to reproduce an over-professionalized idea of the academia. On the other, there are engaged networks that try to strengthen international bonds according to certain politico-ethical imperatives. In this article, relying on current research on internationalization of the Mexican social sciences, the author explores the usefulness of these ideal-types of networks and discusses their implications.

5. Finding Answers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter shows how to develop an answer to a particular research question. It first considers the requirements and components of an answer to a research question before discussing the role of ‘theory’ in social science research, what a ‘theoretical framework’ is, and what a hypothesis is. It then explores the three components of a hypothesis: an independent variable, a dependent variable, and a proposition (a statement about the relationship between the variables). It also looks at the different types of hypotheses and how they guide various kinds of research. It also explains why conceptual and operational definitions of key terms are important and how they are formulated. Finally, it offers suggestions on how to answer normative questions.

Working Together: Ethnographic Observations on Participatory Design Involving Adults with Autism

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
M. Ariel Cascio ◽  
Florian Grond ◽  
Rossio Motta-Ochoa ◽  
Tamar Tembeck ◽  
Dan Ten Veen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Participatory Design ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Adults With Autism ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Working Together ◽  
The Relationship

Understanding and improving how diverse people work together is a core concern of applied social sciences. This article reports ethnographic observations on a participatory design project in which researchers and adults on the autism spectrum worked together on the design of a new technology—biomusic. Biomusic uses a smartphone application and a wearable sensor to measure physiological signals and translate them into auditory output. Ethnographers were involved in this project, both to facilitate eliciting perspectives of different stakeholders and to observe, record, and reflect on the process. This paper discusses the relationship between ethnography and participatory design in two ways. First, it describes the contribution of ethnography to achieving the goals of participatory design. Second, it draws on ethnographic observations to highlight different strategies people with and without autism used to work together, including strategies put forth by the researchers, strategies already in place in the community, and strategies emerging from the intersection of both. These strategies created a space that was more accessible to many different types of people. Documenting the way that this group worked together challenged several stereotypes about autism and highlighted the role of autistic collaborators as agents.

scholarly journals Perception of the Image of Their Body by Young Girls with Different Types of Eating Behavior

2020 ◽  
pp. 206-214
Author(s):  
Tetiana Pashko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Young Girls ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Behavior Types ◽  
The Relationship

The article presents the results of theoretical and empirical study of the peculiarities of the perceptions of the image of their own body by young girls with different types of eating behavior. A meaningful analysis of the concept of "body image", "body diagram", identified factors that determine the formation of these phenomena of human corporeality. The concepts of eating behavior, types of eating behavior and the relationship between the phenomena of corporeality and eating behavior of the individual are defined. The age-related, personal and social determinants of the formation of eating behavior and the factors of its disorders are described. The results of an empirical study of the peculiarities of the perception of own body image in girls with different types of eating behavior and the level of alexethymia are presented.

Influence of food availability on interactions between Larus cachinnans and L. audouinii

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob González-Solís ◽  
Xavier Ruiz ◽  
Lluis Jover
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Logistic Model ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Larus Cachinnans ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Breeding Place

Predatory and (or) kleptoparasitic interactions are greatly facilitated in mixed-species gulleries, particularly when one of the species is larger than the others. Larus audouinii, the Audouin's gull, is a threatened species breeding in sympatry with the larger L. cachinnans, the yellow-legged gull, throughout the Mediterranean. The yellow-legged gull has often been cited as the main threat to the Audouin's gull. On the Chafarinas Islands, the second largest breeding place for Audouin's gulls in the world, both gull species depend largely on commercial fisheries for food. We analyze the influence of food availability, assessed through fishery activity, on the frequency and intensity of interaction pressure by yellow-legged gulls upon Audouin's gulls during the breeding season. We studied five different types of interaction: (1) flyovers of yellow-legged gulls; (2) ground intrusions; (3) egg predation; (4) chick predation, and (5) aerial kleptoparasitism. Moreover, intensity of interaction pressure was assessed using logistic regression analysis to build a model of the"relationship between Audouin's gulls' response to yellow-legged gull flyovers as a dependent variable and fishing fleet activity as an independent variable. All interactions except aerial kleptoparasitism were significantly more frequent during days without sardine fishery activity. However, chick predation is significantly higher only during the period when yellow-legged gull has fledglings. Overall, the results of the estimated logistic model indicate a positive association between depleted food and the response by Audouin's gulls to aerial intrusions.

scholarly journals Science and Innovations: Variety of the Relationships

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Vitaly Tambovtsev
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Innovations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Integral Element ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Organizational Innovations

The purpose of the article is to analyze the relationship between scientific research and different types of innovation. For this, it is shown that the innovation process has a systemic character, and science is present as an integral element in the implementation of each of the considered types of innovations – production, organizational and social. A brief description of these types is given and it is shown that the contribution of science is carried out at different stages of the innovation process, considered as a process of solving a particular problem. The most significant contribution of sciences (especially natural) is to industrial innovation; social sciences have some potential to contribute to organizational innovations; the problems,that are subjects of social innovations have no scientific solving whereby the social sciences can only provide the development of options for innovations, but not the choice among them.

scholarly journals Personality features and internal picture of the defect in adolescents with different types of dysontogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 210-215
Author(s):  
Ul’yana Yu. Sevast’yanova
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Speech Impairments ◽  
Hearing Impairments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Personality Features ◽  
The Relationship

The article presents the structure of the internal picture of a defect in adolescents with different variants of dysontogenesis (severe speech impairments, mental retardation, hearing impairment and visual impairment). A theoretical and empirical study was carried out, on the basis of which the features of the internal picture of the defect in adolescents with disabilities were revealed. A description of the personality specifics is given depending on the structure of the defect. A study carried out on 110 adolescents revealed that the existing personality traits of children with disabilities, such as sensitivity, rigidity, anxiety, emotiveness, are associated with the perception, consciousness and attitude of the child to its disorder, that is, with the internal picture of the defect. The study of the relationship between personality traits and the internal picture of a defect components of adolescents with disabilities showed that this mechanism acquires the greatest role in adolescents with hearing impairments in comparison with other nosological groups.

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