scholarly journals Bacterial Resistance in Ophthalmology – Resistance Profile, Influencing Factors and Prevention Methods. A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Matei POPA-CHERECHEANU ◽  
◽  
Alina POPA-CHERECHEANU ◽  
Dan George DELEANU ◽  
Mihai Aurelian GHITA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Topical Antibiotics ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Ocular Infections ◽  
Prevention Methods ◽  
New Treatments

Ocular infections vary greatly in severity. Studies have tried to identify certain patterns related to the ocular microbiome in the studied populations in order to identify risk populations, new treatments and prophylaxis guidelines. However, it is critical to determine which antibiotics should be used in various situations and where alternatives to antibiotics are appropriate. Results of many studies show that high levels of antibiotic resistance in ophthalmology and multidrug resistance continue to be a reality and a challenge today. Iodine-povidone and chlorhexidine are two major antiseptics used in ophthalmology. It is hoped that future reports show good results without the use of antibiotics will encourage ophthalmologists to limit the use of topical antibiotics, reducing the rate of antimicrobial resistance.

Recent Review on Subclass B1 Metallo-β-lactamases Inhibitors: Sword for Antimicrobial Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 756-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Kaushik ◽  
Manish Kaushik ◽  
Viney Lather ◽  
J.S. Dua
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Powerful Strategy

An emerging crisis of antibiotic resistance for microbial pathogens is alarming all the nations, posing a global threat to human health. The production of the metallo-β-lactamase enzyme is the most powerful strategy of bacteria to produce resistance. An efficient way to combat this global health threat is the development of broad/non-specific type of metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors, which can inhibit the different isoforms of the enzyme. Till date, there are no clinically active drugs against metallo- β-lactamase. The lack of efficient drug molecules against MBLs carrying bacteria requires continuous research efforts to overcome the problem of multidrug-resistance bacteria. The present review will discuss the clinically potent molecules against different variants of B1 metallo-β-lactamase.

scholarly journals The Influencing Factors of Bacterial Resistance Related to Livestock Farm: Sources and Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaixuan Guo ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Luqing Cui ◽  
Zhengzheng Cao ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Adaptive Mutation ◽  
Specific Response

Bacterial resistance is a complex scientific issue. To manage this issue, we need to deeply understand the influencing factors and mechanisms. Based on the background of livestock husbandry, this paper reviews the factors that affect the acquisition of bacterial resistance. Meanwhile, the resistance mechanism is also discussed. “Survival of the fittest” is the result of genetic plasticity of bacterial pathogens, which brings about specific response, such as producing adaptive mutation, gaining genetic material or changing gene expression. To a large extent, bacterial populations acquire resistance genes directly caused by the selective pressure of antibiotics. However, mobile resistance genes may be co-selected by other existing substances (such as heavy metals and biocides) without direct selection pressure from antibiotics. This is because the same mobile genetic elements as antibiotic resistance genes can be co-located by the resistance determinants of some of these compounds. Furthermore, environmental factors are a source of resistance gene acquisition. Here, we describe some of the key measures that should be taken to mitigate the risk of antibiotic resistance. We call on the relevant governments or organizations around the world to formulate and improve the monitoring policies of antibiotic resistance, strengthen the supervision, strengthen the international cooperation and exchange, and curb the emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains.

Surveillance and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Strains Isolated from Slaughtered Pigs in Spain

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1502-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAEL JESÚS ASTORGA MÁRQUEZ ◽  
AURORA ECHEITA SALABERRIA ◽  
ALFONSO MALDONADO GARCÍA ◽  
SILVIA VALDEZATE JIMENEZ ◽  
ALFONSO CARBONERO MARTINEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Salmonella Serotypes ◽  
Slaughtered Pigs

The prevalence of and the antibiotic resistance shown by Salmonella isolated from pigs in Andalusia (southern Spain) is reported. Salmonella enterica was recovered from 40 (33%) of 121 sampled herds, and a total of 65 isolates were serotyped. The most common Salmonella serotypes were Typhimurium and Rissen (30.7% each); others included Derby (9.2%), Brandenburg (9.2%), Newport (7.7%), Bredeney (4.6%), Anatum (3.0%), Hadar (1.5%), and Goldcoast (1.5%). One strain (1.5%) belonging to the monophasic variant of the Typhimurium serotype (Salmonella 4,5,12:i:−) was also detected. Definitive phage type (DT) 104b was the most common Typhimurium phage type isolated. These Salmonella strains were resistant to various antimicrobial agents, including tetracycline (84.6%), streptomycin (69.2%), neomycin (63.0%), sulfonamides (61.5%), ampicillin (53.8%), and amoxicillin (53.8%). All isolates were fully susceptible to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and colistin. Thirty-nine strains (64%) resistant to four or more antimicrobial agents were defined as multidrug resistant. Multidrug resistance profiles were observed in Salmonella serotypes Typhimurium, Rissen, Brandenburg, Bredeney, a monophasic variant, Gold-coast, Hadar, and Anatum, with serotypes Typhimurium and Brandenburg showing the most complicated resistance patterns (resistant to ≥11 drugs).

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Bacteria Isolated from the Nasal Cavity of Camels in Samburu, Nakuru, and Isiolo Counties of Kenya

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Mutua ◽  
C. G. Gitao ◽  
L. C. Bebora ◽  
F. K. Mutua
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Normal Flora

This study was designed to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from the nasal cavity of healthy camels. A total of 255 nasal samples (swabs) were collected in Isiolo, Samburu, and Nakuru counties, Kenya, from which 404 bacterial isolates belonging to various genera and species were recovered. The bacterial isolates included Bacillus (39.60%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (29.95%), Streptococcus species other than Streptococcus agalactiae (25.74%), coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (3.96%), and Streptococcus agalactiae (0.74%). Isolates were most susceptible to Gentamicin (95.8%), followed by Tetracycline (90.5%), Kanamycin and Chloramphenicol (each at 85.3%), Sulphamethoxazole (84.2%), Co-trimoxazole (82.1%), Ampicillin (78.9%), and finally Streptomycin (76.8%). This translated to low resistance levels. Multidrug resistance was also reported in 30.5% of the isolates tested. Even though the antibiotic resistance demonstrated in this study is low, the observation is significant, since the few resistant normal flora could be harboring resistance genes which can be transferred to pathogenic bacteria within the animal, to other animals’ bacteria and, most seriously, to human pathogens.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance

2017 ◽  
pp. E1-E3
Author(s):  
Edwin Dias ◽  
Meena Dias ◽  
Deeksha N. Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Health Threat ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Continued Use

Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is recognized by the WHO as a major health threat of the 21st century. Antimicrobial resistance threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections. Infections such as tuberculosis and septicaemia which decimated populations are once again responsible for mortality in epidemic proportions. Bacterial resistance is driven by the continued use of antimicrobials and it is unlikely that the danger of resistance can be effectively diminished by the discovery of new antimicrobials. The problem lies with the patent duration (20 years) and billion dollar investments of the pharmaceutical companies in producing a new antimicrobial. We have used, or are using, our so-called drugs of last resort. There is nothing left in the armamentarium and investments in developing new antimicrobials are missing, we are moving into the post-antimicrobial era.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance of Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus Isolates Recovered in a Veterinary University Hospital

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 752
Author(s):  
Marta Pérez-Sancho ◽  
Sergio Alvarez-Perez ◽  
Teresa Garcia-Seco ◽  
Marta Hernandez ◽  
David Rodríguez-Lázaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Species Level ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Maldi Tof ◽  
Level Identification

The Staphylococcus pseudintermedius group (SIG) is an emerging threat in veterinary medicine, particularly methicillin-resistant (MRSP) isolates, which are frequently associated with multidrug resistance. Reliable identification of SIG members is critical to establish correct antimicrobial treatments. However, information on the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of MRSP in some regions is still limited. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial resistance of SIG isolates recovered from animals at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Complutense University of Madrid (Spain) during a 10-year period (2007–2016). A total of 139 selected Staphylococcus isolates were subjected to species-level identification by different bioanalytical techniques (PCR, VITEK, MALDI-TOF) and subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Methicillin-resistant isolates (n = 20) were subjected to whole genome sequencing for further characterization of their antibiotic resistance determinants. Our results showed that there was a good correlation between PCR and MALDI-TOF identification, whereas VITEK showed very divergent results, thus confirming MALDI-TOF as a good alternative for species-level identification of coagulase-positive staphylococci. Notably, S. pseudintermedius, including the epidemic MRSP genotype ST71, was the only SIG species found among canine isolates. In addition, we found a high prevalence of multidrug resistance and resistance to fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins and macrolides. Finally, diverse genes associated with antibiotic resistance were detected among MRSP isolates, although the genetic basis of some of the resistant phenotypes (particularly to fluoroquinolones) could not be determined. In conclusion, our study reveals the circulation of MRSP in the veterinary setting in Spain, thus highlighting the emerging threat posed by this bacterial group and the need for further epidemiological surveillance.

scholarly journals Whole Genome Sequence-Based Prediction of Resistance Determinants in High-Level Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Isolates in Lithuania

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Jurgita Aksomaitiene ◽  
Aleksandr Novoslavskij ◽  
Egle Kudirkiene ◽  
Ausra Gabinaitiene ◽  
Mindaugas Malakauskas
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
High Level

Spread of antibiotic resistance via mobile genetic elements associates with transfer of genes providing resistance against multiple antibiotics. Use of various comparative genomics analysis techniques enables to find intrinsic and acquired genes associated with phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Campylobacter jejuni genome sequences with exceptionally high-level multidrug resistance. In this study, we used whole genome sequences of seven C. jejuni to identify isolate-specific genomic features associated with resistance and virulence determinants and their role in multidrug resistance (MDR). All isolates were phenotypically highly resistant to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone (MIC range from 64 to ≥256 µg/mL). Besides, two C. jejuni isolates were resistant to gentamicin, and one was resistant to erythromycin. The extensive drug-resistance profiles were confirmed for the two C. jejuni isolates assigned to ST-4447 (CC179). The most occurring genetic antimicrobial-resistance determinants were tetO, beta-lactamase, and multidrug efflux pumps. In this study, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were detected in genomic islands carrying genes that confer resistance to MDR, underline their importance for disseminating antibiotic resistance in C. jejuni. The genomic approach showed a diverse distribution of virulence markers, including both plasmids and phage sequences that serve as horizontal gene transfer tools. The study findings describe in silico prediction of AMR and virulence genetics determinants combined with phenotypic AMR detection in multidrug-resistant C. jejuni isolates from Lithuania.

scholarly journals Resistance Profile of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Bacteria using Vitek® 2 Compact Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Freshinta Jellia Wibisono ◽  
Bambang Sumiarto ◽  
Tri Untari ◽  
Mustofa Helmi Effendi ◽  
Dian Ayu Permatasari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum

This study aimed to determine the resistance profile and the nature of multidrug resistance in Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E.coli) against several classes of antibiotics. Positive isolates of ESBL-producing E.coli were tested for antibiotic sensitivity using the VITEK® 2 compact method which then analyzed automatically. The results showed an antibiotic resistance profile against ESBL-producing E.coli showed the highest level of antibiotics in beta lactam, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone at 100%. Subsequent results found a relatively high level of resistance in the antibiotics aztreonam (86.36%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (77.27%), gentamicin (72.73%), and ciprofloxacin (68.18%). Antibiotics from carbapenem groups such as ertapenem and memenem, and antibiotics from the aminoglycosides (amicasin) and tigecycline groups of tetracycline still showed a high sensitivity level of 100%. The most common resistance patterns found in ESBL-producing E.coli isolates are AM/AMP/KZ/CTX/CRO/ATM/GM/CIP as much as 22.73%, and AM/AMP/KZ/CTX/CRO/ATM/GM/CIP/SXT patterns of 18.2%. The results of multi-class antibiotic resistance showed that 86.36% had multidrug resistance. The highest multidrug resistance pattern in ESBL-producing E.coli occurred with a BL/AG/Q/SP pattern of 50%. Other patterns of multidrug resistance in ESBL-producing E.coli that can be found in this study are, the BL/AG/Q/SP pattern is 18.20%, the BL/AG/Q/SP pattern is 13.64%, and the BL/AG/Q pattern is 4.55%. The high profile of resistance and the nature of multidrug resistance in ESBL-producing E.coli has the potential to spread these resistant genes, thus risking the use of antibiotics as a public health therapy and animal health, therefore further evaluation and control are needed.

scholarly journals The antimicrobial capacity of Cistus salviifolius and Punica granatum plant extracts against clinical pathogens is related to their polyphenolic composition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Álvarez-Martínez ◽  
Juan Carlos Rodríguez ◽  
Fernando Borrás-Rocher ◽  
Enrique Barrajón-Catalán ◽  
Vicente Micol
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Quercetin Derivatives ◽  
Hydrolyzable Tannins ◽  
Polyphenolic Composition ◽  
Cell Wall Disruption ◽  
Cistus Salviifolius ◽  
Botanical Extracts

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat to human health worldwide. Plant compounds may help to overcome antibiotic resistance due to their potential resistance modifying capacity. Several botanical extracts and pure polyphenolic compounds were screened against a panel of eleven bacterial isolates with clinical relevance. The two best performing agents, Cistus salviifolius (CS) and Punica granatum (GP) extracts, were tested against 100 Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates, which resulted in average MIC50 values ranging between 50–80 µg/mL. CS extract, containing hydrolyzable tannins and flavonoids such as myricetin and quercetin derivatives, demonstrated higher activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates. GP extract, which contained mostly hydrolyzable tannins, such as punicalin and punicalagin, was more effective against methicillin-sensitive S. aureus isolates. Generalized linear model regression and multiple correspondence statistical analysis revealed a correlation between a higher susceptibility to CS extract with bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and quinolones. On the contrary, susceptibility to GP extract was related with bacteria sensitive to quinolones and oxacillin. Bacterial susceptibility to GP and CS extracts was linked to a resistance profile based on cell wall disruption mechanism. In conclusion, a differential antibacterial activity against S. aureus isolates was observed depending on antibiotic resistance profile of isolates and extract polyphenolic composition, which may lead to development of combinatorial therapies including antibiotics and botanical extracts.

Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Citrobacter freundii Isolated from the First Bethune Hospital

2011 ◽  
Vol 268-270 ◽  
pp. 1951-1953
Author(s):  
Jian Cheng Xu ◽  
Li Qiang Wang ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Qi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Citrobacter Freundii ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile ◽  
Multiple Antibiotics

Citrobacter freundii is important causes of nosocomial infections.The present study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profiles of Citrobacter freundii isolated from the First Bethune Hospital. Disk diffusion method was used to study the antimicrobial resistance. The data were analyzed by WHONET 5 software according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The majority of 432 strains of Citrobacter freundii were collected from sputum (240, 55.6%), secretions and pus (85, 19.7%), blood (58, 13.4%). All the Citrobacter freundii isolates were sensitive to imipenem and meropenem. Citrobacter freundii strains were frequently resistant to multiple antibiotics. The results suggest that surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Citrobacter freundii is necessary.

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