A Universe of Societies

Author(s):  
Didier Debaise

Which kind of relation exists between a stone, a cloud, a dog, and a human? Is nature made of distinct domains and layers or does it form a vast unity from which all beings emerge? Refusing at once a reductionist, physicalist approach as well as a vitalistic one, Whitehead affirms that « everything is a society » This chapter consequently questions the status of different domains which together compose nature by employing the concept of society. The first part traces the history of this notion notably with reference to the two thinkers fundamental to Whitehead: Leibniz and Locke; the second part defines the temporal and spatial relations of societies; and the third explores the differences between physical, biological, and psychical forms of existence as well as their respective ways of relating to environments. The chapter thus tackles the status of nature and its domains.

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-73
Author(s):  
Eirik Askerøi

This chapter addresses technological development as a driving force of musical development during the history of recorded music. The study is organized around three moments, which in various ways have contributed to forming new ways of producing music, and thereby also have left their audible marks on the sound of the music. The first example demonstrates how the development of the electric microphone contributed to new vocal expressions already in the 1930s. The second example takes up how magnetic tape technology has affected the status of recording, the possibility of multitrack recording and for experimenting with the sound of new, virtual spaces in recordings. The third example is the gated reverb on drums, which left a definitive mark on the sound of the 1980s. The overall aim of this chapter, then, is to provide an inroad to understanding the concept of sound in a historic perspective, through processes of discovery, naturalisation and canonisation.


2020 ◽  
pp. 246-260
Author(s):  
Aydin I. Ibrahimov ◽  
◽  
Gulzar M. Ismaylova ◽  

For instance, the evolution of the Republic of Azerbaijan was examined in three different periods. The first one is the republican period (1918–1920); the second one is the sovereign state period (1920–1991); and the third one is the period since 1991. Each period was compared with the others and the similarities and differences experienced in the geopolitics of the country were evaluated. Three main lines are clearly seen in the geopolitics conducted approximately throughout the last century by different Azerbaijans. Firstly, the main geopolitical competitor is the Republic of Armenia; secondly, the competition taking place in the region between Russia and the West creates the atmosphere which influences the geopolitical behaviors; and thirdly, the fixed element which determines the status of the country is the energy resources.


2002 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Richard K. Bambach

In 1950, the great vertebrate paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson published a book titled “The Meaning of Evolution.” Simpson divided his work into three parts: (a) the Course of Evolution, (b) Interpretation of Evolution, and (c) Evolution, Humanity, and Ethics. I will take a different approach. Rather than detailing the course of evolution (topics of which are covered elsewhere in this volume), or interpreting patterns seen in the history of life, or trying to construct an ethical program, I will just consider three aspects: (1) what we mean by evolution, (2) the status of the theory of evolution, and (3) what evolution means to understanding the natural world. Some ideas about the importance of human existence and its implications do emerge, however, from the third topic, and several of my points do parallel some of Simpson's conclusions.


2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
V. V. Belov ◽  
A. A. Menshchikov

Aim. To establish connection between the functions of 30-year survival rate and concentration of cholesterol high density lipoproteins (C-HDL) in men aged 40-59 years with a past history of a myocardial infarction (MI) and relying on the obtained data to determine the optimal level of C-HDL for the specified cohort.Material and methods. The study includes 141 patients who have had MI more than 6 months ago and observed in clinics of Metallurgical district of the city of Chelyabinsk within the third group of dispensary register. Specified MI cases refer to types 1, 2 of the Third universal definition of MI. The initial stage of study of the target group of men who have a past history of MI lasted from 03.06.1974 to 24.11.1975. Observation points were 0 and 30 years. The endpoint was death. Information about the dead established during the annual monitoring of the status of life. During the observation period 130 persons/92,2% died. Evaluation of survival was carried out according to the method of Kaplan-Meier, based on which a Cox regression model was built with the inclusion of successively higher minimum level of C-HDL, so that survival curves were significantly different. 95% confidence intervals were determined. The confidence bands of survival functions were built on the basis of on non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.Results. The analysis of the function of 30-year survival in men aged 40-59 with past history of MI, depending on the level of HDL-C showed: the presence of statistically significant relationships between survival and levels of HDL-C. Optimal concentrations of HDL cholesterol for survival were the values of HDL-C ≥2,0 mmol/l. Statistically significant periods of survival differences are shown on survival curves at different levels of HDL-C. The possibility of prediction of survival of each patient to a certain time depending on the level HDL-C is determined. Initial levels of HDL-C determine the beginning, duration, end of periods of statistically significant survival differences on survival curves.Conclusion. The analysis of 30-year monitoring of the life status of cohort of men aged 40-59 with past history of MI showed a statistically significant dependence of survival on the initial level of HDL-C. The initial concentration of HDL-C are optimal for survival of indicated cohorts of men. HDL-C levels of 2,0-2,9 mmol/l can serve as a therapeutic target for men aged 40-59 with a past history of MI. The functions of 30-year survival in the cohort of middle-aged men who underwent MI, allow to determine the probability of survival of patients with this level of HDL-C to certain time.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-406
Author(s):  
Vijay Kumar Shrotryia ◽  
Shashank Vikram Pratap Singh

SummaryIndia is one of the most populated countries in the world and was famously known as the golden bird. It was known for its rich cultural heritage and some of the world’s most significant educational institutions. Over the countless decades and centuries, the invaders exploited the resources for their advantage. At the decline of the independence in 1947, it was left backward with one of the poorest economies of the world of that time. The richness of erstwhile India, the status of the golden bird, the sacred intellectual space that India occupied has only textual value for the present generation. Through this academic paper, an attempt has been made to address the following questions: what was the state of the economy of India during the pre- and post-independence period, how has India transformed herself from one of the most impoverished economies in 1947 to currently the third-largest economy in the world, and how is the current economic and non-economic status of India.


Author(s):  
Mogens Lærke

The first part of Chapter 1 presents the polemical aim of the book, namely to do away with the understanding of Spinoza’s freedom of philosophizing as a legal permission to express whatever opinion one has—a right to “free speech” in the contemporary meaning—and show how it enshrines a vision of how to better regulate public speech in view of increased collective self-determination. The second part contains methodological reflections on the status of texts, contexts, and historical circumstances in the study of the history of philosophy, and explains two assumptions made about the structure and systematic character of the Tractatus theologico-politicus. This part also includes discussion of so-called esoteric readings of Spinoza. The third and final part is a general outline of the entire book, intended to provide the reader with some guidance to the global argument.


1987 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 63-80
Author(s):  
James A. Monsonis

This is a paper tracing the history of an ideology, in the classical Marxist sense of the term: a framework of thought which purports to make sense of reality but which in fact masks its real dynamics, and which is developed in the service of class interest (Marx, 1970). The ideology in question here has to do with the ways in which social scientists conceptualize and analyse the dynamics of those societies usually described as the Third World. In recent years, following the failure of functionalism and such developmentalist schemas as Rostow's stages of economic growth, there has begun to emerge an interest in thinking about Third World societies in terms of social and cultural pluralism. It is this framework of thought which is to be examined here.


Author(s):  
Arman Schwartz

“I Pini del Gianicolo,” the third movement of Ottorino Respighi’s Pini di Roma (1924), is the first symphonic composition to feature a phonograph record alongside more conventional orchestral instruments, a peculiar innovation debated by both early listeners and more recent scholars. This chapter seeks to capture Respighi’s use of a pre-recorded nightingale within a wide interpretive net, considering the status of orchestration and signification in early twentieth-century instrumental and dramatic music; the medial history of Respighi’s nightingale; as well as other attempts to combine the animal, mechanical, and musical in the months around the work’s premiere. Birdsong—real, represented, and recorded—might prompt further reflection on the peculiar materiality of timbre, whose mysteries, this chapter suggests, could also be considered the subject of Respighi’s work.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 156-162
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ikhsan Sulaiman ◽  
Rita Andini ◽  
Murna Muzaifa ◽  
Leni Marlina ◽  
Rachman Jaya ◽  
...  

Biodiversity is defined as the variety of life encompassing the ‘existing’ variations at all level, starting from the tiny genes within a species up to a broader sense consisted of habitats within ecosystem. It is urgently needed as long as human is still exist on this earth. Therefore, its proper utilization and correct application of biodiversity bring great advantage in tangible and non-tangible benefits. Indonesia is known as the third largest biodiversity hotspots; both its flora and fauna. It has also tremendous diverse ecosystems extended from west to east; with amplitude of variation ranging from humid tropical rain forests until a very dry savannah type at the eastern part of Nusa Tenggara. Furthermore, Indonesia is also known as the fourth world highest producer of coffee; with a total production 11,49 million kg in 2016-2017. The Gayo highlands on the northern tip of Sumatra are known as the major production of arabica coffee. There, up to ten varieties of commercial arabica coffee are planted on the highlands. The origin of coffee is in Ethiopia, which is believed as the center of the commercial coffee species in this world: C. arabica and C. canephora. The objective of this paper is to review the status of coffee, esp. the arabica one from various perspectives, ranging from the biology, history of coffee, the processing of coffee (wet vs. dry methods), and how the component of natural biodiversity can be applied in order to enhance the coffee production, particularly on the Gayo highlands.


1999 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 17-38
Author(s):  
Richard K. Bambach

In 1950, the great vertebrate paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson published a book titled “The Meaning of Evolution.” Simpson divided his work into three parts: (a) the Course of Evolution, (b) Interpretation of Evolution, and (c) Evolution, Humanity, and Ethics. I will take a different approach. Rather than detailing the course of evolution (topics of which are covered elsewhere in this volume), or interpreting patterns seen in the history of life, or trying to construct an ethical program, I will just consider three aspects: (1) what we mean by evolution, (2) the status of the theory of evolution, and (3) what evolution means to understanding the natural world. Some ideas about the importance of human existence and its implications do emerge, however, from the third topic, and several of my points do parallel some of Simpson's conclusions.


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