Direct ammonia fueled solid oxide fuel cells: A comprehensive review on challenges, opportunities and future outlooks

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molla Asmare ◽  
Mustafa Ilbas
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Green Fuel

Nowadays, the most decisive challenges we are fronting are perfectly clean energy making for equitable and sustainable modern energy access, and battling the emerging alteration of the climate. This is because, carbon-rich fuels are the fundamental supply of utilized energy for strengthening human society, and it will be sustained in the near future. In connection with this, electrochemical technologies are an emerging and domineering tool for efficiently transforming the existing scarce fossil fuels and renewable energy sources into electric power with a trivial environmental impact. Compared with conventional power generation technologies, SOFC that operate at high temperature is emerging as a frontrunner to convert the fuels chemical energy into electric power and permits the deployment of varieties of fuels with negligible ecological destructions. According to this critical review, direct ammonia is obtained as a primary possible choice and price-effective green fuel for T-SOFCs. This is because T-SOFCs have higher volumetric power density, mechanically stable, and high thermal shocking resistance. Also, there is no sealing issue problem which is the chronic issues of the planar one. As a result, the toxicity of ammonia to use as a fuel is minimized if there may be a leakage during operation. It is portable and manageable that can be work everywhere when there is energy demand. Besides, manufacturing, onboard hydrogen deposition, and transportation infrastructure connected snags of hydrogen will be solved using ammonia. Ammonia is a low-priced carbon-neutral source of energy and has more stored volumetric energy compared with hydrogen. Yet, to utilize direct NH3 as a means of hydrogen carrier and an alternative green fuel in T-SOFCs practically determining the optimum operating temperatures, reactant flow rates, electrode porosities, pressure, the position of the anode, thickness and diameters of the tube are still requiring further improvement. Therefore, mathematical modeling ought to be developed to determine these parameters before planning for experimental work. Also, a performance comparison of AS, ES, and CS- T-SOFC powered with direct NH3 will be investigated and best-performed support will be carefully chosen for practical implementation and an experimental study will be conducted for verification based on optimum parameter values obtained from numerical modeling.

Clean power in water supply systems as a sustainable solution: from planning to practical implementation

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Ramos ◽  
M. Mello ◽  
P. K. De
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Engineering Project ◽  
Pipe System ◽  
System Pressure ◽  
Supply Systems

Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources have drawn a greater attention by EU, in particular for climate change policies as it can substantially cut down CO2 emissions to meet EU environmental obligations. It is well established that in drinking pipe systems Pressure Reducing Valves (PRV) are used as a mean for excess energy dissipation for the purpose of pressure control. This type of solution can be adopted, as a mitigation method to control the system losses, in particular, the available overload, which must have to be dissipated to avoid leakage or rupture occurrence in the pipe system. The use of micro-hydro systems seems to provide a better approach as a sustainable solution in terms of controlling the system pressure as well as to provide a non-negligible income by producing clean energy. Computational simulations, experimental research and engineering project development are carried out to analyse and compare the hydraulic system behaviour between a PRV and a pump working as a turbine (PT). This research creates an important challenge for seasonal stabilization of the energy supply by using water supply systems, due to the stochastic nature of river-hydro resources.

scholarly journals RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE EAST

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-80
Author(s):  
O. A. Pryiatelchuk ◽  
◽  
Sara Amirabbas ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Energy Policies ◽  
Renewable Energy Technologies ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Rich Countries

Improving energy efficiency is one of the main ways to reduce energy pollution that leads to economic development, increasing energy access and better life. That can result in reducing fossil fuel use and growing clean energy supplies. The Gulf countries have as many renewable resources as hydrocarbons like sunshine, considerable wind resources, and geothermal. The economy of the Middle east deeplydepends on fossil fuel export. Declining fossil fuel supplies and rising energy prices are driving global energy supplies to renewables energies. Although the Middle East region, due to its special geographical features, has significant potential for the growth of renewable energy sources, they have not been developed yet. It overviews the energy situation and sustainability, economic potential of renewable energy, policies for energy systems over the recent decades in six resource-rich countries in the middle east. In addition, along with renewable energy technologies, possible ways to solve current environmental problems are recognized. The methodology of this work is PESTLE analysis of these countries' energy status to develop a long-term mechanism for sustainable and secure energy for the Middle East based on Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Environmental. Also, it identifies challenges that restrict the development of renewable energy technologies in the Middle East. By analyzing the status of energy in recent decades, the importance of implementation of effective energy policies to develop sustainable energy can be realized. Key words: energy source, sustainable future, renewable, effective policy, resource-rich countries.

The Parameter Analysis and Performance Comparison of Solar Air Collector

2012 ◽  
Vol 209-211 ◽  
pp. 1814-1819
Author(s):  
Shui Lian Li ◽  
Xin Li Wei
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
The Social ◽  
Solar Air Collector ◽  
And Performance

With the social progress and the development of the world economy, the contradiction between energy demand and supply is increasingly outstanding，so saving energy is the important task which the human are facing. Solar energy as a renewable clean energy is one of the potential energy applying on buildings. This article analyzes the geometric parameters of the solar air collector and summarizes the baffle types of the solar air collector and puts forward to methods improving the efficiency of solar air collector.

Thin Film Solar Cell: Characteristics and Characterizations

2015 ◽  
Vol 1116 ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Kamal Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Thin Film Solar Cell ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Human Society

In recent decades, due to some urgent and unavoidable issues, such as increasing energy demand, climate change, global warming, etc., the R&D of renewable energies have become inevitable to pave way the sustainable development of human society. In this regard, solar power is widely considered as the most appealing clean energy since there is no other one being as abundant as the sun. The amount of solar energy reaching our earth within one hour equals to the total annual energy need of all of humankind. Since the energy resources on Earth are being exhausted, solar energy have to serve as the main energy source in coming century and beyond. The photovoltaic solar cells developed so far have been based on silicon wafers, with this dominance likely to continue well into the future. The surge in manufacturing volume as well as emerging technologies over the last decade has resulted in greatly decreased costs. Therefore, several companies are now well below the USD 1 W−1 module manufacturing cost benchmark that was once regarded as the lowest possible with this technology. Thin-film silicon, such as hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si), microcrystalline silicon (mc-Si) and related alloys, are promising materials for very low-cost solar cells. Here in this article, a brief description of thin film solar cell technologies followed by deferent state-of-art tools used for characterizing such solar cells are explored. Since characteristics of thin-film solar cells are the main ingredient in defining efficiency, the inherent properties are also mentioned alongside the characterizations.

Performance Characteristics of Vertical-Axis Off-Shore Savonius Wind and Savonius Hydrokinetic Turbines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parag K. Talukdar ◽  
Vinayak Kulkarni ◽  
Ujjwal K. Saha
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Hydrokinetic Turbines ◽  
Hydrokinetic Turbine

The rise in energy demand, climate change and depletion of fossil fuel, encourages the researchers to find a solution to the scarcity of clean energy. Therefore, the extraction of energy from renewable energy sources has become a topic of interest in the past few decades across the globe. Thus, harvesting the offshore wind and hydro energy and converting it to electrical power using various electromechanical devices has been a challenge. In this context, the vertical-axis Savonius wind and Savonius hydrokinetic turbines appear to be promising concept for energy conversion because of their good self-starting capability and simplicity in design. The present study attempts to characterize the performances of a Savonius wind turbine (SWT) and a Savonius hydrokinetic turbine (SHT) under identical input flow conditions. In order to characterize their performances, the SWT is tested in a low-speed wind tunnel with closed test section whereas the SHT is tested in an open channel flume. In each case, the torque and power coefficients are estimated at different mechanical loading conditions. It is observed that the SWT and SHT demonstrate peak power coefficients of 0.25 and 0.28 respectively for the same input power. However, the SWT is found to operate over a slightly wider range of tip-speed ratios than the SHT before the onset of stall. Finally, the computational study using ANSYS 14.5 has been carried out to evaluate the flow physics of the turbine at various azimuthal positions.

scholarly journals Renewable Energy based Green Power Generation for Rural Electrification

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3904-3911
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Matlab Simulink

A major challenge for developing countries is access to electricity in rural area for accelerating its growth. There are significant impediment from the utilities to extend either improved service to the rural user or provide extended hours of supply through conventional grid supply. In developing countries, the most significant challenges are technologies used to upgrade and methods for electrification, which results in poor reliability of supply and high distribution losses, leading to hindering both economic and social development, so energy planners have suggested a hybrid energy system for the electrification of rural areas. This study investigates green energy based integrated generation for rural loads. This proposed system can orchestrate with the grid as well as with the renewable energy-based generator. The wind energy has a natural variance, to satisfy the energy demand during the nocturnal and overcast period a complementary renewable energy generator is critical, or an energy storage mechanism is needed to meet the energy demand. This type of pooled exploitation and interconnection is used to improve the reliability and resilience of the grids. The integration of distributed and clean energy resource like wind generation will reduce fossil fuel emissions and provides electricity in areas which are limitedly served by unified electrical infrastructure. Hence, it is expected to develop/modify technologies available for harnessing renewable energy sources. A MATLAB/Simulink is used to build a model for a grid-wind based integrated generation. Results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink are a close match with a practical system.

scholarly journals Political-institutional barriers to energy access and efficiency in Tanzania: a case study of Mvomero District

Afrika Focus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felichesmi S. Lyakurwa ◽  
Eliaza Mkuna
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Major Question ◽  
Household Energy ◽  
Energy Field

Recently, energy access and efficiency have attracted much research interest due to their critical role in addressing the challenges of climate change and the country’s social and economic development. The major question in this study is whether household energy demand can be influenced by government institutions and political systems which switch their preferences towards clean energy sources including renewable energy. The analysis revealed that government agencies are not well-coordinated when dealing with energy access and efficiency issues e.g., ward and village leaders are not always in agreement and lack common understanding of issues arising out of increasing energy supply and use of energy efficient appliances. In addition, households witnessed that despite their low level of income, they would have done better in terms of accessing quality and affordable energy had they been educated or informed about the need to shift from using wood to electricity for different social and economic activities. The study recommends that universities offer training, research and consultancy in the energy field to help raise awareness among communities of costs and benefits of using clean energy sources. The results therefore, provide useful and current information to policy making and energy planning institutions on the barriers to energy access and efficiency in order to help formulate remedial action.

scholarly journals Political-institutional barriers to energy access and efficiency in Tanzania: a case study of Mvomero District

Afrika Focus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felichesmi S. Lyakurwa ◽  
Eliaza Mkuna
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Institutional Barriers ◽  
Major Question ◽  
Energy Field

Recently, energy access and efficiency have attracted much research interest due to their critical role in addressing the challenges of climate change and the country’s social and economic development. The major question in this study is whether household energy demand can be influenced by government institutions and political systems which switch their preferences towards clean energy sources including renewable energy. The analysis revealed that government agencies are not well-coordinated when dealing with energy access and efficiency issues e.g., ward and village leaders are not always in agreement and lack common understanding of issues arising out of in- creasing energy supply and use of energy efficient appliances. In addition, households witnessed that despite their low level of income, they would have done better in terms of accessing quality and affordable energy had they been educated or informed about the need to shift from using wood to electricity for different social and economic activities. The study recommends that universities offer training, research and consultancy in the energy field to help raise awareness among communities of costs and benefits of using clean energy sources. The results therefore, provide useful and current information to policy making and energy planning institutions on the barriers to energy access and efficiency in order to help formulate remedial action. Key words: political-institutional barriers, government leaders, energy access and efficiency

The Importance of Renewable Energy Systems in Meeting Rising Energy Needs of Megacities in a Sustainable Way: Case Study of Greater Cairo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Abd Alla ◽  
Vincenzo Bianco ◽  
Sofia G. Simoes
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Final Energy ◽  
Greater Cairo ◽  
Final Energy Consumption

Abstract Megacities are mainly located in developing countries and face challenges in building infrastructures to ensure modern and clean energy access to citizens while coping with lifestyle changes. This paper assesses the renewables impact on energy transition for megacities (supply and all demand sectors) using the Greater Cairo megacity as case study. The MARKAL-EFOM System (TIMES) model is applied to the Greater Cairo region to investigate how energy supply and demand will evolve till 2050, and what are the impacts in terms of final energy consumption, GHG emissions, as well as share of renewable energy sources consumption in total final energy consumption considering two different emissions mitigation caps, namely 50% and 80%. Compared to the business as usual scenario, the final energy consumption decreases of 46 PJ and 57 PJ respectively in the scenarios with the CO2 cap of 50% and 80%. Besides, the TIMES-Greater Cairo shows that the fossil free energy options are limited and thus, in order to meet the emission cap, it is necessary to deploy more energy efficient technologies than in the scenarios without the cap. Transport is the sector with the higher CO2 emissions contribution and the optimization results show that it may lower the environmental impact of 28% by 2050 with the sole deployment of more efficient technologies.

Renewable Energy Deployment in Ghana: The Hype, Hope and Reality

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64
Author(s):  
Catherine Kuamoah
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
International Development ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Formidable Challenge

Over recent years, few areas of international development research have seen as much transformation as those relating to energy access and low carbon transitions. Ghana, amongst other African economies, has seen an increase in energy demand surpassing the supply of energy in the last decade. The incorporation of the incorporation of renewable energy into the mix is, therefore, seen as a significant role in addressing the energy needs by replacing conventional fuels with clean and reliable domestic electricity with the advantage of local economic opportunities. The country has adopted the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG); SDG goal 7 targets ensuring universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services. This target presents a formidable challenge to Ghana because the country still relies mainly on non-renewable energy sources. The country has a huge potential for renewable energy that remains underexploited. This study, therefore, seeks to assess the current renewable energy resource situation, examine the trend in Ghana’s energy consumption and undertake a comprehensive review and critical evaluation of Ghana’s renewable energy drive and policies.

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