CURRENT STRATEGIES OF USING MAJOR NON-ANTIBODY IMMUNITY SYSTEMS AGAINST DISEASES ACCOMPANYING COVID-19

The main dominated factors and strategies of non-antibody immunity (the human innate and others, microbial probiotic) aimed at maintaining and strengthening health in connection with the pandemic disease COVID-19 are considered and currently systematized. An integrated current evaluation of the non-antibody immunity is given and preventive and therapeutic approaches to its use for combating diseases accompanying COVID-19 (or on the it’s background) are indicated. Innate immunity is considered as the basic and deep support for the antibody level immunity as the higher and super-structure. The concept of increasing sensitivity to be infected with COVID-19 in population groups depending on the presence and/or the progress of spectrum pathologies and diseases and in connection with the waves of the pandemic COVID-19 is proposed.

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Therapeutic approaches to innate immunity: severe sepsis and septic shock

Nature Reviews Drug Discovery ◽

10.1038/nrd1153 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 2 (8) ◽

pp. 635-645 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Elias Lolis ◽

Richard Bucala

Keyword(s):

Septic Shock ◽

Innate Immunity ◽

Severe Sepsis ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Sepsis And Septic Shock

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TLR4 and Insulin Resistance

Gastroenterology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2010/212563 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 81

Author(s):

Jane J. Kim ◽

Dorothy D. Sears

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Innate Immunity ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Toll Like Receptor 4 ◽

Insulin Signal Transduction ◽

Mediated Effects ◽

Cell Type Specific ◽

Tlr4 Activation

Chronic inflammation is a key feature of insulin resistance and obesity. Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4), involved in modulating innate immunity, is an important mediator of insulin resistance and its comorbidities. TLR4 contributes to the development of insulin resistance and inflammation through its activation by elevated exogenous ligands (e.g., dietary fatty acids and enteric lipopolysaccharide) and endogenous ligands (e.g., free fatty acids) which are elevated in obese states. TLR4, expressed in insulin target tissues, activates proinflammatory kinases JNK, IKK, and p38 that impair insulin signal transduction directly through inhibitory phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) on serine residues. TLR4 activation also leads to increased transcription of pro-inflammatory genes, resulting in elevation of cytokine, chemokine, reactive oxygen species, and eicosanoid levels that promote further insulin-desensitization within the target cell itself and in other cells via paracrine and systemic effects. Increased understanding of cell type-specific TLR4-mediated effects on insulin action present the opportunity and challenge of developing related therapeutic approaches for improving insulin sensitivity while preserving innate immunity.

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Interactions between Innate Immunity, Microbiota, and Probiotics

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2015/501361 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

GianMarco Giorgetti ◽

Giovanni Brandimarte ◽

Federica Fabiocchi ◽

Salvatore Ricci ◽

Paolo Flamini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Innate Immunity ◽

T Regulatory Cells ◽

Cell Function ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Bacterial Flora ◽

Paneth Cell ◽

Probiotic Strain ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

New Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Metabolic Products

The term “microbiota” means genetic inheritance associated with microbiota, which is about 100 times larger than the guest. The tolerance of the resident bacterial flora is an important key element of immune cell function. A key role in the interaction between the host and the microbiota is played by Paneth cell, which is able to synthesize and secrete proteins and antimicrobial peptides, such asα/βdefensins, cathelicidin, 14β-glycosidases, C-type lectins, and ribonuclease, in response to various stimuli. Recent studies found probiotics able to preserve intestinal homeostasis by downmodulating the immune response and inducing the development of T regulatory cells. Specific probiotic strain, as well as probiotic-driven metabolic products called “postbiotics,” has been recently recognized and it is able to influence innate immunity. New therapeutic approaches based on probiotics are now available, and further treatments based on postbiotics will come in the future.

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Cannabinoids and Innate Immunity: Taking a Toll on Neuroinflammation

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/tsw.2011.84 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 855-865 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Eric J. Downer

Keyword(s):

Innate Immunity ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Cannabinoid Receptors ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Neural Tissue ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Active Components ◽

The Central Nervous System

The biologically active components of cannabis have therapeutic potential in neuroinflammatory disorders due to their anti-inflammatory propensity. Cannabinoids influence immune function in both the peripheral and the central nervous system (CNS), and the components of the cannabinoid system, the cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), have been detected on immune cells as well as in brain glia. Neuroinflammation is the complex innate immune response of neural tissue to control infection and eliminate pathogens, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a major family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that mediate innate immunity, have emerged as players in the neuroinflammatory processes underpinning various CNS diseases. This review will highlight evidence that cannabinoids interact with the immune system by impacting TLR-mediated signaling events, which may provide cues for devising novel therapeutic approaches for cannabinoid ligands.

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Nanotheranostic agents for neurodegenerative diseases

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences ◽

10.1042/etls20190141 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 645-675

Author(s):

Parasuraman Padmanabhan ◽

Mathangi Palanivel ◽

Ajay Kumar ◽

Domokos Máthé ◽

George K. Radda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Cell Types ◽

Specific Cell ◽

Ageing Population ◽

Target Tissue ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Surface Receptors ◽

Theranostic Agents ◽

Preclinical Animal Models

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), affect the ageing population worldwide and while severely impairing the quality of life of millions, they also cause a massive economic burden to countries with progressively ageing populations. Parallel with the search for biomarkers for early detection and prediction, the pursuit for therapeutic approaches has become growingly intensive in recent years. Various prospective therapeutic approaches have been explored with an emphasis on early prevention and protection, including, but not limited to, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Many pharmacological interventions have proved to be promising novel avenues, but successful applications are often hampered by the poor delivery of the therapeutics across the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). To overcome this challenge, nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery has been considered as a promising option, as NP-based drug delivery systems can be functionalized to target specific cell surface receptors and to achieve controlled and long-term release of therapeutics to the target tissue. The usefulness of NPs for loading and delivering of drugs has been extensively studied in the context of NDDs, and their biological efficacy has been demonstrated in numerous preclinical animal models. Efforts have also been made towards the development of NPs which can be used for targeting the BBB and various cell types in the brain. The main focus of this review is to briefly discuss the advantages of functionalized NPs as promising theranostic agents for the diagnosis and therapy of NDDs. We also summarize the results of diverse studies that specifically investigated the usage of different NPs for the treatment of NDDs, with a specific emphasis on AD and PD, and the associated pathophysiological changes. Finally, we offer perspectives on the existing challenges of using NPs as theranostic agents and possible futuristic approaches to improve them.

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Lessons From the Neural Bases of Speech and Voice

Perspectives on Speech Science and Orofacial Disorders ◽

10.1044/ssod21.1.5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 5-14

Author(s):

Christy L. Ludlow

Keyword(s):

Brain Networks ◽

Neural Substrates ◽

Voice Behavior ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Neural Bases ◽

Sound Foundation ◽

The Brain ◽

Normal Speech

The premise of this article is that increased understanding of the brain bases for normal speech and voice behavior will provide a sound foundation for developing therapeutic approaches to establish or re-establish these functions. The neural substrates involved in speech/voice behaviors, the types of muscle patterning for speech and voice, the brain networks involved and their regulation, and how they can be externally modulated for improving function will be addressed.

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Physiologic Studies Provide New Perspectives on Early Speech Development

Perspectives on Speech Science and Orofacial Disorders ◽

10.1044/ssod20.2.29 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 29-36

Author(s):

Erin M. Wilson ◽

Ignatius S. B. Nip

Keyword(s):

Motor Control ◽

Motor Development ◽

Motion Tracking ◽

Speech Development ◽

Speech Motor Control ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Facial Motion ◽

Disordered Speech ◽

Speech Motor ◽

Physiologic Data

Abstract Although certain speech development milestones are readily observable, the developmental course of speech motor control is largely unknown. However, recent advances in facial motion tracking systems have been used to investigate articulator movements in children and the findings from these studies are being used to further our understanding of the physiologic basis of typical and disordered speech development. Physiologic work has revealed that the emergence of speech is highly dependent on the lack of flexibility in the early oromotor system. It also has been determined that the progression of speech motor development is non-linear, a finding that has motivated researchers to investigate how variables such as oromotor control, cognition, and linguistic factors affect speech development in the form of catalysts and constraints. Physiologic data are also being used to determine if non-speech oromotor behaviors play a role in the development of speech. This improved understanding of the physiology underlying speech, as well as the factors influencing its progression, helps inform our understanding of speech motor control in children with disordered speech and provide a framework for theory-driven therapeutic approaches to treatment.

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