scholarly journals The log in my eye : awareness, acceptance, and correction of partisan political bias

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Samuel Glenn Baker
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Political Information ◽  
Lay Theories ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Information Control ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Political Bias ◽  
Biased Judgments ◽  
Trial Participants ◽  
Do So

People are often unaware of or under-estimate their own cognitive biases, suggesting that political bias -- measured by the influence of irrelevant political information on otherwise non-political judgments -- may be difficult to change. However, when it comes to political bias, peoples' expectation of bias (i.e., lay theories), have rarely been directly measured, despite their purported importance for judgment debiasing (Wegener and Petty, 1995). Furthermore, extant research has never directly asked people how acceptable they believe it is to make a judgment influenced by irrelevant political information. Study 1 asked participants to make a series of judgments, some more subjective (evaluating quotes) and others more objective (assessing guilt of defendant on trial). Some participants were presented with noninfluential irrelevant political information (control), while others were presented with influential irrelevant political information (e.g., Trump or Obama) for the judgments they were making. Some participants who were exposed to influential irrelevant political information were explicitly asked to not allow their judgments to be influenced by the information they were exposed to. As expected by the Flexible Correction Model (FCM), participant's lay theories (but not judgments of acceptability) guided their (mostly) successful attempt to correct for the influence of irrelevant political information, though only when evaluating quotes. When judging the guilt of a defendant on trial, participants asked to correct their judgments did so, with only an indirect influence from lay theories and judgments of acceptability. Secondary measures indicated correction instructions did not temper the desire to seek out irrelevant political information on subsequent judgments. People possess self- awareness into their own capacity to make biased judgments and often choose not to correct their judgments, despite having the ability to do so. Studies 2a and 2b replicated primary findings using online samples.

scholarly journals Providing trial results to participants in phase III pragmatic effectiveness RCTs: a scoping review

Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne Bruhn ◽  
Elle-Jay Cowan ◽  
Marion K. Campbell ◽  
Lynda Constable ◽  
Seonaidh Cotton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Future Research ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Emotional Effects ◽  
Trial Participants ◽  
Narrative Description ◽  
Do So

Abstract Background There is an ethical imperative to offer the results of trials to those who participated. Existing research highlights that less than a third of trials do so, despite the desire of participants to receive the results of the trials they participated in. This scoping review aimed to identify, collate, and describe the available evidence relating to any aspect of disseminating trial results to participants. Methods A scoping review was conducted employing a search of key databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) from January 2008 to August 2019) to identify studies that had explored any aspect of disseminating results to trial participants. The search strategy was based on that of a linked existing review. The evidence identified describes the characteristics of included studies using narrative description informed by analysis of relevant data using descriptive statistics. Results Thirty-three eligible studies, including 12,700 participants (which included patients, health care professionals, trial teams), were identified and included. Reporting of participant characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity) across the studies was poor. The majority of studies investigated dissemination of aggregate trial results. The most frequently reported mode of disseminating of results was postal. Overall, the results report that participants evaluated receipt of trial results positively, with reported benefits including improved communication, demonstration of appreciation, improved retention, and engagement in future research. However, there were also some concerns about how well the dissemination was resourced and done, worries about emotional effects on participants especially when reporting unfavourable results, and frustration about the delay between the end of the trial and receipt of results. Conclusions This scoping review has highlighted that few high-quality evaluative studies have been conducted that can provide evidence on the best ways to deliver results to trial participants. There have been relatively few qualitative studies that explore perspectives from diverse populations, and those that have been conducted are limited to a handful of clinical areas. The learning from these studies can be used as a platform for further research and to consider some core guiding principles of the opportunities and challenges when disseminating trial results to those who participated.

Relative efficiencies of alternative preference-based designs for randomised trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 3783-3803
Author(s):  
SD Walter ◽  
M Bian
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Patient Preferences ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Randomised Trials ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Relative Preference ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
Alternative Designs ◽  
Trial Participants ◽  
Do So

Recent work has shown that outcomes in clinical trials can be affected by which treatment the trial participants would select if they were allowed to do so, and if they do or do not actually receive that treatment. These influences are known as selection and preference effects, respectively. Unfortunately, they cannot be evaluated in conventional, parallel group trials because patient preferences remain unknown. However, several alternative designs have been proposed, to measure and take account of patient preferences. In this paper, we discuss three preference-based designs (the two-stage, fully randomised, and partially randomised designs). In conventional trials, only the treatment effect is estimable, while the preference-based designs have the potential to estimate some or all of the selection and preference effects. The relative efficiency of these designs is affected by several factors, including the proportion of participants who are undecided about treatments, or who are unable or unwilling to state a preference; the relative preference rate between the treatments being compared, among patients who do have a preference; and the ratio of patients randomised to each treatment. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these designs under different scenarios.

From Spectacle to Deterritorialisation: Deleuze, Debord and the Politics of Found Footage Cinema

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-78
Author(s):  
Claudio Celis Bueno
Keyword(s):  
Gilles Deleuze ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Found Footage ◽  
Society Of The Spectacle ◽  
Specific Object ◽  
Do So

The aim of this article is to explore how the differences between Guy Debord and Gilles Deleuze delineate two different interpretations of the politics of found footage cinema. To do so, the notion of cinematic interval is crucial. While Debord's practice of détournement presupposes a Hegelian-inspired notion of interval that allows for self-awareness to be achieved, Deleuze puts forth a Bergsonian concept of interval that functions as a condition of possibility for creating an ‘image of movement in itself’. To explore these two interpretations, this article uses Guy Debord's 1973 film The Society of the Spectacle as a case study. By focusing on this specific object, the two interpretations of the cinematic interval make it possible to compare two alternative ways of dealing with the representability – or unrepresentability – of capital, and hence to sketch two alternative views on the politics of found footage film practices.

scholarly journals Reframing the Purpose of Business Education: Crowding-in a Culture of Moral Self-Awareness

2020 ◽  
pp. 105649262094079
Author(s):  
Julian Friedland ◽  
Tanusree Jain
Keyword(s):  
Business Education ◽  
Business Schools ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Moral Self ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Existential Crisis ◽  
Professional Success ◽  
Purpose Of Business ◽  
Do So

Numerous high-profile ethics scandals, rising inequality, and the detrimental effects of climate change dramatically underscore the need for business schools to instill a commitment to social purpose in their students. At the same time, the rising financial burden of education, increasing competition in the education space, and overreliance on graduates’ financial success as the accepted metric of quality have reinforced an instrumentalist climate. These conflicting aims between social and financial purpose have created an existential crisis for business education. To resolve this impasse, we draw on the concept of moral self-awareness to offer a system-theoretical strategy for crowding-in a culture of ethics within business schools. We argue that to do so, business schools will need to (1) reframe the purpose of business, (2) reframe the meaning of professional success, and (3) reframe the ethos of business education itself.

scholarly journals Morocco’s External Performance: An Empirical Assessment of Export Competitiveness Determinants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Labrar ◽  
Adil Elmarhoum
Keyword(s):  
Jel Classification ◽  
Vector Error Correction Model ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Sectoral Analysis ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Export Competitiveness ◽  
Cost Competitiveness ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Do So

Abstract The objective of this article is to study the external competitiveness of Morocco. To do so, we first make a sectoral analysis of Moroccan international trade. This analysis reveals the sectors and products in which Morocco should specialize, as well as the products in which Morocco has a strong export potential. Then, we study the impact of the introduction of price and cost competitiveness indicators in the export's equations of Armington (1969). Using a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) estimated over the period 1988-2017. The principal results confirm that Moroccan external competitiveness can’t be measured only by the price factor. We also show that the competitiveness is also reflected with other factors like cost of production and quality.JEL Classification : C22, F14, F13, O55

Are Infants Altercentric? The Other and the Self in Early Social Cognition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Southgate
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Self ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Do So

From early in life, human infants appear capable of taking others’ perspectives, and can do so even when the other’s perspective conflicts with the infant’s own. Infants’ success in perspective-taking contexts implies that they are managing conflicting perspectives despite a wealth of data suggesting that doing so relies on sufficiently mature Executive Functions, and is a challenge even for adults. In a new theory, I propose that infants can take other’s perspectives because they have an altercentric bias. This bias results from a combination of the value that human cognition places on others’ attention, and an absence of a competing self-perspective, which would, in older children, create a conflict requiring resolution by Executive Functions. A self-perspective emerges with the development of cognitive self-awareness, sometime in the second year of life, at which point it leads to competition between perspectives. This theory provides a way of explaining infants’ ability to take others’ perspectives, but raises the possibility that they could do so without representing or understanding the implications of perspective for others’ mental states.

Arnolfini’s best friend

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-47
Author(s):  
Marisa Anne Bass
Keyword(s):  
Self Awareness ◽  
Traditional Art ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Best Friend ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

Jan van Eyck’s Arnolfini Portrait (1434) has been a battleground of interpretation ever since Erwin Panofsky’s landmark 1934 essay on the painting. This article does not seek to resolve the uncertainties that remain concerning the names of the portrait’s subjects or the function that it served. Instead, it proposes to understand the relationship that the painting establishes between itself and its viewers, and to do so by considering the role of the canine companion at the couple’s feet. The dog in The Arnolfini Portrait is not only fundamental to the fellowship that Van Eyck invites us to feel both with himself and with his work; the dog’s role within the picture also nuances our understanding of Van Eyck’s own self-awareness as an artist and signals an opportunity to reconsider the limitations of traditional art-historical method.

Blinding or information control in diagnosis: could it reduce errors in clinical decision-making?

Diagnosis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Lockhart ◽  
Saty Satya-Murti
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Forensic Sciences ◽  
Information Control ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Misleading Information

Abstract Background Clinical medicine has long recognized the potential for cognitive bias in the development of new treatments, and in response developed a tradition of blinding both clinicians and patients to address this specific concern. Although cognitive biases have been shown to exist which impact the accuracy of clinical diagnosis, blinding the diagnostician to potentially misleading information has received little attention as a possible solution. Recently, within the forensic sciences, the control of contextual information (i.e. information apart from the objective test results) has been studied as a technique to reduce errors. We consider the applicability of this technique to clinical medicine. Content This article briefly describes the empirical research examining cognitive biases arising from context which impact clinical diagnosis. We then review the recent awakening of forensic sciences to the serious effects of misleading information. Comparing the approaches, we discuss whether blinding to contextual information might (and in what circumstances) reduce clinical errors. Summary and outlook Substantial research indicates contextual information plays a significant role in diagnostic error and conclusions across several medical specialties. The forensic sciences may provide a useful model for the control of potentially misleading information in diagnosis. A conceptual analog of the forensic blinding process (the “agnostic” first reading) may be applicable to diagnostic investigations such as imaging, microscopic tissue examinations and waveform recognition. An “agnostic” approach, where the first reading occurs with minimal clinical referral information, but is followed by incorporation of the clinical history and reinterpretation, has the potential to reduce errors.

scholarly journals The impact of eye contact on the sense of agency

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Luis Ulloa Fulgeri ◽  
Roberta Vastano ◽  
Nathalie George ◽  
Marcel Brass
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Related Phenomenon ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Key Press ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trial Participants

Recent research suggests that eye contact can lead to enhanced self-awareness. A related phenomenon, the sense of agency deals with the notion of the self as the origin of our actions. Possible links between eye contact and agency have been so far neglected. Here, we investigated whether an implicit sense of agency could be modulated by eye gaze. We asked participants to respond (button press) to a face stimulus: looking or not at the participant (experiment 1); or displaying distinct eye gaze before or after a mask (experiment 2). After each trial, participants estimated the time between their key press and the ensuing effects. We found enhanced intentional binding for conditions that involved direct compared to averted gaze. This study supports the idea that eye contact is an important cue that affects complex cognitive processes and suggests that modulating self-processing can impact the sense of agency.

scholarly journals AVICENNA ON ANIMAL SELF-AWARENESS, COGNITION AND IDENTITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-96
Author(s):  
Ahmed Alwishah
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
Individual Identity ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Perceptual Awareness ◽  
The Third ◽  
External Objects ◽  
Do So

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive and systematic study of Avicenna's account of animal self-awareness and cognition. In the first part, I explain how, for Avicenna, in contrast to human self-awareness, animal self-awareness is taken to be indirect, mixed-up (makhlūṭ), and an intermittent awareness. In his view, animal self-awareness is provided by the faculty of estimation (wahm); hence, in the second part, I explore the cognitive role of the faculty of estimation in animals, and how that relates to self-awareness. The faculty of estimation, according to Avicenna, serves to distinguish one's body and its parts from external objects, and plays a role in connecting the self to its perceptual activities. It follows that animal self-awareness, unlike human self-awareness, is essentially connected to the body. In the third part of the paper, I show that, while Avicenna denies animals awareness of their self-awareness, he explicitly affirms that animals can grasp their individual identity, but, unlike humans, do so incidentally, as part of their perceptual awareness.

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