scholarly journals The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation to evaluate cortical excitability of lower limb musculature: Challenges and opportunities

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trisha M. Kesar ◽  
James W. Stinear ◽  
Steven L. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Limb Musculature ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

Abstract #80: Assessment of cortical excitability with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in patients with brain tumor

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. e28
Author(s):  
Cintya Hayashi ◽  
Iuri S. Nevile ◽  
Cesar C. Almeida ◽  
Priscila Rodrigues ◽  
Ricardo RG. Galhardoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cortical Excitability

scholarly journals Motor disability in patients with multiple sclerosis: transcranial magnetic stimulation study

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anssam Bassem Mohy ◽  
Aqeel Kareem Hatem ◽  
Hussein Ghani Kadoori ◽  
Farqad Bader Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Evoked Potential ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Conduction Time ◽  
Motor Disability

Abstract Background Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive procedure used in a small targeted region of the brain via electromagnetic induction and used diagnostically to measure the connection between the central nervous system (CNS) and skeletal muscle to evaluate the damage that occurs in MS. Objectives The study aims to investigate whether single-pulse TMS measures differ between patients with MS and healthy controls and to consider if these measures are associated with clinical disability. Patients and methods Single-pulse TMS was performed in 26 patients with MS who hand an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score between 0 and 9.5 and in 26 normal subjects. Different TMS parameters from upper and lower limbs were investigated. Results TMS disclosed no difference in all MEP parameters between the right and left side of the upper and lower limbs in patients with MS and controls. In all patients, TMS parameters were different from the control group. Upper limb central motor conduction time (CMCT) was prolonged in MS patients with pyramidal signs. Upper and lower limb CMCT and CMCT-f wave (CMCT-f) were prolonged in patients with ataxia. Moreover, CMCT and CMCT-f were prolonged in MS patients with EDSS of 5–9.5 as compared to those with a score of 0–4.5. EDSS correlated with upper and lower limb cortical latency (CL), CMCT, and CMCT-f whereas motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude not. Conclusion TMS yields objective data to evaluate clinical disability and its parameters correlated well with EDSS.

scholarly journals Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Tool to Investigate Motor Cortex Excitability in Sport

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
Fiorenzo Moscatelli ◽  
Antonietta Messina ◽  
Anna Valenzano ◽  
Vincenzo Monda ◽  
Monica Salerno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, since its introduction in 1985, has brought important innovations to the study of cortical excitability as it is a non-invasive method and, therefore, can be used both in healthy and sick subjects. Since the introduction of this cortical stimulation technique, it has been possible to deepen the neurophysiological aspects of motor activation and control. In this narrative review, we want to provide a brief overview regarding TMS as a tool to investigate changes in cortex excitability in athletes and highlight how this tool can be used to investigate the acute and chronic responses of the motor cortex in sport science. The parameters that could be used for the evaluation of cortical excitability and the relative relationship with motor coordination and muscle fatigue, will be also analyzed. Repetitive physical training is generally considered as a principal strategy for acquiring a motor skill, and this process can elicit cortical motor representational changes referred to as use-dependent plasticity. In training settings, physical practice combined with the observation of target movements can enhance cortical excitability and facilitate the process of learning. The data to date suggest that TMS is a valid technique to investigate the changes in motor cortex excitability in trained and untrained subjects. Recently, interest in the possible ergogenic effect of non-invasive brain stimulation in sport is growing and therefore in the future it could be useful to conduct new experiments to evaluate the impact on learning and motor performance of these techniques.

Low frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in subacute ischemic stroke: Number of sessions that altered cortical excitability

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-434
Author(s):  
Mohammed S. El-Tamawy ◽  
Moshera H. Darwish ◽  
Saly H. Elkholy ◽  
Engy BadrEldin S. Moustafa ◽  
Shimaa T. Abulkassem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Physical Therapy ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Cortical Reorganization ◽  
Therapy Program ◽  
Physical Therapy Program

BACKGROUND: Cortical reorganization between both cerebral hemispheres plays an important role in regaining the affected upper extremity motor function post-stroke. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the recommended number of contra-lesion low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) sessions that could enhance cortical reorganization post-stroke. METHODS: Forty patients with right hemiparetic subacute ischemic stroke with an age range between 50–65 yrs were randomly assigned into two equal groups: control (GA) and study (GB) groups. Both groups were treated with a selected physical therapy program for the upper limb. Sham and real contra-lesion LF-rTMS was conducted for both groups daily for two consecutive weeks. Sequential changes of cortical excitability were calculated by the end of each session. RESULTS: The significant enhancement in the cortical excitability was observed at the fourth session in favor of the study group (GB). Sequential rate of change in cortical excitability was significant for the first eight sessions. From the ninth session onwards, no difference could be detected between groups. CONCLUSION: The pattern of recovery after stroke is extensive and not all factors could be controlled. Application of LF-rTMS in conjugation with a selected physical therapy program for the upper limb from four to eight sessions seems to be efficient.

A commonSCN1Asplice-site polymorphism modifies the effect of carbamazepine on cortical excitability-A pharmacogenetic transcranial magnetic stimulation study

Epilepsia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Menzler ◽  
Anke Hermsen ◽  
Katharina Balkenhol ◽  
Caroline Duddek ◽  
Hannes Bugiel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cortical Excitability

Neurochemical profiles of the anterior temporal lobe predict response of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on semantic processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
JeYoung Jung ◽  
Stephen Williams ◽  
Faezeh Sanae Nezhad ◽  
Matthew Lambon Ralph
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Anterior Temporal Lobe ◽  
Neurochemical Profiles

Abstract The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can vary considerably across individuals, but the reasons for this still remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether the response to continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) – an effective protocol for decreasing cortical excitability – related to individual differences in glutamate and GABA neurotransmission. We applied cTBS over the anterior temporal lobe (ATL), a hub for semantic representation, to explore the relationship between the baseline neurochemical profiles in this region and the response to this stimulation. Our experiments revealed that non-responders (subjects who did not show an inhibitory effect of cTBS on subsequent semantic performance) had higher excitatory-inhibitory balance (glutamate + glutamine/GABA ratio) in the ATL, which led to up-regulated task-induced regional activity as well as increased ATL-connectivity with other semantic regions compared to responders. These results disclose that the baseline neurochemical state of a cortical region can be a significant factor in predicting responses to cTBS.

Mechanisms involved in neuroprotective effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Caballero-Villarraso ◽  
Francisco Javier Medina ◽  
Begoña M. Escribano ◽  
Eduardo Agüera ◽  
Abel Santamaría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Paradoxical Response ◽  
Molecular Events

: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used in neurophysiology to study cortical excitability. Research over the last few decades has highlighted its additional value as a potential therapeutic tool in the treatment of a broad range of psychiatric disorders. More recently, a number of studies have reported beneficial and therapeutic effects for TMS in neurodegenerative conditions and strokes. Yet despite its recognised clinical applications and despite considerable research using animal models, the molecular and physiological mechanisms through which TMS exerts its beneficial and therapeutic effects remain unclear. They are thought to involve biochemical-molecular events affecting membrane potential and gene expression. In this aspect, the dopaminergic system plays a special role. This is the most directly and selectively modulated neurotransmitter system, producing an increase in the flux of dopamine (DA) in various areas of the brain after the application of repetitive TMS (rTMS). Other neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have shown a paradoxical response to rTMS. In this way, their levels increased in the hippocampus and striatum but decreased in the hypothalamus and remained unchanged in the mesencephalon. Similarly, there are sufficient evidences that TMS up-regulates the gene expression of BDNF (one of the main brain neurotrophins). Something similar occurs with the expression of genes such as c-Fos and zif268 that encode trophic and regenerative action neuropeptides. Consequently, the application of TMS can promote the release of molecules involved in neuronal genesis and maintenance. This capacity may mean that TMS becomes a useful therapeutic resource to antagonize processes that underlie the previously mentioned neurodegenerative conditions.

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