scholarly journals Biomass Production and Nutrient Accumulation by Natural Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Wild. Ex A. Juss.) Müell. Arg. Clones in a Humid Tropical Area in South India

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 94-110
Author(s):  
Kannattuvadakkethil Krishnankutty Ambily ◽  
Arumugham Ulaganathan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Below Ground

Natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Wild. Ex A. Juss.) Müell. Arg. is an important commodity crop grown in world over for industrial raw material rubber latex for various products, mainly tyre manufacturing. Hevea propagation is through clones evolved by breeding as cultivars with desired characters. This article presented the biomass and nutrient accumulation of four important Hevea clones viz. RRII 105, RRII 118, RRII 203 and GT1 at 30 years age. Biomass and nutrient concentration of tree components viz. trunk, branches, leaf and root were assessed by uprooting the trees in the field and standing trees using allometric equation. Among the different clones, RRII 118 and GT1 recorded higher biomass compared to RRII 105 and RRII 203. Above-ground biomass (88-93 per cent) varied more than below-ground biomass (7-11 per cent). The high yielding clones had higher leaf and root biomass. Drought tolerant and timber clones viz. RRII 118 and RRII 203 recorded higher K and high yielding clone RRII 105 had higher Ca accumulation. Biomass removal of these clones may lead to deficiency of K and Ca in soil and hence needs the external supplements. The relation of high Ca content and leaf disease of fungal origin is promising for further studies. The higher accumulation of iron and manganese indicated the tolerance of Hevea to these elements and possibility of phytoremediation. The per cent contribution of nutrients to total biomass varied less between clones and was below 3 percent at the age of 30 years and this is evidence of adjustments in proportions of nutrients in Hevea irrespective of clonal variations.

scholarly journals Effect of thinning intensity on understory herbaceous diversity and biomass in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests of Changbai Mountain

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerong Wang ◽  
Yue Sun ◽  
Mo Zhou ◽  
Naiqian Guan ◽  
Yuwen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Herb Layer ◽  
Simpson Index ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Understory Herb

Abstract Background Herbs are an important part of the forest ecosystem, and their diversity and biomass can reflect the restoration of vegetation after forest thinning disturbances. Based on the near-mature secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Jilin Province Forestry Experimental Zone, this study analyzed seasonal changes of species diversity and biomass of the understory herb layer after different intensities of thinning. Results The results showed that although the composition of herbaceous species and the ranking of importance values were affected by thinning intensity, they were mainly determined by seasonal changes. Across the entire growing season, the species with the highest importance values in thinning treatments included Carex pilosa, Aegopodium alpestre, Meehania urticifolia, and Filipendula palmata, which dominated the herb layer of the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. The number of species, Margalef index, Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index all had their highest values in May, and gradually decreased with months. Pielou index was roughly inverted “N” throughout the growing season. Thinning did not increase the species diversity. Thinning can promote the total biomass, above- and below-ground biomass. The number of plants per unit area and coverage were related to the total biomass, above- and below-ground biomass. The average height had a significantly positive correlation with herb biomass in May but not in July. However, it exerted a significantly negative correlation with herb biomass in September. The biomass in the same month increased with increasing thinning intensity. Total herb biomass, above- and below-ground biomass showed positive correlations with Shannon-Winner index, Simpson index and Pielou evenness index in May. Conclusions Thinning mainly changed the light environment in the forest, which would improve the plant diversity and biomass of herb layer in a short time. And different thinning intensity had different effects on the diversity of understory herb layer. The findings provide theoretical basis and reference for reasonable thinning and tending in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests.

scholarly journals ESTOQUES DE BIOMASSA E NUTRIENTES EM TRÊS ESPÉCIES DE Parkia EM PLANTIOS JOVENS SOBRE ÁREA DEGRADADA NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL

FLORESTA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 637
Author(s):  
Karen C.P. da Costa ◽  
João B.S. Ferraz ◽  
Rodrigo P. Bastos ◽  
Tatiane Da S. Reis ◽  
Marciel J. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Forest ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Degraded Area ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
O 10 ◽  
Harvest Method

As estratégias de distribuição de biomassa e nutrientes utilizadas pelas espécies florestais podem refletir sua capacidade de sobrevivência em plantios sobre áreas degradadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar os estoques de biomassa e nutrientes nos compartimentos arbóreos de Parkia multijuga, Parkia nitida e Parkia pendula em plantios sobre área degradada em Manaus, AM. A biomassa foi determinada pelo método destrutivo em seis árvores de cada espécie, que foram compartimentadas em: folhas, galhos finos (Ø <10 cm), galhos grossos (Ø ≥10 cm), fuste, raízes médias (2 mm ≤ Ø <5 cm) e raízes grossas (Ø ≥5 cm). Aos quatro anos, Parkia multijuga exibiu 60% do total de biomassa nos compartimentos aéreos e 40% nos subterrâneos. Parkia nitida exibiu 84% nos compartimentos aéreos e apenas 16% nos subterrâneos. Parkia pendula exibiu 67% nos compartimentos aéreos e 33% nos subterrâneos. A ordem de acúmulo de macronutrientes nos compartimentos foi: N > Ca > K > Mg > P. O fato de Parkia multijuga adotar estratégias de alocação de biomassa e nutrientes que favorecerão seu desempenho sobre sítios com baixa disponibilidade de recursos sustenta sua indicação para a composição de programas de reflorestamento em áreas degradadas na Amazônia.Palavras-chave: Espécies florestais nativas; nutrição florestal; reflorestamento; restauração. AbstractBiomass and nutrients in three species of Parkia plantings on degraded area in Central Amazon. Biomass and nutrients partitioning strategies in tree species may reflect their ability to survive in plantations on degraded areas. The objective of this study was to investigate the content of biomass and nutrients in tree components of Parkia multijuga, Parkia nitida and Parkia pendula on plantings in degraded area in Manaus, AM. The biomass was determined by the harvest method in six trees of each species, which were subdivided into leaves, fine branches (Ø < 10 cm), coarse branches (Ø ≥10 cm), stem wood, medium roots (≤ 2 mm Ø < 5 cm ) and coarse roots (Ø ≥ 5 cm). At 4 years, Parkia multijuga allocated 60% of the total biomass to above-ground components and 40% to below-ground. Parkia nitida allocated 84% to above-ground and 16% to below-ground. Parkia pendula allocated 67% to above-ground components and 33% to below-ground. The order of the nutrient accumulation in tree compartments was: N > Ca > K > Mg > P. Parkia multijuga, by adopting better strategies of distribution of biomass and nutrients, it is a recommended species for reforestation programs on degraded sites in the Amazon.Keywords: Native forest species; forest nutrition; reforestation; restoration.

Obtaining of hairy roots cultures of kok-saghyz and analysis of the content of natural rubber

Biomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-454
Author(s):  
B.R. Kuluev ◽  
G.R. Gumerova ◽  
A.V. Knyazev ◽  
Kh.G. Musin ◽  
A.V. Chemeris
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Hairy Roots ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hexane Extract ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
High Quality

Kok-saghyz (Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin) is an alternative to Hevea brasiliensis source of high quality natural rubber that is able to grow in temperate climates. However, the field cultivation of kok-saghyz is associated with a number of problems, such as the need for seed stratification, seedlings that are very sensitive to stress factors, laboriousness in the fight against weeds and pests, uneven maturation of seeds, the lack of special equipment for sowing, collecting roots and seeds. In this regard, the use of hairy roots of kok-saghyz as a raw material for obtaining natural rubber seems to be promising. The aim of our work was to obtain cultures of hairy roots of kok-saghyz and to determine the content of natural rubber in them by the hexane method. In the course of the work, 10 lines of hairy roots of kok-saghyz were obtained, capable of growing in isolated cultures. It has been shown that these hairy roots accumulate an average of 7.5% hexane extract (rubber-like substances) per dry weight, which is about 1.5 times more than the roots of field kok-saghyz. Our data indicate that the use of the hairy roots of kok-saghyz is promising for the industrial production of natural rubber.

Seasonal dynamics of production, and nutrient accumulation and cycling by Phragmites asutralis (Cav.) Trin. ex Stuedel in a nutrient-enriched swamp in Inland Australia. I. Whole Plants

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 421 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Standing Crop ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Maximum Minimum

A study was made of the seasonal changes in dry matter production and patterns of nutrient accumulation by Phragmites australis in a nutrient-enriched swamp in inland Australia. The density of live shoots was highest (224 m-2) in October, but the peak standing crop of live shoots (9890 g m-2) occurred in early May. Peak below-ground biomass (21 058 g m-2) occurred in early August. Rhizome biomass constituted 75% of the below-ground biomass, and showed a distinct seasonal pattern. Net annual above-ground primary production (NAAP), estimated by the maximum-minimum method, was 9513 g m-2. Correction for shoot mortality and leaf shedding before, and production after, the maximum standing crop was attained increased NAAP to 12 898 g m-2. Whole plant production estimated by the maximum-minimum method was 9960 g m-2, and the corrected estimate was 14 945 g m-2. A model of dry-matter production indicated that translocation of carbohydrate from rhizomes could have provided 33% of the dry matter of shoots. About 23% of the dry matter of shoots was redistributed to below-ground organs during senescence. Concentrations of N, P, K, S, Cl and Cu declined, but concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, Fe and Mn increased as shoots aged. Concentrations of N, P and Zn in rhizomes reached maxima in winter, and decreased in spring. Rhizomes usually contained the greatest quantity of a nutrient in the whole plant, and roots usually had less than 25% of the total plant content. There were seasonal fluctuations in the quantities of N, P, K, Zn and Cu in rhizomes. Nutrient accumulation by live shoots was underestimated by 22-55% using the maximum-minimum method. Nutrient budgets showed considerable internal cycling of N, P, K, S and Cu from rhizomes to developing shoots in spring, and from senescing shoots to rhizomes during autumn and winter.

scholarly journals Allometric equations for total, above- and below-ground biomass and carbon of the Amazonian forest type known as campinarana

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia P.I.B. WOORTMANN ◽  
Niro HIGUCHI ◽  
Joaquim dos SANTOS ◽  
Roseana P. da SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Forest Type ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Allometric Equations ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Weibull Function ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Biomass Equations ◽  
Below Ground

ABSTRACT The Amazon forest comprises many different forest types, amongst them are campinas and campinaranas, which occur on Amazonian sandy soils, representing 2.65% of Amazonian territory. An understanding of the ecology and quantification of the environmental goods and services of campinaranas is key to their conservation. Based on a direct method to estimate biomass and carbon content of campinarana, we harvested and weighted 89 trees and other forest components in ten randomly allocated plots of 100 m2 (10 x 10 m) and 11 additional trees outside the plots. The data allowed us to describe how biomass is distributed amongst campinarana vegetation and amongst tree compartments. We developed allometric equations to estimate the total, above- and below-ground biomass and carbon stock of this forest type. We used a Weibull function to test if the diameter distribution of the individual trees sampled was consistent with the diameter distribution of the forest type. We also tested if terra-firme forest biomass equations could be used to estimate campinarana biomass, and whether a correction factor based on dominant height would reduce the error from these estimates. Allometric equations are considered to be the most reliable and rapid method for calculating forest biomass, and are used in forest management and climate change studies. These are the first total biomass equations developed for central Amazonian campinaranas. The best fitted allometric equation for total fresh biomass was: ln (Total Biomass) = -1.373 + 2.546 * ln DBH (R ² = 0.98, Sxy% = 4.19%).

Advances in Natural Rubber Production

1994 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Aziz S. A. Kadir
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Tropical Timber ◽  
Increasing Demand

Abstract This paper will attempt to highlight the various advances made to date in the production and processing of natural rubber (NR). The commercially planted rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, can yield as high as 3,000 kg of rubber per hectare in contrast to the 500 kg rubber per hectare obtained from the wild Amazonian rubber trees. The high yield of commercial rubber trees is attributed to the successful breeding program, efficient development of agronomic and crop management practices and proper exploitation systems. Today, the Hevea brasiliensis trees not only contribute to the supply of world natural rubber, but also to the ever increasing demand of tropical timber. Latex extracted from the rubber tree is processed to meet the specific requirements of the consumers. In the area of processing, emphasis is on the production of NR as an industrial raw material with improved quality and consistency. Efforts are also placed on processing efficiency, optimum product mix and production of value added modified NR such as epoxidized and deproteinized NR. The processing activities also take into consideration the control of processing effluent with appropriate effluent treatments or conversion of effluent to useful materials.

scholarly journals Structure and biomass accumulation of natural mangrove forest at Gazi Bay, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES G. KAIRO ◽  
MICHAEL NJOROGE GITHAIGA ◽  
KIPLAGAT KOTUT ◽  
FRANCIS KARIUKI
Keyword(s):  
Forest Structure ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Gazi Bay

Abstract. Githaiga MN, Kotut K, Kariuki F, Kairo JG. 2019. Structure and biomass accumulation of natural mangrove forest at Gazi Bay, Kenya. Bonorowo Wetlands 9: 18-32. The goal of this study was to determine the forest structure and estimate biomass accumulation above and below ground in the mangrove forest of Gazi Bay. The western, middle, and eastern forest blocks of the Gazi Bay mangrove forest were investigated for forest structure, whereas the western forest block was determined for biomass accumulation. To calculate below-ground biomass accumulation, in-growth cores of 80 cm long, 20 cm broad, and 60 cm deep were employed. Above-ground biomass accumulation was calculated using data on tree height and stem diameter at breast height (DBH-130). Leaf phenology was observed by tagging shoots. At the start, environmental variables were measured every four months for a year across four mangrove species zones. The linear regeneration sampling approach was used to determine the composition and distribution pattern of natural regeneration (LRS). Salinity revealed a strong negative connection with above-ground biomass accumulation among the soil environment characteristics studied. Sonneratia alba had the highest biomass accretion rate of 10.5 1.9 t ha-1 yr-1 among the four forest zones. Rhizophora mucronata (8.5 0.8 t ha-1 yr-1), Avicennia marina (5.2 1.8 t ha-1 yr-1), and Ceriops tagal (2.6 1.5 t ha-1 yr-1) were the next most abundant species. Above-ground and below-ground biomass accumulation differed significantly among zones (F (3, 8) = 5.42, p = 0.025) and (F (3, 8) = 16.03, p = 0 001), respectively. There was a significant difference in total biomass accumulation across zones (F (3, 8) =15.56, p = 0.001). For the entire forest, a root : shoot biomass accumulation ratio of 2 : 5 was calculated. This study's findings provide more accurate estimates of mangrove carbon capture and storage, which can be used in carbon credit discussions in the emerging carbon market.

Production and Properties of Yulex® - The Natural Solution to Latex Allergy

2008 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina Cornish ◽  
Jali Williams ◽  
Julie L. Hall ◽  
Raymond G. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Latex Allergy ◽  
Type I ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Natural rubber is an irreplaceable raw material vital to industry, transportation, medicine and defense, largely produced from clonal plantations of Hevea brasiliensis in Southeast Asia. Additional rubber-producing crops are greatly desired to increase biodiversity, protect supplies, and provide a safe alternative for people suffering from Type I latex protein allergy. Basic and applied research approaches were used to make the production of latex (Yulex® latex) from Parthenium argentatum (guayule) a commercial reality. In contrast to Hevea brasiliensis, from which rubber latex is tapped by hand from laticifers, guayule latex rubber is contained within individual bark parenchyma cells. Processing involves disrupting these cells to release the rubber particles, and then purifying the latex. As in the Hevea industry, latex concentration can be achieved by centrifugation and/or by creaming agents. An artificially produced guayule natural rubber latex is then produced, under the material name of “Yulex® latex”. The Yulex Pilot Plant has been constructed, optimized and automated, and extracts then purifies latex from guayule shrub without detectable losses. The natural rubber polymers in guayule latex are high molecular weight and products made from this material have the desired high performance properties. Because guayule latex contains very little protein, all of which is hydrophobic and bound to the rubber phase, and because none of the protein cross-reacts with Type I latex allergy to Hevea latex products, its use is initially aimed towards the high-value medical products marketplace. Clinical and performance trials continue to ensure that guayule processing provides a safe, high performance, non-allergenic natural rubber latex that is safe for human use.

scholarly journals Partitioning above and below ground interactions and their effects on juvenile Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (kahikatea) and Podocarpus totara (totara)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Garth Fabbro
Keyword(s):  
Plant Community ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Mycorrhizal Network ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Facilitative Interactions

<p>Competitive and facilitative interactions play an important role in determining plant community structure and development. Historically, competitive interactions have been considered to be more prevalent in nature. However, in the past few decades strong facilitative interactions have been identified as being more important than competition in certain environments. Recent evidence has also suggested that interactions occurring in the above and below ground environments may be unevenly contributing to the net interaction effects between a target plant and nurses species. This study partitions the above and below ground interactions and determines their strength and directions in order to help better understand their relative importance to plant community dynamics.  In Chapter 2 I develop species specific allometric models which aim to accurately estimate the total above- and below- ground biomass of individual D. dacrydioides and P. totara juveniles using measurements which are easily and non-destructively obtained in the field. The best model for each species is then used to construct total above and below ground biomass estimates for use in Chapter 3. Eight models using stem height, diameter, and volume either alone or in combination are examined for their predictive power and tested for their goodness of fit. Models using diameter alone are found to be less powerful in predicting total tree biomass, while models containing height either alone or in combination with diameter are more powerful. The absolute best model for predicting D. dacrydioides total biomass was BTOTAL = 0.0099(Height²)⁰˙⁸⁷⁴⁹, whereas the absolute best model for P. totara was BTOTAL = 0.2635((Height*Diameter)²)⁰˙⁵⁶⁹⁵.  In Chapter 3 I use the Relative Interaction Index (RII) to determine the strength and direction of the net interactions affecting D. dacrydioides and P. totara juveniles. To partition the above ground interactions, I examined the effects of a conspecific or interspecific neighbour. I found that my two study species D. dacrydioides and P. totara showed different responses to the treatments that they received. D. dacrydioides showed net facilitation and gained biomass when it had access to the mycorrhizal network and a neighbour. Whereas, P. totara showed net neutral interactions and did not gain biomass. P. totara also showed net competition when it did not have access to the mycorrhizal network and was grown next to neighbours. The role of above ground interactions was found to be less important than below ground interactions, overall. In general, these results mean that D. dacrydioides juveniles should be expected to have higher growth, reproductive, and survival rates when grown next to nurse species in comparison to P. totara.  Chapter 4 details the significance of this study for the restoration of Wairio wetland, and wetlands in general. Given the result in chapter 3 and the current restoration method at Wairio wetland, this study suggests that it may be worth exploring the benefit of planting new P. totara juveniles farther away from older woody species in order to avoid root competition.</p>

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