scholarly journals Transitive Word Order in Karonese Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
Rahmawati ◽  
Mulyadi
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Complex Predicate ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Intransitive Verbs ◽  
Root Word

The research aims to look for word-formation from suffix -i and -pe and the prefix-ken. The problem of the research was whether the suffix -i and -ken and the prefix pe- can form transitive in sentences. This study used the qualitative approach. The complex predicate data were analyzed using the agih method which is part of the language itself which becomes the determining tool. This is an appropriate method of analyzing language. This study indicates that sentence formation in the Karo language initially uses the VOS word order. At the suffix-i, the transitive word order VOS is found, the suffix -ken used the VO word order and at the prefix pe- also used the VOS word order. The suffix -i was initially used with adjectives, intransitive verbs, and nouns to form a root word in the form of a locative transitive verb (referring to a place). If suffix –ken combined with a root word which is a group of adjectives, intransitive verbs, or nouns, the meaning becomes causative, making the sufferer become/do something. The prefix pe- functions to change adjectives, intransitive verbs, and nouns into transitive verbs. The derivative form produces a causative meaning.

scholarly journals ALOMORF NASALISASI DAN NASAL PENAMBAH DALAM BAHASA BIDAYUH-SOMU

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Eusabinus Bunau
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Word Analysis ◽  
Root Word

Abstract This is a research on linguistics field, that is Nasalization Process of Bidayuh-Somu language. Nasalization is is a process of affixation as one of word formation processes. The Nasalization is one of processes to derive verb, that is transitive verb. Result of the research shows, the Nasalization Process in the Bidayuh-Somu language is applied through affixation of Nasalization morpheme and its variants comprising allomorphs and homorganic nasals to root word. Analysis on structure shows, Nasalization in the Bidayuh-Somu langauge applies by replacing and/or adding root word with the allomorphs and homorganic nasals. Therefore, the Nasalization in the Bidayuh-Somu language functions both as class-maintaining and class-changing. As class-maintaining, the Nasalization is prefixed to root word that is verbal. Meanwhile as class-changing, the Nasalization in this Bidayuh-Somu language is prefixed to root word that is nominal. Besides, it was also found out that the Nasalization is functioned to derive active verb, that is transitive verb. Keywords: Nasalization Process, Morpheme and Nasalization Allomorph, Repalcive and Additive Nasalization.

scholarly journals Siladang Syntax: A Study of Grammar Typology

2021 ◽  
pp. 541-549
Author(s):  
Purwanto Siwi
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Clause Structure ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Alignment System ◽  
Verbal Predicate ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intransitive Verbs

The analysis of basic clause structures shows that clauses in Bahasa Siladang consist of verbal and non-verbal predication. The non-verbal predicate can be filled by an adjective, noun, numeral or prepositional phrase. The analysis of the argument structure shows that the intransitive predicate requires one NP argument as the only argument functioning as the grammatical subject, which can be an agent or a patient. Meanwhile, the transitive verb predicate requires two or more arguments. The presence of these arguments in the predicate in transitive sentences is mandatory. The conclusion from the analysis of the grammatical behavior in syntactic construction is that SL is a language which has a grammatical alignment system which gives the same treatment to A and S, and a different treatment to P. It can be categorized as an accusative language, marking the direct object of transitive verbs, making them different from the subject of both transitive and intransitive verbs. Keywords: clause structure, argument structure, syntactic typology

scholarly journals FENOMENA KEBAHASAAN ALQURAN (Kajian Proses Morfologis dalam Alquran Surah al-Baqarah )

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umum B. Karyanto
Keyword(s):  
Due Process ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Morphological Process ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Arabic Morphology ◽  
Intransitive Verbs ◽  
Clear Description

This study aimed to describe morphological aspects of the Arabic language contained in the Qur'an Sura al-Baqarah. They are (1) affixation which includes a prefix, an infix, a suffix, a konfiks, and a transfiks, (2) reduplication, (3) composition, (4) internal modification, (5) shortening, and (6) morphophonemic. This study aims to obtain a clear description of the changes in the shape, type, meaning, and the number of morphologically due process. The study of Arabic morphology in the Qur'an Surah al-Baqarah is the result of a review of the 286 (two hundred and eighty-six verses) which involves several processes language events. First, the process of transformation of the word, i.e, from the base to derivative and the change of word class, i.e, from verb to noun or from noun to verb. For example from morpheme فلح /falah-a/ to morpheme مفلح /mu-flih/. Morpheme فلح /falah-a/ is a verb, while the morpheme مفلح /mu-flih/ is a noun. Then, the change from noun to verb. For example morpheme ورق /waraq-un/ 'leaf' to be morpheme أورق /auraq-un/ 'leaf'. Morpheme ورق /waraq-un/ is a noun, while the morpheme أورق /auraq-un/ is a verb. Second, the process of change from intransitive verbs into transitive verbs, for example, from morphemes خرج /kharaj-a/ 'out' (intransitive verb) to أخرج /a-khraj-a/ 'eject' (transitive verb). Third, the process involves morphological types / gender of the persona/actor in a sentence, eg verbs آتب /katab-a/ 'he (the man, singularis) (has) written' must undergo a morphological process آتبت / katab-at / ' her (female, singularis) (has) written 'for the subject berkongruensi feminine type. Forth, the changes in terms of numbers, for example, from morphemes أمر / amr-un / 'issue' to be أمور /umur-un / 'issues'. Thus, it can be concluded that the Arabic morphological processes involve some processes of change, the change in shape, type, meaning, and the category of number.

scholarly journals Transitivity Alternations in North Sámi

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marit Julien
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Intransitive Verb ◽  
Common Base ◽  
Transitivity Alternations ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Intransitive Verbs

AbstractIn North Sámi, verbs that form transitivity alternation pairs are always distinguished morphologically. However, even if morphology is seen as a reflex of the syntax, the syntactic structure underlying transitive and intransitive verbs in North Sámi cannot be directly read off from the morphology. Since the verbalisers have vocalic phonological realisations with some roots but consonantal realisations with others, and since consonantal realisations give the verb an additional syllable, one can get the impression that in some transitivity alternation pairs the transitive verb is derived from the intransitive verb, whereas in other pairs it is the other way round, and that in still other pairs both verbs are derived from a common base. On closer inspection it nevertheless appears that while in some cases the transitive verb is actually formed from the intransitive verb by causativisation, in other cases the transitive verb differs from its intransitive counterpart only in involving a Voice head. In addition, the language has a type of intransitive verb that are marked anticausatives, meaning that they have an expletive Voice head. The main difference between these verbs and the corresponding transitive verbs is the properties of Voice.

scholarly journals PERSPEKTIF MORFOLOGI DERIVASIONAL DAN INFLEKSIONAL PADA VERBA BERAFIKS BAHASA INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ermanto Ermanto
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
The World ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Intransitive Verbs ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
Derivation Process

In many languages in the world, there are two tendencies of word formation: (1) word formation which changes the lexical identity (derivation), and (2) word formation which keeps the lexical identity (inflection). The morphology process in verbs in Indonesian is divided into affixational derivation, inflectional derivation. The affixational derivation process which derive the verb lexemes uses deriva- tional affixes, meanwhile the affixational inflection process which derive the word forms (grammatical words) uses inflection affixes. The function of derivational affix is to derive the intransitive verbs and/or to derive the transitive verbs. The function of inflectional affix is to derive the grammatical words.

Niuean

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Massam
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Argument Structure ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Left Periphery ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Noun Incorporation ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Theta Role ◽  
Predicate Argument Structure

This book presents a detailed descriptive and theoretical examination of predicate-argument structure in Niuean, a Polynesian language within the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian family, spoken mainly on the Pacific island of Niue and in New Zealand. Niuean has VSO word order and an ergative case-marking system, both of which raise questions for a subject-predicate view of sentence structure. Working within a broadly Minimalist framework, this volume develops an analysis in which syntactic arguments are not merged locally to their thematic sources, but instead are merged high, above an inverted extended predicate which serves syntactically as the Niuean verb, later undergoing movement into the left periphery of the clause. The thematically lowest argument merges as an absolutive inner subject, with higher arguments merging as applicatives. The proposal relates Niuean word order and ergativity to its isolating morphology, by equating the absence of inflection with the absence of IP in Niuean, which impacts many aspects of its grammar. As well as developing a novel analysis of clause and argument structure, word order, ergative case, and theta role assignment, the volume argues for an expanded understanding of subjecthood. Throughout the volume, many other topics are also treated, such as noun incorporation, word formation, the parallel internal structure of predicates and arguments, null arguments, displacement typology, the role of determiners, and the structure of the left periphery.

Transitivity and Intransitivity in English and Arabic: A Comparative Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Yasir Bdaiwi Jasim Al-Shujairi ◽  
Ahlam Muhammed ◽  
Yazan Shaker Okla Almahammed
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Intransitive Verbs

<p>English and Arabic are two major languages which have many differences and similarities in grammar. One of the issues which is of great importance in the two languages is transitivity and intransitivity.  Therefore, this study compares and contrasts transitivity and intransitivity in English and Arabic. This study reports the results of the analysis of transitivity and intransitivity in the two respective languages. The current study is a qualitative one; in nature, a descriptive study. The findings showed that English and Arabic are similar in having transitive and intransitive verbs, and in having verbs which can go transitive or intransitive according to context. By contrast Arabic is different from English in its ability to change intransitive verbs into transitive ones by applying inflections on the main verb. Additionally, Arabic is different from English in the fact that some Arabic transitive verbs can take up to three objects.</p>

scholarly journals SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF COGNATE WORD COMBINATIONS IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-71
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Speech Activity ◽  
The Status ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Root Word ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Speech Situation

This article describes the derivational potential of root word combinations belonging to the noun, adjective and verb groups in the English and Uzbek languages and their grammatical functional features on the basis of comparative-typological, comparative and distributive methods at the lexical and syntactic levels of the language. Structural models of derivation of verbs, nouns and adjectives in the English and Uzbek languages and their features are considered based on component analysis, as well as morphological factors that ensure the completeness of derivation, their distinctive and similar features in both languages, the role and importance in the formation of verbal compounds is analyzed in detail. The article also identifies the factors that ensure the transposition of root verbs, nouns and adjectives in English and Uzbek, and describes their structural-functional and contextual-semantic analysis at the required level. Until today’s period of development of linguistics, many problematic processes related to the language system have been studied and researched. This situation can be observed both in the context of world linguistics and in the context of Uzbek linguistics. Linguistics, like all sciences, is constantly evolving. Due to this, it is natural that there are still problematic processes in this sphere today. The fact that the phenomenon of derivation less researched in the context of root words can be related to such problems, because in both English and Uzbek linguistics the problem of derivation of root words is not studied at the required level. Any new word that exists in a language takes its initial form from speech, and thus the speech dependence of the word formed ends, because the next life of a derived word goes on in a language. That is, the derived word takes its place in the paradigm of its own analogical forms after being tested in social speech activity for a certain period of time. Only derivatives that have fully passed such tests will receive the status of a language unit and, like their other paradigms, will begin to function as a means of enriching the language with new constructions. It is well known that the derivational sequence of linguistic units cannot be fully understood only on the basis of grammatical research, because word formation in its extralinguistic basis is a product of speech activity. Since related words are considered not as a finished product of the language, but as a product of speech, since they are artificial words, in speech they are activated only in the form in which they are adapted for communication. In some places, depending on the need for speech, we can also observe cases where two or more related words are involved in the process of communication or in context. In this article, the works of English and Uzbek writers are selected as a source, as well as the degree of influence of the speech situation of both languages on the choice of words is studied and scientifically substantiated on the examples taken for analysis. As a result of syntactic-semantic analysis of root word combinations in the English language, on the basis of a detailed analysis, it was shown that root words can be combined with other words in speech, forming various models.

scholarly journals Functions of valency operators in Kamas

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-206
Author(s):  
Gerson Klumpp
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Intransitive Verbs ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The One ◽  
Order Increase

AbstractThis article provides an account of the functional range of Kamas valency operators. Kamas is an extinct South Siberian language of the Samoyed branch of Uralic, which was in close contact with Turkic for many centuries. In the early 20th century, Kamas had two valency operators: (i) -Tə derived transitive from intransitive verbs as well as causative from transitive verbs; and (ii) -Ō derived intransitive from transitive verbs; in addition the intransitivizer, probably departing from pairs like edə- ‘hang up (tr.)’ > ed-ȫ- ‘hang (itr.)’, had acquired the function of specifying imperfective state-of-affairs, e.g. iʔbə- ‘lie down, lie’ > iʔb-ȫ- ‘lie’. The two markers may occur in combination in the order “increase-decrease” (-T-Ō), but not vice versa. While on the one hand the valency operators may be understood as verb derivation morphemes proper, i.e. verbs derived with the suffixes -Tə- and -Ō- are considered new lexical entries, their functional range also covers combinations with participles otherwise unspecified for voice. The valency decreaser -Ō occurs with participles of transitive verbs in order to specify P-orientation. The valency increaser -Tə has a variety of causative readings, among them causative-reflexive, causative-permissive, and causative-instrumental, and it also qualifies as a marker of control and/or characterizing activity. The discussion in this article is focused mainly on classificational issues.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENT WORDS USED IN A SCHOOL TEXTBOOK, TEAM UP ENGLISH 3, USED FOR GRADE 9 STUDENTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-153
Author(s):  
Sukontip Pijarnsarid ◽  
Prommintra Kongkaew
Keyword(s):  
School Textbook ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Intransitive Verbs

The purpose of this study were to study the content words used in a school textbook, Team Up in English 3, used for Grade 9 students and to study the frequency of content words used in a school textbook, Team Up in English 3, used for Grade 9 students. The study found that nouns is used with the highest frequency (79), followed by verb (58), adjective (46), and adverb (24).With the nouns analyzed, it was found that the Modifiers + N used with the highest frequency (92.40%), the compound nouns were ranked in second (7.59 %). Considering the verbs used in the text, it was found that transitive verbs were most commonly used (77.58%), followed by intransitive verbs (12.06%), linking verbs (10.34%). As regards the adjectives used in the text, there were 46 adjectives in total, 30 adjectives were used as attributive (65.21 %) and 16 adjectives were used as predicative (34.78%). As for the adverbs, it was found that adverbs of times were used with the highest frequency (37.5 % ), followed by the adverbs of purpose and degree (33.33%) , the adverbs of  frequency (12.5 %) , the adverbs of place  ( 8.33% ) and the adverbs of manner ( 8.33 % ).

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