Lexical bundles in PhD dissertations and master theses: A comparative inquiry

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (62) (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 127-152
Author(s):  
Omid REZAIE ◽  
Mehrdad Vasheghani FARAHANI ◽  
Millad MASOOMZADEH
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formulaic Language ◽  
Lexical Bundles ◽  
Comparative Inquiry

"The objective of the current research was to analyze and compare the 4-gram lexical bundles from the three part-genre corpora. For the theoretical framework, Hyland’s (2008) taxonomy of lexical bundles was exploited. The corpus of the study consisted of 100 Master theses and PhD dissertations. The study was focused on abstract, introduction, and conclusion only and did not enter into other parts of the Master theses and PhD dissertations. The abstract part-genre contained noticeably more bundles than the other two part-genres. In addition, introduction and abstract part-genres contained the highest amount of research-oriented bundles. As far as participant-oriented bundles are concerned, it is the conclusion part that includes noticeably more of these bundles than the other two part-genres. Overall, findings of this research showed that in three major part-genres of the academically key genre of PhD dissertations and M.A. theses, i.e. abstract, introduction, and conclusion, it is the abstract that enjoys a high amount of formulaic language in the form of lexical bundles."

Geography and the Gerrymander

1918 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Major Part ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Partial Suppression ◽  
Historical Basis ◽  
The Individual

The gerrymander is an American name for a political abuse, which, though by no means exclusively American, has been most widely practiced and generally tolerated in this country. It is a device for the partial suppression of public opinion that simulates agreement with democratic institutions. The subterfuge, therefore, has no place in countries in which oligarchic control is legitimized. Nor is it suited to European conditions, because it is difficult there to shift electoral boundaries. European electoral units in large part have a clearly defined historical basis, which in turn rests upon geographic coherence. This solidarity is commonly so great that it cannot be disregarded. American political divisions on the other hand show in major part very imperfect adjustment to economic and historic conditions, largely, because many of the divisions were created in advance of such conditions. They are, in the main, not gradual growths, but deliberate and arbitrary legislative creations, made without adequate knowledge of the conditions that make for unity or disunity of population within an area. Political divisions tend, therefore, to be less significant than in European countries and to be regarded more lightly. It is in particular the smaller unit, such as the county, that has been manipulated for electoral purposes. In spite of their poorly drawn individual boundaries, groups of counties can be organized into larger electoral units in such a manner as to represent a common body of interests predominating. On the other hand they can be so arranged as to mask these interests. The lack of proper coherence in the individual county may be rectified in large measure in the group, or it may be intensified. Gerrymandering accomplishes the latter result.

scholarly journals Politeness Strategies and Maxims in English for Islamic texts: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Quran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Gittan Jewad ◽  
Zargham Ghabanchi ◽  
Mohammad Ghazanfari
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Holy Quran ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Holy Quran

This research tackles two chapters from the Holy Quran, the sura of Prophet Yusuf, and the sura of the Cave (al-Kahf) to find out whether the theories of Leech (1983) and Brown and Levinson (1987) can be applied to find out the positive and negative politeness strategies and the politeness maxims. The Leech’s model (1983) consists of six maxims, and for Brown and Levinson (1987), consists of two major politeness strategies. It consists of two principles of politeness, where one of them is positive, and the other is negative politeness. This study aims at investigating politeness strategies, and politeness principle linguistically in two Suras from the Holy Quran, how politeness strategies and politeness maxims used within the Holy Quran. This study tries to investigate the image of the main characters in the most sacred book. A qualitative approach is employed to provide interpretations of selected verses. In this paper, we will discuss the politeness strategies, positive and negative politeness strategies, and politeness maxims. The study falls into two parts. It begins briefly to overview the theoretical framework underlying politeness, in particular discussing some definitions of politeness and politeness principle and its maxims, exploring the face theory and its strategies by Brown and Levinson, and how far these strategies affect polite style then, dealing with politeness maxims by Leech. The other part displays a practical application of what has presented theoretically. Also, the researcher examined the politeness strategies, and politeness maxims of two Suras (Yusuf and Al-Kahf). Moreover, the study observed that approximately the majority of negative politeness in two suras then positive politeness, and the last one is politeness maxims.

scholarly journals ПЛАЋАЊЕ И НАГРАЂИВАЊЕ ДИПЛОМАТА ОБЛАСНИХ ГОСПОДАРА У БОСНИ PAYMENTS AND AWARDS OF DIPLOMATS OF LOCAL MAGNATES IN BOSNIA

2017 ◽  
pp. 209-235
Author(s):  
Аранђел Смиљанић
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Rural Families ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
The Social ◽  
Vertical Mobility

Апстракт: У средњовјековном друштву издијељеном на оне који владају и ратују, на оне који су потчињени и раде, и на оне који се моле, вертикалну покретљивост тешко је било остварити. Једна од оних дјелатности које су омогућавале скок на друштвеној љествици била је и дипломатија, посебно за оне који су потицали из нижих друштвених слојева. Истина, дио дипломата био је властеоског поријекла, док је други потицао из трговачких или сеоских породица, те се својим знањем и способностима уздигао до првих савјетника или сарадника обласних господара у Босни. Први су имали властите приходе са својих имања или од других послова којима су се бавили. За разлику од њих, они други су кроз бављење дипломатијом стицали највећи дио својих прихода. Кроз овај рад аутор покушава одговорити на питања да ли су ти приходи били редовни или повремени, колики су они били, какве су биле награде и дарови и колики су удио имали у укупним приходима дипломата. Највећи дио овог рада чини навођење појединих примјера из оновремених историјских извора о поклонима урученим дипломатима. Дио рада посвећен је награђивању дипломата за учињене услуге, као и обећањима да ће бити награђени ако обаве послове који иду у корист друге стране у преговорима. У посљедњем дијелу рада аутор саопштава сазнања о материјалном богатству појединих дипломата. Кључне речи: дипломати, обласни господари, Босна, Дубровник, Венеција, плаћање, дарови, награде, обећања, преговори, материјално богатство. Abstract: Vertical mobility was hard to achieve in the medieval society divided into those who ruled and participated in warfare, those who were subjugated and worked, and those who prayed. Diplomacy, particularly for those originating from lower social strata, was also one of activities that enabled a person to climb the social ladder. Truly, some diplomats were of noble origin, while some came from merchant or rural families, and with their knowledge and capabilities they rose to become the first advisers or associates of local magnates in Bosnia. The former had own income from their own estates or other activities they dealt with. In contrast to them, the latter obtained the major part of their income through diplomacy. In this paper, the author attempts to answer the questions as to whether such income was regular or occasional, to determine its amount and the types of awards and gifts, and ascertain its share in total earnings of diplomats. The major part of this paper consists of examples from the then historical sources about the gifts given to diplomats. A part of the paper examines the awards presented to diplomats for rendered services, and analyses the promises that they would be awarded if they performed activities benefiting the other negotiating party. In the final part of the paper, the author presents knowledge about the material wealth of some diplomats. Keywords: diplomats, local magnates, Bosnia, Dubrovnik, Venice, payments, gifts, awards, promises, negotiations, material wealth.

scholarly journals Transnational Spaces of Identity Recognition in Jhumpa Lahiri’s "Interpreter of Maladies"

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Jesús Escobar Sevilla
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Identity Negotiation ◽  
Third Space ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Hybridity ◽  
Literature Discussion ◽  
Identity Recognition ◽  
Introductory Note

The object of this study is to explore the relation between identity and space in Jhumpa Lahiri’s collection of short stories Interpreter of Maladies (1999). I will gauge how subjects adjust to their environments and to which means they resort to conserve, negate meaning. It appears that through the perusal of border consciousness subjects negotiate their identities, which leads them to understand the Other and, by extension, themselves. In fact, as the sense of belonging operates on the multi-layered and deterritorialised location of home, I will thus illustrate that whilst some subjects are hindered by forces of dislocation, cultural hybridity, others reassert a sense of transnational belonging in a third space. I shall include an introductory note on the theoretical framework and a section on food adding to the more detailed literature discussion of identity negotiation at stake.

scholarly journals Study of the Effects of Frequency on the Compression Process in Old and New Persian Dialogues in the Bybee Phonological Framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1576-1599
Author(s):  
Razieh Kashefi Khishan ◽  
Maryam Iraji
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
View Point ◽  
Compression Process ◽  
Analytical Analysis ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Conceptual Connection ◽  
Basic Entity ◽  
Library Method

The purpose of this research is an analytical analysis of the compression process (including deletion and merging) in old cinematic films compared to new cinematic films in Persian language. The old cinematic films selected for this study include two films, "Kaiser" and "Treasure of the Qaroon," and new cinematic films that examine two films," Life+1 Day "and “Lottery.” The theoretical framework has been used in Cognitive Phonology, Bybee (1999). The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical, and data collection is in library method. All the data has been pulled out from the dialouge of films, which been examined the compression process in the old and new films separately. In this research, we first examine the Utterance and discourse of the intended films in detail. At the end of the work, the elements of the Persian language are analyzed. The results indicate that the compression process in Persian language films has been araised, and in cases where more compressions have been done, their frequency has been higher. That is, in " Life+1 Day and “Lottery’s film, there are more compression processes than "Kaiser" and Treasure of the Qaroon’s film. The fact that the two categories of nouns and verbs are part of the basic entity of a phrase, such that if these categories are frequent then they are compressed or eliminated. On the other hand, the presence of an adjective, adverb, or letter to describe the replacement of noun or verb in the conceptual connection, which is sufficient to represent them, and this will support with Bybee's view point. So the compression, deleting or merging processes in data has shown less frequently.

scholarly journals THE SEMIOTICS OF BATAK TOBA SOCIETY MARRIAGE TRADITION

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pininta Veronika Silalahi
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Charles Sanders Peirce ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cultural Activities ◽  
Marriage Ceremony ◽  
The World ◽  
Triadic Relation

Marriage is one of the culture universals being that it is contracted in every society of the world, but its mode of contract varies from one society to the other. Marriage is one of life’s major passages, one of the most profound rites of passage that a person or a couple can experience. In many cultures, marriage is generally made known to the public through marriage ceremony. This paper unravels the semiotics of a marriage tradition in Batak Toba Society. Batak Toba is one of the ethnic groups of Batak society, which is still doing wedding tradition as one of its cultural activities. The theoretical framework applied is the conception of signs by Charles Sanders Peirce. According to Peirce, ‘meaning’ is a triadic relation between a sign, an object, and an interpretant. There are three types of signs: icon, index and symbol. This work will reveal the meaning of icons, indexes and symbols in the marriage tradition.

Does the presence of formulaic language help or hinder second language listeners’ lower-level processing?

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Yeldham
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Formulaic Language ◽  
Text Difficulty ◽  
Proficiency Level ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
L2 Listening ◽  
The One

This study examined the influence of formulaic language on second language (L2) listeners’ lower-level processing, in terms of their ability to accurately identify the words in texts. On the one hand, there were reasons for expecting the presence of the formulas to advantage the learners, because the learners would process these formulaic words more holistically than the surrounding non-formulaic words. On the other hand, though, because formulas are commonly uttered in more reduced fashion than their surrounding non-formulaic words – and L2 learners commonly face challenges understanding reduced speech – it was possible that the formulas would negatively impact the learners’ processing. The participants listened to four texts, which were paused intermittently for them to transcribe the final stretch of words they had heard prior to each pause. The researcher had previously categorized these words as being part of formulas or non-formulas through corpus analysis. By comparing the listeners’ identification of the formulaic and the non-formulaic language, the study found that formulaic language facilitated their lower-level listening. This degree of advantage, however, varied across text difficulty level and listener proficiency level. Based on the findings, implications for L2 listening instruction are discussed.

Intercultural Tensions and Creativity in Music

2012 ◽  
pp. 353-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Saether ◽  
Alagi Mbye ◽  
Reza Shayesteh
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Music Teacher ◽  
Course Development ◽  
Music Teacher Education ◽  
Music School

This article examines the role of creativity in the Iranian-Swedish association music school in Malmö and Maali's Music School in Gambia. Section 1 outlines the theoretical framework which combines Vygotsky's theories of creativity with current discussions in ethnomusicology on the value and nature of cultural meetings. Section 2 presents an overview of how the concept of the Other has been used in the present study, in seeking insights from the epistemology of non-Western cultures. Section 3 describes how creativity is conceived and practised in the Gambian and Persian/Swedish examples. Section 4 describes the approach used in course development for music teacher education, while Section 5 presents a summary of key principles and approaches.

The Incomplete Circle: Dialectics of Social Structure and Theological Conviction for Greater Unification in the DRC Family (1994–2016)

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Johannes Grove
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dutch Reformed ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
Cornel West ◽  
Dutch Reformed Church

This essay proposes that despite an ingrained awareness in the Uniting Reformed Church and the other members of the Dutch Reformed Church family that church division was born from socio-political and theological factors, the orientation of all parties to the unification process was to prioritise the theological conviction side and downplay the socio-political, allowing it to function surreptitiously and essentially undermining the possibilities for greater progress. This essay will highlight the discourse of church assemblies indicating the trends and arguments relating to unification. It will secondly draw on the reflections of the Afro-American philosopher Cornel West to cast light on the tasks of any church unification process that strive to enhance both reconciliation and transformation. In the light of the theoretical framework of West, it will proceed to posit certain tasks that the unification process must address in order to make any sustained progress.  

The Influence of Biased Tax Research Memoranda on Supervisors' Initial Judgments in the Review Process

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Barrick ◽  
C. Bryan Cloyd ◽  
Brian C. Spilker
Keyword(s):  
Review Process ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Tax Professionals ◽  
Realistic Possibility ◽  
Client Advocacy ◽  
Tax Research ◽  
Staff Level

This study experimentally investigates the effects of confirmation bias underlying staff-level tax research on supervisors' initial assessments and recommendations made during the review process for tax research memoranda. The theoretical framework underlying our hypotheses posits that tax professionals strive to make recommendations that meet both accuracy and advocacy objectives. Participants in our study addressed a client scenario in which both objectives could not be met because the client-preferred position did not have a “realistic possibility” of being successfully defended on its merits. In this context, we find that supervisors are more persuaded by an unbiased memo correctly concluding that the client-preferred position is not appropriate than by a biased memo reaching the same conclusion. This result suggests that when tax research memoranda are not consistent with the client advocacy objective, professionals are more persuaded by memoranda that fulfill their accuracy objective. On the other hand, we also find that supervisors are more persuaded by a biased memo incorrectly concluding in favor of the client's preferred position than by a biased memo correctly concluding that the client-preferred position is inappropriate. This result suggests that, when neither memorandum meets the accuracy objective, supervisors are more persuaded by memoranda that offer encouragement that their advocacy objective might be met than by those that do not. Finally, results also indicate that supervisors act to correct confirmation bias by requesting more rework of staff who prepare biased memos than of staff who prepare unbiased memos.

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