scholarly journals System of electron-proton. Movement, rotation, pulsation and Gravity Forces

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  

The new Field Theory consist two new Axioms and eight new Laws. It has been proposed and developed in previous reports by the same author. This report uses two axioms and six laws only. According to the first axiom (Axiom1), the author replaces uniform motion in a closed circle with non-uniform motion in an open vortex. According to the second axiom (Axiom2), it exists a pairs of vortices that are mutually orthogonal or they work in a system of resonance. The most probable of all of variants is the following pair: accelerating vortex from the center outwards connected with a decelerating vortex from the periphery inwards. This case is a model of the connected proton-electron pair. In this report the properties of a system only of linked electrons and protons are studied. It is known that the Electromagnetic Field propagates at a constant speed and the waves are only transverse. According to the new Axioms and Laws in the electron-proton system, the internal connections are of variable speed and the waves are not only transverse but and longitudinal. It appears that the interactions between the proton and the electron are not Electromagnetic. They include cross vortex with variable velocity and longitudinal vortex with variable velocity as well. From previous developments it is clear that the electron is not a concentric open vortex but an eccentric open vortex, centered in the second quadrant. And the proton is not a concentric open vortex but an eccentric open vortex, centered in the first quadrant. This is the reason for the formation of eccentricity vectors that decompose along the x and y axes. Because the eccentricity of the electron is greater than the eccentricity of the proton then the component along they axis rotates the electron around the proton (in orbit). And besides, since the decelerating vortex of the electron emits elementary decelerating vortices (Law 5) inward which are bent in the direction of the decelerating velocity, the electron will rotate parasitically and slowly around its own axis (in spin). The electron and proton are repelled gravitationally by a transverse component and are attracted gravitationally by a longitudinal component which are with variable speed. The existence of feedback between the electron and the proton (Law 7 and Law 8) explains the reason for the presence of elementary cross vortices. When they are emitted outward - are called “free energy”. And because they are invisible -are called and “black matter” as well.

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  

Two new Axioms and eight new Laws have been proposed and developed in previous reports. This report uses both axioms and only four laws. According to the first axiom (Axiom1), we can replace uniform motion in a closed circle with non-uniform motion in an open vortex. According to the second axiom (Axiom2), there are pairs of vortices that are mutually orthogonal or they tend to work in a system by a special type of resonance. Of all the variants of vortex pairs, the most probable is the pair: accelerating vortex from the center outwards connected with a delayed vortex from the periphery inwards. This pair is a model of the connected proton-electron pair. The behavior of a free electron and a proton in an Electromagnetic Field is studied. Actually like a cross vortex from outside to inside the electron will be directed to the positive pole. Therefore, an external observer who does not know what the internal structure of the electron is will think and will be deceived that the electron carries a negative charge. The exact opposite is observed for the proton. The properties of a system of linked electrons and protons are also studied. It is known that the Electromagnetic Field propagates at a constant speed and when pulsating the waves are only transverse. According to the new Axioms and Laws in the electron-proton system, the internal connections are of variable speed and when pulsating, the waves are not only transverse and longitudinal. Because the Electromagnetic field is only transverse at a constant speed , it appears that the interaction between the proton and the electron is not Electromagnetic but some other interaction. The interaction between the protons includes cross vortex with variable velocity and longitudinal vortex with variable velocity


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Wang ◽  
Xinke Wang ◽  
Peng Han ◽  
Wenfeng Sun ◽  
Shengfei Feng ◽  
...  

A circularly polarized vortex beam possesses similar focusing properties as a radially polarized beam. This type of beam is highly valuable for developing optical manufacturing technology, microscopy, and particle manipulation. In this work, a left-hand circularly polarized terahertz (THz) vortex beam (CPTVB) is generated by utilizing a THz quarter wave plate and a spiral phase plate. Focusing properties of its longitudinal component Ez are detailedly discussed on the simulation and experiment. With reducing the F-number of the THz beam and comparing with a transverse component Ex of a general circularly polarized THz beam, the simulation results show that the focal spot size and intensity of its Ez component can reach 87 and 50% of Ex under a same focusing condition. In addition, the experimental results still demonstrate that the left-hand CPTVB can always maintain fine Ez focusing properties in a broad bandwidth, which manifest the feasibility of this class of THz beams.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  

This article reveals of an application of a theory of nonparametric and nonlinear processes. This theory is described by new axioms and laws which include 2 new axioms and 8 new laws. They were explained in previous reports by the same author. This new theory expands the Classic Field Theory which is about parametric and linear processes. The theory of new axiom and laws is a more general theory because it consists new philosophy as nonparametric decoding, new objects as an accelerating or a decelerating field and new forms of movement as transverse and longitudinal motion. In present report are used 2 axioms and 5 laws only. It is known that Maxwell’s laws (1864) are based on a single axiom [1]. It states that the movement in a closed loop leads to evenly movement (with constant speed) of a vector E: div rot E = 0. The author changes this classic axiom with a new Axiom 1. According to the new Axiom1 the movement in an open loop (div rot E ≠ 0) or vortex (div Vor E ≠ 0) leads to unevenly movement (with variable speed) of a vector E [2]. The subsequent results are: the evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement which can be decelerating or accelerating. According to subsequent laws: the cross vortex in 2D is transformed to a longitudinal vortex in 3D (transformation Δ1) and inversely (transformation Δ2); decelerating vortex emits free cross vortices to the environment; accelerating vortex sucks the same ones and so on. The electron is a model that contains a decelerating cross vortex from outside to inside and emits free cross vortices into the environment. The proton is a model that is generated by an accelerating cross vortex from inside to outside and sucks these the same free cross vortices from the environment. According to the Axiom 2 the decelerating (electron) and accelerating (proton) vortices form a resonant circle. In this circle they exchange their energy (accelerating and decelerating) along the real connection and exchange the mass of free vortices (emitted and sucked) along feedback. These free cross vortices then self-organize into something like primary dipoles which resemble electrons but in very smaller scale. The passive primary dipoles resemble electrons from the inner orbits of the atom which are contracted balls with a minimal polarization. This is the reason that these primary dipoles do not react to the amplitude of an applied external Electromagnetic Field. But they react instantly at high acceleration of the EM field. The reason is that the high acceleration strongly polarizes the passive primary dipole (ball), turns it to an active dipole (toroid) and directs it to the active pole of the EM field. In this article is described Nikola Tesla's approach about using of free cross vortices called” free energy”.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Modanese

In systems with non-local potentials or other kinds of non-locality, the Landauer-Büttiker formula of quantum transport leads to replacing the usual gauge-invariant current density J with a current J e x t which has a non-local part and coincides with the current of the extended Aharonov-Bohm electrodynamics. It follows that the electromagnetic field generated by this current can have some peculiar properties and in particular the electric field of an oscillating dipole can have a long-range longitudinal component. The calculation is complex because it requires the evaluation of double-retarded integrals. We report the outcome of some numerical integrations with specific parameters for the source: dipole length ∼10−7 cm, frequency 10 GHz. The resulting longitudinal field E L turns out to be of the order of 10 2 to 10 3 times larger than the transverse component (only for the non-local part of the current). Possible applications concern the radiation field generated by Josephson tunnelling in thick superconductor-normal-superconductor (SNS) junctions in yttrium barium oxide (YBCO) and by current flow in molecular nanodevices.


1971 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Chandrasekhariah

AbstractThe propagation of plane waves in a viscoelastic body representing a parallel union of the Kelvin and Maxwell bodies placed in a magneto-thermal field is investigated. It is shown that the longitudinal component of the wave is in general coupled with a transverse component and the wave travels in two families. In particular if the primary magnetic field is either parallel or perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, the three components of the wave travel unlinked, with either the longitudinal component or the transverse components unaffected by the presence of the electromagnetic field. If the electrical conductivity of the solid is infinite the effect of the primary magnetic field is to increase the values of the material constants. The effect of wave propagation on magnetic permeability is equivalent to an anisotropic rescaling of the primary magnetic field. Some of the results obtained in the earlier works are obtained as particular cases of the more general results derived here.


2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Zhu ◽  
Jung-Hee Seo ◽  
Hani Bakhshaee ◽  
Rajat Mittal

A computational framework consisting of a one-way coupled hemodynamic–acoustic method and a wave-decomposition based postprocessing approach is developed to investigate the biomechanics of arterial bruits. This framework is then applied for studying the effect of the shear wave on the generation and propagation of bruits from a modeled stenosed artery. The blood flow in the artery is solved by an immersed boundary method (IBM) based incompressible flow solver. The sound generation and propagation in the blood volume are modeled by the linearized perturbed compressible equations, while the sound propagation through the surrounding tissue is modeled by the linear elastic wave equation. A decomposition method is employed to separate the acoustic signal into a compression/longitudinal component (curl free) and a shear/transverse component (divergence free), and the sound signals from cases with and without the shear modulus are monitored on the epidermal surface and are analyzed to reveal the influence of the shear wave. The results show that the compression wave dominates the detected sound signal in the immediate vicinity of the stenosis, whereas the shear wave has more influence on surface signals further downstream of the stenosis. The implications of these results on cardiac auscultation are discussed.


1999 ◽  
Vol 389 ◽  
pp. 229-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. MOURI ◽  
H. KUBOTANI ◽  
T. FUJITANI ◽  
H. NIINO ◽  
M. TAKAOKA

Orthonormal wavelet transformations are used to decompose velocity signals of grid turbulence into both space and scale. The transforms exhibit small-scale enhancements of (i) the spatial fluctuation, (ii) the correlation in space between the adjacent scales, and (iii) the correlation in space between the longitudinal and transverse components. The spatial fluctuation and the scale–scale correlation at small scales are more significant in the transverse component than in the longitudinal component. These features are the same for different families of wavelets.Turbulence contains tube-like structures of vorticity. We demonstrate that wavelet transforms of velocities are enhanced at the positions of the tubes, by using a direct numerical simulation. Thus our wavelet analyses have captured the effects of those coherent structures on velocities measured in the experiment, which would be difficult for traditional analysis techniques such as those with velocity increments.


Optics f2f ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 195-212
Author(s):  
Charles S. Adams ◽  
Ifan G. Hughes

This chapter considers how all light fields contain non-transverse components. Situations where it is possible to make the longitudinal component larger than the transverse component are highlighted.


2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1850204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yendrembam Chaoba Devi ◽  
Kaushlendra Kumar ◽  
Biswajit Chakraborty ◽  
Frederik G. Scholtz

Beginning with a review of the existing literature on the computation of spectral distances on noncommutative spaces like Moyal plane and fuzzy sphere, adaptable to Hilbert–Schmidt operatorial formulation, we carry out a correction, revision and extension of the algorithm provided in [1] i.e. [F. G. Scholtz and B. Chakraborty, J. Phys. A, Math. Theor. 46 (2013) 085204] to compute the finite Connes’ distance between normal states. The revised expression, which we provide here, involves the computation of the infimum of an expression which involves the “transverse” [Formula: see text] component of the algebra element in addition to the “longitudinal” component [Formula: see text] of [1], identified with the difference of density matrices representing the states, whereas the expression given in [1] involves only [Formula: see text] and corresponds to the lower bound of the distance. This renders the revised formula less user-friendly, as the determination of the exact transverse component for which the infimum is reached remains a nontrivial task, but under rather generic conditions it turns out that the Connes’ distance is proportional to the Hilbert-Schmidt norm of [Formula: see text], leading to considerable simplification. In addition, we can determine an upper bound of the distance by emulating and adapting the approach of [P. Martinetti and L. Tomassini, Commun. Math. Phys. 323 (2013) 107–141]. We then look for an optimal element for which the upper bound is reached. We are able to find one for the Moyal plane through the limit of a sequence obtained by finite-dimensional projections of the representative of an element belonging to a multiplier algebra, onto the subspaces of the total Hilbert space, occurring in the spectral triple and spanned by the eigen-spinors of the respective Dirac operator. This is in contrast with the fuzzy sphere, where the upper bound, which is given by the geodesic of a commutative sphere, is never reached for any finite [Formula: see text]-representation of [Formula: see text]. Indeed, for the case of maximal noncommutativity ([Formula: see text]), the finite distance is shown to coincide exactly with the above-mentioned lower bound, with the transverse component playing no role. This, however, starts changing from [Formula: see text] onwards and we try to improve the estimate of the finite distance and provide an almost exact result, using our revised algorithm. The contrasting features of these types of noncommutative spaces becomes quite transparent through the analysis, carried out in the eigen-spinor bases of the respective Dirac operators.


2012 ◽  
Vol 706 ◽  
pp. 108-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeny S. Asmolov ◽  
Olga I. Vinogradova

AbstractIn many applications it is advantageous to construct effective slip boundary conditions, which could fully characterize flow over patterned surfaces. Here we focus on laminar shear flows over smooth anisotropic surfaces with arbitrary scalar slip $b(y)$, varying in only one direction. We derive general expressions for eigenvalues of the effective slip-length tensor, and show that the transverse component is equal to half of the longitudinal one, with a two times larger local slip, $2b(y)$. A remarkable corollary of this relation is that the flow along any direction of the one-dimensional surface can be easily determined, once the longitudinal component of the effective slip tensor is found from the known spatially non-uniform scalar slip.


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