scholarly journals Nepal-China Bilateral Economic Cooperation Empowering Nepalese Economy

Patan Pragya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 128-143
Author(s):  
Khom Raj Kharel ◽  
Yadav Mani Upadhyay ◽  
Suman Kharel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation ◽  
The Impact

Bilateral economic cooperation is one of means for improving economic, social and political relations between two countries. Nepal and China have been enjoying good neighborly respects and benefit since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1955. Both countries behave a good neighborhood relations and enjoyed fruitful bilateral cooperation and mutual support and following the social and economic development activities by exchanging cooperation in the areas of trade, tourism, investment and connectivity, building human capital and infrastructure and deepening people to people relations is at the center of Nepal-China bilateral relations. Within Nepal and China, there are marvelous possibilities promoting socio-economic transformation and raising the living standard of people through the mutual cooperation in the areas of mutual interest. Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is of great significance for Nepal and China. The present study is conducted with the aim of examining the economic impact of bilateral economic cooperation between Nepal and China. The impact of bilateral cooperation with China in Nepalese economy has been analyzed in terms of FDI flows, trade between Nepal, China and economic assistance from China to Nepal and tourists arrivals from China over the period of 2000-2019 by applying simple statistical tools and simple linear regression model. The results show that there have been positive influences on Nepalese economy with bilateral economic cooperation of China.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE-KAZAKHSTAN TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF "ONE BELT, ONE WAY": FEATURES, FORMS OF COOPERATION AND PERSPECTIVES

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haohe Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation

The "Оne Вelt, Оne Road" policy has brоught ecоnоmic and trаde relаtiоns between Chinа аnd Kаzаkhstаn closer in the field of agricultural products, adding new opportunities for development, and the volume of tradе has bеcomе stаblе and grоwing. Bilateral trade between China and Kazakhstan has shown new positive dynamics, where a unified trade structure is also noted. There are great development prospеcts in the field of agricultural products of the two countries. In this regard, the author points to a mega-project called the Belt and Road Initiative, which focuses on the current situation and characteristics of Sino-Kazakh agricultural trade. The article indicates some problems in the bilateral cooperation of the two states. Among these problems, the most important are noted. For example, the author notes that the situation with a large number of trade barriers prevents more Chinese and Kazakh enterprises from entering the market. As a starting point based on an analysis of the obstacles facing the development of bilateral agricultural trade, countermeasures should be taken to further deepen bilateral cooperation in agricultural trade. A set of proposals to mitigate the problems of economic cooperation between Kazakhstan and China are offered in the conclusion of the article. Key words: trade and economic cooperation, agrarian complex, dynamics of agricultural production growth, trade volume, trade turnover, trade barriers, RK, PRC.

scholarly journals Particularity of Canada-Mexico bilateral relations (from beginning to entry into force NAFTA Agreement)

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Oleh Bulka
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Organizational Mechanism ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to the particularity of Canada-Mexico bilateral relations in the period from their beginning to signing and entry into force the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It is noted that from the time of first contacts bilateral relations between two countries have developed unevenly with periods of increase and periods of decline. It is determined that in the history of Canada-Mexico relations before signing NAFTA can be identified four main periods. The first one is a period of early contacts that lasted from the end of XIX century to the establishment of the official diplomatic relations between Canada and Mexico in 1944. In this period of time ties between the two countries were extremely weak. The second period lasted from 1944 to the end of the 1960s. This period clearly shows the limits of cooperation between Canada and Mexico after the establishment of the official diplomatic ties, but it is also possible to see a certain coincidence between the values and diplomatic strategies of these countries. The third period of Canada-Mexico relations lasted from the beginning of the 1970s to the end of the 1980s. During this period, both Canada and Mexico try to diversify their foreign policy and strengthen the organizational mechanism of mutual cooperation. But it is also shown that despite the warm political rhetoric, there was some distance in Canada-Mexico relations. The fourth period of the relations lasted from the late 1980s until the NAFTA treaty came into force in 1994. At that time Canadian and Mexican governments began to give priority to economic relations over political and diplomatic ones. It was revealed that the main influencing factors of bilateral relations between Mexico and Canada were the impact of third countries, especially the United Kingdom and the United States, regional and global economic conditions, and the attitude to the bilateral relations of the political elites of both countries.

scholarly journals An Empirical Study on Impact of Sino-South Korea Political Relations to Trade and FDI – Based on Data from Shandong Province of China

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 ◽  
pp. 03021
Author(s):  
Ping Li
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Granger Causality Test ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adf Test

This study explores the impact brought by political relation between South Korea and China on economic cooperation between South Korea and Shandong Province of China from regional view. Based on the data over 1998–2017 periods, ADF test, LS methods and Granger Causality Test are employed. The results indicate improved political relation is beneficiary to both the increase of export of Shandong province to South Korea and the import of Shandong province from South Korea. But there is no evidence that the bilateral political relation has effected on the FDI from South Korea to Shandong province. There is no evidence that more close economic connections between two regions are likely to be less influenced by political relation.

scholarly journals Trade and Economic Cooperation of Russia and Uzbekistan at the Current Stage Ivanov I. P. The Development of Trade Platforms ETF in Europe

2018 ◽  
pp. 197-204
Author(s):  
I. D. Goryunov
Keyword(s):  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Legal Foundation ◽  
Manufactured Products ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
The Impact

The article shows the place and role of Uzbekistan in foreign economic relations of the Russian Federation and analyzes the contract-legal foundation regulating trade and economic cooperation between the states. Special attention is paid to the structure and dynamics of goods turn-over and key lines in investment cooperation. The principle problems of trade cooperation according to the author are the low proportion of chemical industry in the structure of foreign trade, though it has a great potential of development and the pricing system of the Uzbek cotton fibre. The article shows features and priorities of Russian investment in economy of the republic, where it is possible to mention joint projects in the field of fuel and energy complex, conducting geological prospecting on the territory of the republic, developing oil-fields of hydrocarbon fuel and its transportation. As a conclusion the article provides the assessment of trade and economic cooperation between the countries, identifies prospects of further collaboration: deepening inter-regional links, broadening the range of mutual delivery of manufactured products, widening lines of Russian investment (coal industry, electric-power engineering, radio-technical and electronic industry). In order to study the impact of different factors on bilateral relations of cooperation the author used the empiric method, which includes analysis of statistic materials, study of documents, first of all multi-sided agreements and contracts and investigation of conceptual approaches of academics, practical experts and specialists in international problems.

Continuity and change, China–Singapore relations under the framework of China's 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-159
Author(s):  
Xiangning Wu
Keyword(s):  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
China Policy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Belt And Road

PurposeThe relations between China and Singapore were once exampled as good bilateral relations in the region: stable and promising. Albeit gradually increasing competition, bilateral economic cooperation remains to be a stabilizer. However, the ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and even more complicated Sino-US relations add up more uncertainties to bilateral relations. This paper aims to examine the fragility of bilateral relations against the overall backgrounds of the dynamic regional balance of power while analyzing the economic cooperation as the stabilizer and reviewing political mutual trust between China and Singapore.Design/methodology/approachThis paper will apply historical and documentary review and qualitative analysis.FindingsLed by its pragmatic foreign policy, Singapore hedges against China, even it seeks to deeply engaging China in all dimensions of bilateral ties, including economic, cultural and political. The grand strategy of the BRI signals the era of “keeping low profile”, leaving us far away. It will inevitably change the regional landscape geo-strategically. The USA clearly defines China as a strategic competitor, which represent Sino-US relations will not go back to the past. The traditional counterbalance strategy applied by Singapore works more difficultly when China intends to be stronger politically in the region. Economically and politically, there are no reasons for Singapore not to show positive support for the BRI. However, the BRI essentially provides a warning message that Singapore should explore a more practical and realistic strategy for not being constrained by China's geo-economic strategy. Singapore's picking side and its increasing military budget, China's assertiveness and the changing Sino-US relations imply the looming fragilities to bilateral relations.Originality/valueThe relations between China and Singapore were once exampled as good bilateral relations in the region: stable and promising. However, China and Singapore relations also ran into bumps from time to time over the years. We usually believe it is because of the peculiarity of Singapore's China policy. However, we should not neglect the dynamic regional balance of power and the changing Sino-US relations after the BRI was proposed. To fill this research gap, this paper will review the factors of stabilizers and the factors that bring fragility to bilateral relations between China and Singapore. The paper also argues that it is time for Beijing to make reflections on whether Beijing proposed BRI too early and whether Beijing over addressed on the magnificence and ambitions of the BRI.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Bilateral Cooperation between Russia and Bulgaria at the Present stage

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
M. E. Rodionova
Keyword(s):  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
International System ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Positive Vector ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation ◽  
Heads Of State

The purpose of this article is to examine Bulgarian-Russian relations. The author provided a detailed analysis of some economic areas of bilateral cooperation, taking into account transformations in the international system, European sanctions, and scientific prerequisites for further development. The material presents a brief analysis of the course of the recent mutual meetings of the heads of state, as well as their representatives. The author also considers the prerequisites for the formation of diplomatic relations between Russia and Bulgaria. The author expresses the opinion that there exists a positive vector of development of political dialogue with regards to the analysis of the leading parties in Bulgaria and cultural similarity of countries. The author paid particular attention to trade and economic cooperation, using official statistics of the Federal Customs Service of Russia are given (based on the report on foreign trade between Russia and Bulgaria in 2018: trade, exports, imports, structure, goods, dynamic). Russia ranked sixth in the number of foreign tourists visiting Bulgaria. Therefore, the sphere of tourism in bilateral relations needs more detailed review. The decline for 2018 can only be attributed to the World Cup in Russia, intense competition from other areas, as well as the fluctuation of the exchange rate of ruble. The author considered business forums such as, for example, “Bulgarian Business Day in Russia: Bulgaria — a bridge to the European Union” and cooperation in the field of education and science, with Financial University as the leading partner of the Bulgarian universities. The author discussed some issues of regional cooperation within the framework of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) as the platform for dialogue between the countries. The material is dedicated to the celebration of 140 years of diplomatic relations between Russia and Bulgaria.

scholarly journals Bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Serbia

Napredak ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Vladimir Marić
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Formal Establishment

The text outlines and analyses the relations between India and Serbia from the formal establishment of diplomatic relations in 1948 till the present. The author gives special attention to the political and economic relations between the two countries. In the context of political relations, the author discusses the meetings that took place at the highest level as well as the significance of the Non-Aligned movement. With regard to economic relations, the paper points to the importance of bilateral cooperation that has developed since the establishment of diplomatic relations and has intensified in the past few years, with concrete results being achieved.

scholarly journals Sino-Iranian Strategic Partnership: Prospects and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1043-1050
Author(s):  
Sehar Sabir ◽  
Muhammad Ijaz Latif
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
International System ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation ◽  
Middle East Policy ◽  
The Impact

China and Iran have developed mutual inter-dependence and bilateral cooperation in several fields. Though China and Iran are closer to sign 25 year strategic partnership, yet the final draft of the deal is being negotiated between the two parties. The expectations are high on Iranian side, however one or anotherway there are multiple factors associated with such developments. For instance; Chinese image in contemporary international system, US factor, international sanctions against Iran, Iranian perception and role in the region, and Chinese ambitious Belt and Road initiative is supposed to determine the depth and sustainability of this strategic partnership. This paper argues that the apprehensions attached to the deal are reflecting western perception whereas China’s interest are more economic/commercial and business oriented, thus limiting their cooperation in other fields. This paper addresses the prospects of these negotiations considering the impact of afore mentioned factors on the background of their relations, thus articulates challenges faced by both the parties for expected enhanced strategic partnership. The paper concludes that Sino-Iranian cooperation is not only confined to economic field rather expands to socio-cultural and technological fields as well, but this must also be viewed as part of China’s over all Middle East policy considering her economic might and investment posture through Belt and Road initiative.    

scholarly journals GENESIS OF THE POLISH-UKRAINIAN RELATIONS IN 1991-2017

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Current Events ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soviet Economic System ◽  
Positive Results

The question of evolution of Polish-Ukrainian bilateral relations is investigated. Based on the previous academic research, the periodization of Polish-Ukrainian relations has been improved in accordance with current events. It is noted that the bilateral relations began immediately after the restoration of independence by both countries. However, in the early 1990s, bilateral relations were not very active. The reason for this was the processes of economic transformation that took place after the fall of the Soviet economic system, which led to a weak economic situation. The ideological germs of the Polish-Ukrainian understanding originate from the activities of the publication «Culture» around which the Polish and Ukrainian liberal elites were concentrated, which aimed to begin the process of understanding between the two peoples. It is noted that in the 2000s, Polish-Ukrainian relations were mainly connected with the presidencies of V. Yushchenko and A. Kwaśniewski, and later L. Kaczynski. Personalism in relations had positive results, which contributed to an intensification of dialogue between countries. At the end of Yushchenko's term, relations fell asleep, which was due to the events in Ukraine. Nevertheless, the Eastern Partnership was launched during this period. After 2014, bilateral relations entered a phase of stable understanding. The formula «forgive and apologize» was chosen, thus referring to the well-known exchange of letters between the Polish and German bishops. Attention is drawn to the fact that the President Petro Poroshenko tried to strengthen bilateral relations. The weakness of Polish-Ukrainian relations is cooperation at the society level. It is the deepening of the social level that should contribute to the stability of relations and reduce the impact of the negative phenomena related to the political conflict, which are occasionally present in Polish-Ukrainian relations, especially in the context of historical policy in recent years.

The Impact of the Public Expenditure Cuts Policy on the Labor Market in Vietnam

2012 ◽  
pp. 22-46
Author(s):  
Huong Nguyen Thi Lan ◽  
Toan Pham Ngoc
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of public expenditure cuts on employment and income to support policies for the development of the labor mar- ket. Impact evaluation is of interest for policy makers as well as researchers. This paper presents a method – that is based on a Computable General Equilibrium model – to analyse the impact of the public expenditure cuts policy on employment and income in industries and occupations in Vietnam using macro data, the Input output table, 2006, 2008 and the 2010 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey.

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