NeuN As a Neuronal Nuclear Antigen and Neuron Differentiation Marker

Acta Naturae ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Gusel’nikova ◽  
D. E. Korzhevskiy
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Immunocytochemical Detection ◽  
Perinuclear Cytoplasm ◽  
Diagnosis Of Cancer ◽  
Morphological Diagnosis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Differentiation Marker

The NeuN protein is localized in nuclei and perinuclear cytoplasm of most of the neurons in the central nervous system of mammals. Monoclonal antibodies to the NeuN protein have been actively used in the immunohistochemical research of neuronal differentiation to assess the functional state of neurons in norm and pathology for more than 20 years. Recently, NeuN antibodies have begun to be applied in the differential morphological diagnosis of cancer. However, the structure of the protein, which can be revealed by antibodies to NeuN, remained unknown until recently, and the functions of the protein are still not fully clear. In the present mini-review, data on NeuN accumulated so far are summarized and analyzed. Data on the structure and properties of the protein, its isoforms, intracellular localization, and hypothesized functions are reported. The application field of immunocytochemical detection of NeuN in scientific and clinical studies, as well as the difficulties in the interpretation of the obtained experimental data and their possible causes, is described in details.

scholarly journals Posture similarity index: a method to compare hand postures in synergy space

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayan Bhatt ◽  
Varadhan SKM
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Synthetic Dataset ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Task Requirements ◽  
Kinematic Synergies ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Background The human hand can perform a range of manipulation tasks, from holding a pen to holding a hammer. The central nervous system (CNS) uses different strategies in different manipulation tasks based on task requirements. Attempts to compare postures of the hand have been made for use in robotics and animation industries. In this study, we developed an index called the posture similarity index to quantify the similarity between two human hand postures. Methods Twelve right-handed volunteers performed 70 postures, and lifted and held 30 objects (total of 100 different postures, each performed five times). A 16-sensor electromagnetic tracking system captured the kinematics of individual finger phalanges (segments). We modeled the hand as a 21-DoF system and computed the corresponding joint angles. We used principal component analysis to extract kinematic synergies from this 21-DoF data. We developed a posture similarity index (PSI), that represents the similarity between posture in the synergy (Principal component) space. First, we tested the performance of this index using a synthetic dataset. After confirming that it performs well with the synthetic dataset, we used it to analyze the experimental data. Further, we used PSI to identify postures that are “representative” in the sense that they have a greater overlap (in synergy space) with a large number of postures. Results Our results confirmed that PSI is a relatively accurate index of similarity in synergy space both with synthetic data and real experimental data. Also, more special postures than common postures were found among “representative” postures. Conclusion We developed an index for comparing posture similarity in synergy space and demonstrated its utility by using synthetic dataset and experimental dataset. Besides, we found that “special” postures are actually “special” in the sense that there are more of them in the “representative” postures as identified by our posture similarity index.

Changes in Structure and Properties of Oligophenylenes under Selected External Influences

2007 ◽  
Vol 555 ◽  
pp. 509-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Radisavljević ◽  
D. Marjanović ◽  
N. Novaković ◽  
N. Ivanović
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
External Electric Field ◽  
Uniaxial Compression ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Spectroscopic Analyses

Effects induced by uniaxial compression and external electric field in P2P to P6P oligophenylene molecules are investigated by versatile calculations. In this way some useful relations between particular values of compression or field directions and intensities to specific changes in molecular structure and properties have been established, enabling estimation of possibilities for tuning the materials characteristics and their spectroscopic analyses. The results are compared to the existing experimental data and similar calculations, and some consequences for applications of oligophenylenes-based materials are discussed.

scholarly journals Locus Coeruleus Modulates Neuroinflammation in Parkinsonism and Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8630
Author(s):  
Filippo Sean Giorgi ◽  
Francesca Biagioni ◽  
Alessandro Galgani ◽  
Nicola Pavese ◽  
Gloria Lazzeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Locus Coeruleus (LC) is the main noradrenergic nucleus of the central nervous system, and its neurons widely innervate the whole brain. LC is severely degenerated both in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in Parkinson’s disease (PD), years before the onset of clinical symptoms, through mechanisms that differ among the two disorders. Several experimental studies have shown that noradrenaline modulates neuroinflammation, mainly by acting on microglia/astrocytes function. In the present review, after a brief introduction on the anatomy and physiology of LC, we provide an overview of experimental data supporting a pathogenetic role of LC degeneration in AD and PD. Then, we describe in detail experimental data, obtained in vitro and in vivo in animal models, which support a potential role of neuroinflammation in such a link, and the specific molecules (i.e., released cytokines, glial receptors, including pattern recognition receptors and others) whose expression is altered by LC degeneration and might play a key role in AD/PD pathogenesis. New imaging and biochemical tools have recently been developed in humans to estimate in vivo the integrity of LC, the degree of neuroinflammation, and pathology AD/PD biomarkers; it is auspicable that these will allow in the near future to test the existence of a link between LC-neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration directly in patients.

Osteocalcin: A Protein Hormone Connecting Metabolism, Bone and Testis Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1268-1275
Author(s):  
Luca De Toni ◽  
Kenda Jawich ◽  
Maurizio De Rocco Ponce ◽  
Andrea Di Nisio ◽  
Carlo Foresta
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Original Function ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Depressive States ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

During the last decade, the disclosure of systemic effects of osteocalcin (OCN) in its undercarboxylated form contributed to switch the concept of bone from a merely structural apparatus to a fully endocrine organ involved in the regulation of systemic functions. Since that time, the role of OCN as osteokine has been more and more widened appreciated and detailed by the major use of animal models, starting from the original function in the bone extracellular matrix as Gla-protein and spanning from the protective effects towards weight gain, insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, to the anabolic and metabolic roles in skeletal muscle, to the stimulating effects on the testis endocrine function and male fertility, to the most recent preservation from anxious and depressive states through a direct activity on the central nervous system. In this review, experimental data supporting the inter-organ communication roles of this protein are discussed, together with the available data supporting the consistency between experimental data obtained in animals and those reported in humans. In addition, a specific session has been devoted to the possible significance the OCN as a template agonist on its receptor GPRC6A, for the development of novel therapeutic and pharmacological approaches for the treatment of dismetabolic states and male infertility.

Comparative analysis of the intracellular localization of c-Myc, c-Fos, and replicative proteins during cell cycle progression

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3548-3555
Author(s):  
S Vriz ◽  
J M Lemaitre ◽  
M Leibovici ◽  
N Thierry ◽  
M Méchali
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Dna Polymerase ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Embryonic Cell ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Serum Starvation ◽  
Dna Polymerase Alpha ◽  
Serum Stimulation

In eukaryotic cells, nucleus-cytoplasm exchanges play an important role in genomic regulation. We have analyzed the localization of four nuclear antigens in different growth conditions: two replicative proteins, DNA polymerase alpha and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and two oncogenic regulatory proteins, c-Myc and c-Fos. A kinetic study of subcellular localization of these proteins has been done. In cultures in which cells were sparse, these proteins were detected in the nucleus. When proliferation was stopped by the high density of culture cells or by serum starvation, these proteins left the nucleus for the cytoplasm with different kinetics. DNA polymerase alpha is the first protein to leave the nucleus, with the PCNA protein, c-Fos, and c-Myc leaving the nucleus later. In contrast, during serum stimulation c-Fos and c-Myc relocalize into the nucleus before the replicative proteins. We also noticed that in sparse cell cultures, 10% of the cells exhibit a perinuclear staining for the DNA polymerase alpha, PCNA, and c-Myc proteins but not for c-Fos. This peculiar staining was also observed as an initial step to nuclear localization after serum stimulation and in vivo in Xenopus embryos when the G1 phase is reintroduced in the embryonic cell cycle at the mid-blastula stage. We suggest that such staining could reflect specific structures involved in the initiation of the S phase.

Multiparameter Flow Cytometric Analysis of Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System: Correlation of Nuclear Antigen p105 and DNA Content with Clinical Behavior

Neurosurgery ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Appley ◽  
Patrick L. Fitzgibbons ◽  
Parakrama T. Chandrasoma ◽  
David R. Hinton ◽  
Michael L. J. Apuzzo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Proliferative Activity ◽  
Pituitary Tumors ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Clinical Behavior ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Well Differentiated

Abstract Analysis of the DNA content of various solid tumors and hematological malignancies may provide useful prognostic information. To date, however, there has been a striking lack of correlation between DNA content in neoplasms of the central nervous system and clinical behavior. Simultaneous quantitation of DNA content and proliferation-associated nuclear antigen (p105) by flow cytometry was performed on paraffin-embedded tissues representing three major groups of central nervous system neoplasms—1) 21 astrocytic tumors, 2) 13 pituitary tumors, and 3) 19 meningiomas-and the results were correlated with clinical behavior. All 4 well-differentiated gliomas were diploid, while 3 of 9 anaplastic astrocytomas and 1 of 8 glioblastomas had a demonstrable aneuploid peak. Three of 13 pituitary tumors had an identifiable aneuploid peak, while only 2 of 19 meningiomas had an aneuploid DNA content. Cell-cycle analysis of the malignant gliomas revealed a significantly higher proliferative index (PI, %S + G2M) compared with the well-differentiated astrocytomas (P< 0.05). Within the subgroup of diploid anaplastic astrocytomas, however, extended patient survival appeared to be associated with a higher PI. For diploid pituitary adenomas, the PI was consistently lower in the 3 tumors that recurred than it was in the remaining 8 adenomas. Nuclear antigen quantitation of diploid tumors showed a wide range of p105 expression in G0G1cells, suggesting that, within each tumor, the cells are heterogeneous with respect to proliferative activity. Aneuploid nuclei of glial tumors showed enhanced expression of p105 relative to diploid cells of the same specimen. In pituitary tumors, the median G2M/G0G1fluorescence ratio for p105 was significantly higher (P< 0.05) for the 3 diploid recurrent tumors than for those that did not recur. These data support the assumption that the aggressive clinical course of malignant glial neoplasms may be related to an abnormal DNA stemline and/or an alteration in cell proliferative activity. Cell cycle analysis and measurement of p105 by this technique may provide information useful from both a prognostic standpoint and in directing adjuvant therapy.

Mechanical characterisation of an organic phantom candidate for breast tissue

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1163-1170
Author(s):  
Ana M Teixeira ◽  
Pedro Martins
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Mechanical Characterisation ◽  
Material Stiffness ◽  
Indentation Tests ◽  
Breast Tissues

The aim of this study is to analyse the mechanical properties of agarose, which can be used as a mechanical phantom for breast tissues. In general, tissue mimicking materials may be used to achieve a better understanding of the structure and properties of tissues and organs; this work shares these objectives. The phantom can be used as a tissue surrogate with realistic mechanical behaviour for biomechanical applications. To validate agarose as a suitable mechanical phantom for breast tissues, indentation tests were performed in homogeneous, rectangular agarose blocks. Blocks with different agarose concentrations were moulded and tested. An estimation of the material stiffness was then compared with experimental data on different breast tissues’ types found in literature. The phantom stiffness increased consistently with agarose concentration and stress. The results show that agarose-based mechanical phantoms of stiffer tissues require higher agarose concentrations (0.5% and 0.6%). In contrast, normal tissues can be mimicked with 0.3% and 0.4% of agarose. In addition, it was observed that preconditioning affects the mechanical properties of the gel, as it had already been shown in literature for breast tissues.

The Spread of Infection by the Ascending Lymph Stream of Nerves from Peripheral Inflammatory Foci to the Central Nervous System

1913 ◽  
Vol 59 (246) ◽  
pp. 411-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orr ◽  
Rows ◽  
Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Experimental Observation ◽  
Inflammatory Lesions ◽  
Spinal Axis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spread Of Infection

Since experimental observation has established the fact that inflammation of the central nervous system is easily induced by infection of the ascending lymph stream of nerves, it would seem that the views regarding the ætiology of inflammatory lesions of the cerebro-spinal axis must undergo considerable revision, and that an insufficient degree of importance has so far been attributed to the rôle and wide-reaching results of lymphogenous infection. That the spinal cord and brain are exposed to infection along this path cannot be doubted. This view is based upon both clinical and experimental data; and its value in connection with the elucidation of the ætiology of some nervous lesions may now receive more recognition, seeing that the range of application of the hæmatogenous theory is becoming more limited. To take one example: acute anterior poliomyelitis is no longer regarded by neurologists as a hæmatogenous infection of the spinal cord, with a special selectivity for the motor nuclei. Recent work shows conclusively that the inflammatory phenomena can only be the result of a lymphogenous infection.

scholarly journals Role of the Gut Microbiota in Ischemic Stroke

2017 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. E287-E293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Winek ◽  
Ulrich Dirnagl ◽  
Andreas Meisel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Stroke Outcome ◽  
Stroke Risk Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Immune Response

AbstractRecent studies have provided evidence for the role of the gut microbiota in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) and in the pathophysiology of its disorders, e. g. by regulation of the peripheral immune response. In this article, we discuss the importance of the gut microbiota in stroke by providing a summary of available clinical and experimental data suggesting that 1) stroke changes the gut microbiome, 2) microbiota modulates stroke outcome and 3) microbiota plays an important role in the pathogenesis of stroke (risk factors). Currently available clinical and experimental evidence suggests an important role of gut microbiota in stroke and promises clinically relevant discoveries within coming years.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document