scholarly journals The Permitting and Completion of Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs) in Santa Clara County to Satisfy the Regional Housing Needs Allocation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phuong Pham
Keyword(s):  
Santa Clara County ◽  
Accessory Dwelling Units ◽  
Housing Needs

scholarly journals Assessment of Zero Energy Prefabricated Accessory Dwelling Units in Support of New Zealand Housing Needs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Milad Moradibistouni
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Older People ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Accessory Dwelling Units ◽  
Housing Needs

<p>Problem statement: The demographics of New Zealand are changing and the country is getting older. The literature shows the housing needs of older people are different, and that many would prefer to stay in their existing neighbourhood and age in place. In addition to the shortage of houses, low residential densities, the fast growth of land and house costs over income, and an aging population are all current issues in New Zealand housing. Projections also show the shortage of energy resources and environmental pollution will affect the future of housing, as the housing industry is responsible for over one-third of global energy use and CO₂ emissions.  Aim of the research: This thesis aims to design and evaluate the practicality and efficiency of a prefabricated Accessory Dwelling Units (ADU) as a partial response to New Zealand housing needs. Prefabrication was selected as the method of construction as it has been claimed to be more efficient in terms of energy and material use, as well as leading to a shorter construction time and lower environmental impacts. The use of ADUs could increase residential density and add to the housing stock by using existing developed land and infrastructure. ADUs also offer smaller houses within the existing social context, which the literature suggests is the main housing requirement of older people. As a result, the ADU in this research was designed to suit older residents, whilst recognising that it would also be suitable for small households of all ages.  Methodology: This research used design as a tool with which to explore the potential of prefabricated ADUs as a contribution to New Zealand housing needs. The design was then tested against housing needs by using Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). This part of the research was conducted in the three phases of life-cycle energy, life-cycle cost, and life cycle CO₂ emissions of the ADU as designed.  Results: While the transport limitations pushed the design to be narrow (the maximum allowed load width was 2.55m), the Lifemark accessibility standard asked for doors, corridors, and spaces wide enough to ease the movement of disabled people. Despite these difficulties, it was possible to design an ADU which could be manufactured in New Zealand and transported anywhere in the country without any need for over-dimension load permissions. However, the analysis in the last phase, looking at the ADU during its life span, showed there was no substantial difference between its performance and that traditionally made houses. The results of the analysis suggest that, despite the importance of the construction method, the building energy efficiency, CO₂ emissions and cost, the environmental impact of a house is more dependent on the choice of materials than the method of making it.  Future research: The results suggest the importance of further investigation into the choice of materials used to make residential buildings and the effect such choices have on life-cycle impact. There is also a need to seek feedback on the ADU as designed from both potential users and potential manufacturers.</p>

scholarly journals Assessment of Zero Energy Prefabricated Accessory Dwelling Units in Support of New Zealand Housing Needs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Milad Moradibistouni
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Older People ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Accessory Dwelling Units ◽  
Housing Needs

<p>Problem statement: The demographics of New Zealand are changing and the country is getting older. The literature shows the housing needs of older people are different, and that many would prefer to stay in their existing neighbourhood and age in place. In addition to the shortage of houses, low residential densities, the fast growth of land and house costs over income, and an aging population are all current issues in New Zealand housing. Projections also show the shortage of energy resources and environmental pollution will affect the future of housing, as the housing industry is responsible for over one-third of global energy use and CO₂ emissions.  Aim of the research: This thesis aims to design and evaluate the practicality and efficiency of a prefabricated Accessory Dwelling Units (ADU) as a partial response to New Zealand housing needs. Prefabrication was selected as the method of construction as it has been claimed to be more efficient in terms of energy and material use, as well as leading to a shorter construction time and lower environmental impacts. The use of ADUs could increase residential density and add to the housing stock by using existing developed land and infrastructure. ADUs also offer smaller houses within the existing social context, which the literature suggests is the main housing requirement of older people. As a result, the ADU in this research was designed to suit older residents, whilst recognising that it would also be suitable for small households of all ages.  Methodology: This research used design as a tool with which to explore the potential of prefabricated ADUs as a contribution to New Zealand housing needs. The design was then tested against housing needs by using Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). This part of the research was conducted in the three phases of life-cycle energy, life-cycle cost, and life cycle CO₂ emissions of the ADU as designed.  Results: While the transport limitations pushed the design to be narrow (the maximum allowed load width was 2.55m), the Lifemark accessibility standard asked for doors, corridors, and spaces wide enough to ease the movement of disabled people. Despite these difficulties, it was possible to design an ADU which could be manufactured in New Zealand and transported anywhere in the country without any need for over-dimension load permissions. However, the analysis in the last phase, looking at the ADU during its life span, showed there was no substantial difference between its performance and that traditionally made houses. The results of the analysis suggest that, despite the importance of the construction method, the building energy efficiency, CO₂ emissions and cost, the environmental impact of a house is more dependent on the choice of materials than the method of making it.  Future research: The results suggest the importance of further investigation into the choice of materials used to make residential buildings and the effect such choices have on life-cycle impact. There is also a need to seek feedback on the ADU as designed from both potential users and potential manufacturers.</p>

scholarly journals Accessory Dwelling Units as Low-Income Housing: California’s Faustian Bargain

Urban Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Darrel Ramsey-Musolf
Keyword(s):  
Random Sample ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Effective Period ◽  
Accessory Dwelling Units ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
The City ◽  
Low Income Housing

In 2003, California allowed cities to count accessory dwelling units (ADU) towards low-income housing needs. Unless a city’s zoning code regulates the ADU’s maximum rent, occupancy income, and/or effective period, then the city may be unable to enforce low-income occupancy. After examining a stratified random sample of 57 low-, moderate-, and high-income cities, the high-income cities must proportionately accommodate more low-income needs than low-income cities. By contrast, low-income cities must quantitatively accommodate three times the low-income needs of high-income cities. The sample counted 750 potential ADUs as low-income housing. Even though 759 were constructed, no units were identified as available low-income housing. In addition, none of the cities’ zoning codes enforced low-income occupancy. Inferential tests determined that cities with colleges and high incomes were more probable to count ADUs towards overall and low-income housing needs. Furthermore, a city’s count of potential ADUs and cities with high proportions of renters maintained positive associations with ADU production, whereas a city’s density and prior compliance with state housing laws maintained negative associations. In summary, ADUs did increase local housing inventory and potential ADUs were positively associated with ADU production, but ADUs as low-income housing remained a paper calculation.

Squatting: The Fight for Decent Shelter, 1970s–1980s

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-50
Author(s):  
John Marsland
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

During the twenty years after the Second World War, housing began to be seen as a basic right among many in the west, and the British welfare state included many policies and provisions to provide decent shelter for its citizens. This article focuses on the period circa 1968–85, because this was a time in England when the lack of affordable, secure-tenured housing reached a crisis level at the same time that central and local governmental housing policies received wider scrutiny for their ineffectiveness. My argument is that despite post-war laws and rhetoric, many Britons lived through a housing disaster and for many the most rational way they could solve their housing needs was to exploit loopholes in the law (as well as to break them out right). While the main focus of the article is on young British squatters, there is scope for transnational comparison. Squatters in other parts of the world looked to their example to address the housing needs in their own countries, especially as privatization of public services spread globally in the 1980s and 1990s. Dutch, Spanish, German and American squatters were involved in a symbiotic exchange of ideas and sometimes people with the British squatters and each other, and practices and rhetoric from one place were quickly adopted or rejected based on the success or failure in each place.

Quaternary geologic map of the San Jose East Quadrangle, Santa Clara County, California

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.J. Helley ◽  
J.R. Wesling
Keyword(s):  
San Jose ◽  
Santa Clara County ◽  
Geologic Map

scholarly journals Effects of B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 on COVID-19 Dynamics: A Campus Reopening Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Linka ◽  
Mathias Peirlinck ◽  
Amelie Schäfer ◽  
Oguz Ziya Tikenogullari ◽  
Alain Goriely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Seir Model ◽  
Population Mixing ◽  
Santa Clara County ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Local Reproduction

AbstractThe timing and sequence of safe campus reopening has remained the most controversial topic in higher education since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. By the end of March 2020, almost all colleges and universities in the United States had transitioned to an all online education and many institutions have not yet fully reopened to date. For a residential campus like Stanford University, the major challenge of reopening is to estimate the number of incoming infectious students at the first day of class. Here we learn the number of incoming infectious students using Bayesian inference and perform a series of retrospective and projective simulations to quantify the risk of campus reopening. We create a physics-based probabilistic model to infer the local reproduction dynamics for each state and adopt a network SEIR model to simulate the return of all undergraduates, broken down by their year of enrollment and state of origin. From these returning student populations, we predict the outbreak dynamics throughout the spring, summer, fall, and winter quarters using the inferred reproduction dynamics of Santa Clara County. We compare three different scenarios: the true outbreak dynamics under the wild-type SARS-CoV-2, and the hypothetical outbreak dynamics under the new COVID-19 variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 with 56% and 50% increased transmissibility. Our study reveals that even small changes in transmissibility can have an enormous impact on the overall case numbers. With no additional countermeasures, during the most affected quarter, the fall of 2020, there would have been 203 cases under baseline reproduction, compared to 4727 and 4256 cases for the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. Our results suggest that population mixing presents an increased risk for local outbreaks, especially with new and more infectious variants emerging across the globe. Tight outbreak control through mandatory quarantine and test-trace-isolate strategies will be critical in successfully managing these local outbreak dynamics.

Lead Hot Zones and Childhood Lead Poisoning Cases, Santa Clara County, California, 1995

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-12
Author(s):  
Su-Lin Wilkinson ◽  
Jeanne G. Gobalet ◽  
Marcia Majoros ◽  
Bernie Zebrowski ◽  
Guadalupe S. Olivas
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Childhood Lead Poisoning ◽  
Santa Clara County

Underlying Determinants of Housing Location: a Case Study from Swaziland

1973 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Lea
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Industrial Location ◽  
Remedial Measures ◽  
National Plan ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
Short Term Effects

It is a comparatively recent development that places housing not only as one of the main targets in the national plan, but also as a vital means of achieving other social and economic objectives.1 Admirable though this may be, a number of difficulties can arise in practice, particularly with regard to the question of new housing where many dwellings may be on unsuitable sites and require relocation or extensive redevelopment. The point is that remedial measures are likely to have only short-term effects, unless several underlying – and often conflicting – variables are taken into account. Four such variables have assumed importance in the planning for future housing needs in the Greater Manzini Area of Swaziland, and it is the purpose of this article to illustrate how policies relating to industrial location, urban growth, and housing, interact with the tenurial system in force.

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