Resistance to Azithromycin and β-Lactam Antibiotics by Clinical Isolates of E. coli Isolated from Dhaka, Bangladesh

Antibiotic resistant E. coli are prevalent in Bangladesh. The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials and ready availability of over the counter drugs are responsible for this. This study was conducted to investigate the susceptibility of clinical Escherichia coli to the antibiotics Imipenem, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime and Azithromycin. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine sensitivity to antimicrobials. Agar based assay was employed for the detection of efflux pumps. PCR was used amplify antibiotic resistance genes.All isolates were resistant to Ceftriaxone whereas most were sensitive to Imipenem. The MICs of Ceftazidime and Azithromycin ranged between 128 μg/ml and 256 μg/ml. The prevalence of ²-lactamase producers was 57.89 % with 36.84 % of the isolates exhibiting ESBL activity. No specific correlation could be found between plasmid sizes and antibiotic resistance patterns. Efflux pump was found to be involved in Azithromycin resistance in 63.15% of the isolates. The gene for phosphotransferase, mph(A) was the most common among the macrolide modifying genes, being present in 73.68% (14/19) of the isolates followed by both erm(A) anderm(C) esterases each present in 10.53% (2/19) isolates. This study concluded that clinical isolates of E. coli in Bangladesh could be resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics through different mechanisms of resistance. Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 34 Number 2 December 2017, pp 61-66

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MULTIDRUG-RESISTANCE PATTERNS AND DETECTION OF PstS GENE IN CLINICAL ISOLATES OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA FROM NSUKKA, SOUTHEAST NIGERIA

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i4.36669 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 115-119

Author(s):

MARTINA C AGBO ◽

IFEOMA M EZEONU ◽

ANTHONY C IKE ◽

CELESTINA C UGWU

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Test Strip ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Rdna Sequencing ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

Objective: This study was aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates and to detect the presence of PstS gene. Methods: One hundred and ninety-two clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16S rDNA sequencing. Antibiotic resistance patterns were determined using the disk diffusion method, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of selected antibiotics against resistant isolates were determined by macro broth dilution and E-test strip methods. The resistant isolates were screened for the presence of PstS gene using PCR. Results: Of 192 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, 136 (70.83%) were resistant to at least two antibiotics. Of these, 135 (99%) could be classified as multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MDR-PA), 63 (46%) were extensively drug-resistant (XDR-PA), while 38 (28%) were pandrug-resistant (PDR-PA). The isolates exhibited high level of resistance to cefotaxime and ticarcillin, and low levels of resistance to meropenem and imipenem. The MIC values for meropenem against the resistant isolates were generally <32 mg/L, while the values for other antibiotics ranged from 32 to >128 mg/L. Multiple antibiotic resistance indexes of the MDR-PA ranged from 0.27 to 0.91 and the most prevalent pattern of resistance was PiperacillinR – TicarcillinR – Piperacillin/TazobactamR – CefotaximeR – CeftazidimeR – GentamicnR – TobramycinR– CiprofloxacinR. About 50% of the resistant isolates possessed the PstS gene. Conclusions: The results confirmed the presence of XDR, PDRPA, and PstS gene in P. aeruginosa strains. There is an urgent need for healthcare practitioners to address the problem of multidrug resistance, by implementing a more rational and appropriate use of antibiotics.

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Antibiotic Resistance of Uropathogens Isolated from Patients Hospitalized in District Hospital in Central Poland in 2020

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10040447 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 447

Author(s):

Barbara Kot ◽

Agata Grużewska ◽

Piotr Szweda ◽

Jolanta Wicha ◽

Urszula Parulska

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Central Poland ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Tract Infections

The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance patterns and the prevalence of uropathogenes causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in patients hospitalized in January–June 2020 in central Poland. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk-diffusion method. Escherichia coli (52.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.7%), Enterococcus faecalis (9.3%), E. faecium (6.2%), and Proteus mirabilis (4,3%) were most commonly isolated from urine samples. E. coli was significantly more frequent in women (58.6%) (p = 0.0089) and in the age group 0–18, while K. pneumoniae was more frequent in men (24.4%) (p = 0.0119) and in individuals aged 40–60 and >60. Gram-negative species showed resistance to ampicillin. K. pneumoniae were resistant to amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid (75.0%), piperacillin plus tazobactam (76.2%), cefotaxime (76.2%), cefuroxime (81.0%), ciprofloxacin (81.0%), and trimethoprim plus sulphamethoxazole (81.0%). Carbapenems were effective against all E. coli and P. mirabilis. Some K. pneumoniae (13.6%) produced metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). E. coli (22.6%), K. pneumoniae (81.8%), and all E. faecium were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Some E. coli (26.2%), K. pneumoniae (63.6%), and P. mirabilis (14.3%) isolates produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium was also found. This study showed that the possibilities of UTIs therapy using available antibiotics become limited due to the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens.

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A Preliminary Study: Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus Species from Wildlife Species Subjected to Supplementary Feeding on Various South African Farms

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10030396 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 396 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michaela Sannettha van den Honert ◽

Pieter Andries Gouws ◽

Louwrens Christiaan Hoffman

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Supplementary Feeding ◽

Health Concern ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Wildlife Species ◽

Human Contact ◽

Resistance Patterns

Studies have shown that antibiotic resistance among wild animals is becoming a public health concern, owing to increased contact and co-habitation with domestic animals that, in turn, results in increased human contact, indirectly and directly. This type of farming practice intensifies the likelihood of antibiotic resistant traits in microorganisms transferring between ecosystems which are linked via various transfer vectors, such as rivers and birds. This study aimed to determine whether the practice of wildlife supplementary feeding could have an influence on the antibiotic resistance of the bacteria harboured by the supplementary fed wildlife, and thus play a potential role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance throughout nature. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus were isolated from the faeces of various wildlife species from seven different farms across South Africa. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2018 guidelines. The E. coli (F: 57%; N = 75% susceptible) and Enterococcus (F: 67%; N = 78% susceptible) isolates from the supplementary fed (F) wildlife were in general, found to be more frequently resistant to the selection of antibiotics than from those which were not supplementary fed (N), particularly towards tetracycline (E. coli F: 56%; N: 71%/Enterococcus F: 53%; N: 89% susceptible), ampicillin (F: 82%; N = 95% susceptible) and sulphafurazole (F: 68%; N = 98% susceptible). Interestingly, high resistance towards streptomycin was observed in the bacteria from both the supplementary fed (7% susceptible) and non-supplementary fed (6% susceptible) wildlife isolates. No resistance was found towards chloramphenicol and ceftazidime.

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Escherichia coli Antibiotic Resistance Patterns from Co-Grazing and Non-Co-Grazing Livestock and Wildlife Species from Two Farms in the Western Cape, South Africa

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10060618 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 618

Author(s):

Michaela Sannettha van den Honert ◽

Pieter Andries Gouws ◽

Louwrens Christiaan Hoffman

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

South Africa ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Wildlife Species ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns ◽

Grazing Livestock

Although limited, studies have found conflicting results on whether co-grazing results in significant antibiotic resistance transfer between species. This type of farming system can act as a vector in the geographical spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic-resistant patterns between co-grazing and non-co-grazing livestock and wildlife species in South Africa. Escherichia coli was isolated from the faeces of various wildlife and livestock species from two farms in South Africa and was tested for antibiotic resistance using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method against chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphafurazole, and tetracycline. A selection of some common antibiotic-resistant genes (blaCMY, aadA1, sul1, sul2, tetA, and tetB) were detected using PCR. The E. coli isolates from wildlife and livestock that co-grazed showed no significant differences in antibiotic resistance patterns. However, this was not the case for tetracycline resistance as the livestock isolates were significantly more resistant than the co-grazing wildlife isolates. The E. coli isolates from the non-co-grazing livestock and wildlife had significant differences in their antibiotic susceptibility patterns; the wildlife E. coli isolates were significantly more resistant to sulphafurazole and streptomycin than the livestock isolates, whilst those isolated from the cattle were significantly more resistant to ampicillin than the wildlife and sheep isolates. The results of this study suggest that there could be an exchange of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes between livestock and wildlife that co-graze.

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The Wide Range of Antibiotic Resistance and Variability of Genotypic Profiles in Escherichia coli from Domestic Animals in Eastern Sicily

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10010028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Nunziatina Russo ◽

Alessandro Stamilla ◽

Giuseppe Cascone ◽

Cinzia Lucia Randazzo ◽

Antonino Messina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽

Wide Range ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

The emergence of multidrug resistance among Enterobacteriaceae in livestock poses a serious public health threat. Escherichia coli, a usual host of intestinal microbiota, is recognized also as etiological agent of numerous infections widespread in both humans and animals. The colibacillosis is one of the most reported zoonoses worldwide, typically treated with antibiotics in the primary stages. This strategy has promoted the onset of antibiotic-resistant serotypes of E. coli, reducing the effectiveness of therapeutic treatments and contributing to antibiotic resistance spread. The current study focused on biodiversity, pathogenicity, and antibiotic resistance profile of 104 E. coli strains isolated from domestic animals in Eastern Sicily. The strains were isolated from sick animals and carcasses of six different animal species and screened for resistance against 16 antibiotic molecules, as recommended by WHO and OIE. The antibiotic resistance patterns highlighted that all strains were multi-resistant, showing resistance to at least three antibiotic classes. The highest incidence of resistance was observed against amoxicillin (100%), tylosin (97%), sulfamethoxazole (98%), and erythromycin (92%), while the lowest for colistin (8%). The pathotype characterization identified two EPEC strains and the study of genetic linkage (PFGE) showed a wide variety of profiles. The current study emphasized the wide range of multidrug resistance and genotyping profiles in E. coli isolated in Easter Sicily.

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The frequency of virulent genes and antimicrobial resistance patterns of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from stools of children presenting with diarrhea in a tertiary hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria

International Journal of One Health ◽

10.14202/ijoh.2020.147-152 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 147-152

Author(s):

Ebuka Elijah David ◽

Muhammad Arfat Yameen ◽

Ikechuku Okorie Igwenyi ◽

Arthur Chinedu Okafor ◽

Uket Nta Obeten ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Etiological Agents ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

Aim: This study was aimed to determine the virulent genes and antibiotic resistance patterns among circulating diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes in a tertiary care health center in east of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Diarrheal stool samples were obtained from 80 children under 5 years and E. coli was isolated and identified using standard biochemical and molecular methods. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect eight virulent genes of DEC. Disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of DEC. Results: DEC infection was observed in 54 (68%) children among which ial gene for enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) (40% [n=22]) was commonly detected followed by eltA/eltB for enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (30% [n=16]), pCVD for enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) (20% [n=11]), and eaeA/bfpA for typical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (10% [n=5]). The DEC isolates phenotypically exhibited resistance for ampicillin (AMP) (44 [81%]), followed by ciprofloxacin (CIP)/ levofloxacin (LEV) (28 [52%]), cefoxitin (FOX) (11 [20%]), and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) (6 [11%]). About 60% isolates of stable toxins-ETEC were resistant to AMC, CIP, and LEV while all the labile toxin-ETEC exhibited resistance to AMP. About 60% (n=6) resistance were seen in EAEC against ampicillin, AMC, FOX, CIP, and LEV. In EIEC, all the isolates (n=22) were resistant to AMP while 50% (n=11) were resistant to both CIP and LEV. All EPEC (n=5) were resistant to AMP, FOX, CIP, and LEV. Conclusion: High frequency of virulent ial and eltA/eltB genes for EIEC and ETEC, respectively, suggests that they are the primary etiological agents of diarrhea in children among DEC pathotypes. Resistance of DEC to more than two classes of antibiotics indicate possible emergence of multidrug resistance.

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Bacterial Contamination of Iranian Paper Currency and Their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

International Journal of Enteric Pathogens ◽

10.15171/ijep.2017.25 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 106-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Farzaneh Firoozeh ◽

Ehsan Dadgostar ◽

Hussein Akbari ◽

Mohammad Zibaei ◽

Seyed Mohammad Sadjjad Sadjjadian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Bacterial Contamination ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Paper Currency ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

Background: Paper banknotes would be a vector for transmission of pathogenic microorganisms through handling. Objective: This study aimed to determine bacterial contamination of Iranian paper currencies in circulation and their antibiotic resistance patterns. Materials and Methods: In this study, 337 currency notes of different value were collected from markets, shops, restaurants, bus stations and banks in Kashan, Iran during April 2015 to March 2016. The currency notes transferred to microbiology laboratory and were tested for bacterial contamination using standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic resistance patterns of isolated bacteria were determined by disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standards. The results and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Of 337 currency notes, 262 (77.7%) were identified with bacterial contamination. Bacteria isolated from currency notes were as follows: Bacillus spp 113 (43.1%), coagulase-negative staphylococci 99 (37.7%), Escherichia coli 20 (7.6%), Enterococci species 14 (5.3%), Staphylococcus aureus 8 (3.1%), Klebsiella spp 4 (1.5%), Shigella species 2 (0.8%), and Pseudomonas species 2 (0.8%). The most and least contaminated currency notes were 50000 and 500 Rials, respectively. The highest resistance rates in gram-negative rods were against nalidixic acid, and ampicillin. However, the highest resistance rates in S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci and Enterococci species were against ampicillin, erythromycin and tetracycline. Conclusion: Our study revealed that the bacterial contamination among Iranian paper currency in circulation especially those obtained from certain sources including shops and bus stations is high and in most cases these bacterial isolates are antibiotic-resistant strains.

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Prevalence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 and Non-O157 Serogroups Isolated from Fresh Raw Beef Meat Samples in an Industrial Slaughterhouse

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2021/1978952 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Kiandokht Babolhavaeji ◽

Leili Shokoohizadeh ◽

Morteza Yavari ◽

Abbas Moradi ◽

Mohammad Yousef Alikhani

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Genetic Linkage ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Beef Meat ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Meat Samples

Background. The aims of the current study are the identification of O157 and non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups isolated from fresh raw beef meat samples in an industrial slaughterhouse, determination of antimicrobial resistance patterns, and genetic linkage of STEC isolates. Materials and Methods. A total of 110 beef samples were collected from the depth of the rump of cattle slaughtered at Hamadan industrial slaughterhouse. After detection of E. coli isolates, STEC strains were identified according to PCR for stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hlyA virulence genes, and STEC serogroups (O157 and non-O157) were identified by PCR. The genetic linkage of STEC isolates was analyzed by the ERIC- (Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-) PCR method. The antimicrobial susceptibility of STEC isolates was detected by the disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. Results. Among 110 collected beef samples, 77 (70%) were positive for E. coli. The prevalence of STEC in E. coli isolates was 8 (10.4%). The overall prevalence of O157 and non-O157 STEC isolates was 12.5% (one isolate) and 87.5% (7 isolates), respectively. The hemolysin gene was detected in 25% (2 isolates) of STEC strains. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance indicated that 100% of STEC isolates were resistant to ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and cefazolin. Resistance to tetracycline and ciprofloxacin was detected in 62.5% and 12.5% of isolates, respectively. The analysis of the ERIC-PCR results showed five different ERIC types among the STEC isolates. Conclusion. The isolation of different clones STECs from beef and the presence of antibiotic-resistant isolates indicate that more attention should be paid to the hygiene of slaughterhouses.

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Antibiotic resistance patterns of efflux pumps MexAB-Opr M in pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates

10.21203/rs.3.rs-38864/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Javad rasouli ◽

Behnam hashemi ◽

Hamed Afkhami ◽

Mansoor Khaledi ◽

Reza valadan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Efflux Pump ◽

Efflux Pumps ◽

Drug Susceptibility ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Efflux Pump Inhibitor ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Burn Victims ◽

Resistance Patterns

Abstract Objectives Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important causes of Hospital infection especially in burn victims. The current study aimed to determine antibiotic resistance of the efflux Pumps MexAB-Opr M. In the present study, 115 samples of urine, blood, sputum, and ICU were collected from the reconstructive section of the patients. The drug susceptibility patterns were determined by disk diffusion method. Phenotypic activity of the efflux pump from the E-test was evaluated, in the presence and without the presence of efflux pump inhibitor. The MexAB gene was analyzed by PCR reaction. Results The resistant isolated was shown to be Ciprofloxacin 33.91%, Nurfloxacin 38.26%, Gentamicin 71.7%, Nalidixic acid 95.95%, Ceftazidim 38.46%, Emipenem 24.34%, Meropenem 26.36%, and Cefotaxim 40.86%. The highest and lowest resistance rates were Co-trimoxazole and Piperacilin, respectively. The findings of PCR reaction among 115 P. aeruginosa isolates indicated that 62.62% was MexAB gene. The results of MIC with E-test revealed that the role of efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance was 19 isolated. Due to the importance of antibiotic resistance to investigate other efflux pumps, comparison of efflux pump involvement in antibiotic resistance, and relationship between efflux pumps MexAB-Opr M are highly required and suggested.

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Antibiotic resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase in Escherichia coli isolates from imported 1-day-old chicks, ducklings, and turkey poults

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.1037-1044 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1037-1044

Author(s):

Mona A. A. AbdelRahman ◽

Heba Roshdy ◽

Abdelhafez H. Samir ◽

Engy A. Hamed

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Potential Source ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Turkey Poults

Aim: Antimicrobial resistance is a global health threat. This study investigated the prevalence of Escherichia coli in imported 1-day-old chicks, ducklings, and turkey poults. Materials and Methods: The liver, heart, lungs, and yolk sacs of 148 imported batches of 1-day-old flocks (chicks, 45; ducklings, 63; and turkey poults, 40) were bacteriologically examined for the presence of E. coli. Results: We isolated 38 E. coli strains from 13.5%, 6.7%, and 5.4% of imported batches of 1-day-old chicks, ducklings, and turkey poults, respectively. They were serotyped as O91, O125, O145, O78, O44, O36, O169, O124, O15, O26, and untyped in the imported chicks; O91, O119, O145, O15, O169, and untyped in the imported ducklings; and O78, O28, O29, O168, O125, O158, and O115 in the imported turkey poults. The E. coli isolates were investigated for antibiotic resistance against 16 antibiotics using the disk diffusion method and were found resistant to cefotaxime (60.5%), nalidixic acid (44.7%), tetracycline (44.7%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (42.1%). The distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and ampC β-lactamase genes was blaTEM (52.6%), blaSHV (28.9%), blaCTX-M (39.5%), blaOXA-1 (13.1%), and ampC (28.9%). Conclusion: Imported 1-day-old poultry flocks may be a potential source for the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant E. coli and the ESBL genes in poultry production.

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