Early Nineteenth-Century ‘Murmurings and Disputings’ in the Ultra-Ganges Missions

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-252
Author(s):  
R. G. Tiedemann†
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
Christian Missions ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
European Origin ◽  
Educational Paradigm ◽  
Missionary Societies ◽  
The Stability

As messengers of a peaceful gospel, the ‘Christian soldiers’ put in charge of expanding the remit of the London Missionary Society to South-east Asia and, eventually, to South China frequently found themselves at war with each other. Based on the personal correspondence of missionaries stationed at Melaka, Batavia and Guangzhou, the present article analyses both the challenges faced by the missionary circle as well as the disagreements which developed. The Protestant missionaries sailed in the wake of the Dutch and British navies after the Napoleonic wars. They thus found themselves both protected and held at ransom by the colonial politics which ensued, resulting in personal decisions which could pit individual missionaries against each other. Not a few missionaries were of continental European origin – for example, Thomsen, Brückner and Gützlaff – accentuating rivalries between the colonial enterprises and between competing missionary societies. Differences in personality, such as Robert Morrison’s proverbial severity or the schoolmastery of William Milne, did little to alleviate such tensions. But arguably the most important reason for the ‘murmurings and disputings’ observed by Robert Morrison was radically different outlooks concerning the objectives of the mission. These related to conversion methods, to the educational paradigm of the Christian missions, and methods of outreach, pitting a highly mobile ‘entrepreneurial’ approach against the stability of the mission stations. Importantly in the polyethnic composition of south-eastern Asia, opinions differed on the utility of the Malayan languages, South Chinese vernaculars or the language used by Chinese officials. Dissension within the Ultra-Ganges Missions arose from the essential bifurcation between life in the ‘here & now’ and a future destiny in China.

The Attempts of Raffles to Establish A British Base in South-East Asia, 1818–1819

1960 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Tay
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
New Kingdom ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
The Stability

In the year 1814, Great Britain, recuperating from the effects of the Napoleonic Wars and anxious to protect itself against another outbreak of “Revolutionary Madness”, determined to restore the balance of power in Europe. To this end, it turned its attention towards the problem of rebuilding a strong and united Kingdom of Holland. Because the stability of this new Kingdom depended on the prosperity it could derive from its colonial possessions, Britain restored to it, by the Anglo-Dutch Convention of 1814, all the factories and establishments which Holland had possessed in the Eastern Seas at the commencement of 1803. These were Java and its dependencies, Celebes and the smaller islands situated in the Straits of Macassar, the Moluccas, Malacca on the Malay Peninsula, and various establishments on the island of Sumatra. Great Britain also ceded to the Dutch the island of Banca.

The Melville Monument and the Shaping of the Scottish Metropolis

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 105-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarisse Godard Desmarest
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Grid Pattern ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Town ◽  
National Monument ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The City

AbstractThe Melville Monument, which stands at the centre of St Andrew's Square in Edinburgh, was erected between 1821 and 1823 in memory of the Tory statesman Henry Dundas, first Viscount Melville (1742–1811). The design for the monument, more than 150 ft tall, was provided by William Burn (1789–1870). The 15 ft statue of Dundas that stands on top, added in 1827, was carved by Robert Forrest (1789–1852), a Scottish sculptor from Lanarkshire, from a design by Francis Chantrey (1781–1841). The Melville Monument, imperial in character and context, is part of a series of highly visible monuments built in Edinburgh in the early nineteenth century to celebrate such figures as Horatio Nelson, Robert Burns, William Pitt, King George IV and the dead of the Napoleonic wars (National Monument). This article examines the commission and construction of the Melville Monument, and analyses the choice and significance of St Andrew's Square as a locus for commemoration. The monument is shown to be part of an emerging commitment to enhance the more picturesque qualities of the city, a reaction against the exaggerated formality of the first New Town and its grid pattern.

scholarly journals Vietnamese sedimentary basins: geological evolution and petroleum potential

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 91-94
Author(s):  
Michael B.W. Fyhn ◽  
Henrik I. Petersen ◽  
Anders Mathiesen ◽  
Lars H. Nielsen ◽  
Stig A.S. Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Petroleum Potential ◽  
Structural Style ◽  
Geological Evolution ◽  
Petroleum Resources

A number of sedimentary basins of various ages are located onand offshore Vietnam (Fig. 1). Some of them have significant petroleum resources and have thus attracted interest from industry and academia (Rangin et al. 1995; Matthews et al. 1997; Lee & Watkins 1998; Lee et al. 2001). Moreover, Vietnam is located in a position central to the understanding of the geological development of South-East Asia (Hall & Morley 2004). The structural style and the stratigraphy of the Vietnamese basins thus provide a valuable record about the development of South-East Asia throughout the Phanerozoic and the subsequent Eocene as well as younger deformation associated with the collision and indentation of India into Eurasia and the opening of the South China Sea (Fyhn et al. 2009a, 2010a).

scholarly journals Early replacement of West Eurasian male Y chromosomes from the east

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pille Hallast ◽  
Anastasia Agdzhoyan ◽  
Oleg Balanovsky ◽  
Yali Xue ◽  
Chris Tyler-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Early Period ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Dna Analyses ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Time Period ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Extensive Information

AbstractThe genomes of humans outside Africa originated almost entirely from a single migration out ∼50,000-60,000 years ago1,2, followed closely by mixture with Neanderthals contributing ∼2% to all non-Africans3,4. However, the details of this initial migration remain poorly-understood because no ancient DNA analyses are available from this key time period, and present-day autosomal data are uninformative due to subsequent population movements/reshaping5. One locus, however, does retain extensive information from this early period: the Y-chromosome, where a detailed calibrated phylogeny has been constructed6. Three present-day Y lineages were carried by the initial migration: the rare haplogroup D, the moderately rare C, and the very common FT lineage which now dominates most non-African populations6,7. We show that phylogenetic analyses of haplogroup C, D and FT sequences, including very rare deep-rooting lineages, together with phylogeographic analyses of ancient and present-day non-African Y-chromosomes, all point to East/South-east Asia as the origin 50,000-55,000 years ago of all known non-African male lineages (apart from recent migrants). This implies that the initial Y lineages in populations between Africa and eastern Asia have been entirely replaced by lineages from the east, contrasting with the expectations of the serial-founder model8,9, and thus informing and constraining models of the initial expansion.

scholarly journals European Officers and the Mainland Irregular Forces on the Ionian Islands, 1798–1814: A Comparison of Command and Tactics

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-142
Author(s):  
Nicholas Pappas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ionian Islands ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Irregular Forces ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Successes And Failures

In the era of the Napoleonic wars, the Ionian Islands off the western coasts of Greece and southern Albania became a base of operations and an area of conflict in the Mediterranean in the years 1797–1814. In that period, Republican French, Russian, Imperial French, and British forces successively occupied these Greek-populated islands, formerly Venetian possessions. Each of these powers attempted to establish a nominally independent "Septinsular Republic" under their protectorate. There were efforts by all of these powers to organize native armed forces, some raised from among refugees from the mainland-bandits (klephtes), former Ottoman irregulars (armatoloi), and clansmen from the autonomous regions of Himara, Souli, and Mani. Although these refugee warriors were skilled in the use of weapons-flintlock firearms, sabres and yataghans-they fought and were organized according to traditions and methods that were different and considered "obsolete" in early nineteenth century Europe. This study will look into the organization, training and command of these troops by Russian, French, and British officers. It will study the successes and failures of these officers in forming these native warriors into regular or semi-regular forces. It will also examine how the attitudes and activities of these officers helped to develop the armed forces of the Greek War of Independence, 1821–1830. Keywords: Napoleonic wars, Ionian Islands, armatoloi and klephtes, military forces

A Critical Study of Kumpulan Militant Malaysia, its Wider Connections in the Region and the Implications of Radical Islam for the Stability of Southeast Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mohd Mizan Mohammad Aslam
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Radical Islam ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
Freedom Fighters ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability ◽  
East Asia Region

<p>This study analyzes the existence and political history of Kumpulan Militan Malaysia (Malaysia Militant Group-KMM); the most spectacular Muslim militant group to recently emerge from Malaysia. Using an interpretive framework derived from typology of radicalism, this study exposes the roots of the group and its transformation into a militant movement. Based on extensive fieldwork, numerous interviews and in-depth research of related documents, this study demonstrates that the existence of KMM cannot be dissociated from Afghanistan’s global Jihadist campaign.  This study analyzes the activities of KMM in the context of radical Islam in the South East Asia region and its wider connection, particularly with the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). Findings from fieldwork research conducted with active and ex-members of KMM and JI are presented to find the answer to the question pertaining the involvement of these two groups in terrorism activities in Southeast Asia.  Southeast Asian contemporary social and political scenarios have been build-up from a long history of rebellious freedom fighters against colonial super-powers. In addition to nationalism, Islamization has also played a significant role in establishing freedom movements in the 1940s and 1950s. Systematic pressure under colonial powers and harsh policies implemented by ultra nationalists to these groups resulted in a series of rebellions and defiance such as what happened in Indonesia, Southern Thailand and the Southern Philippines. Historical facts led to radicalism in these countries, which are important for gaining a better knowledge about Muslim radicalism in Southeast Asia also presented in this thesis.  The ‘typology of radicalism’ - the transformation from ‘nominal believers’ to activists, extremists, radicals and terrorists is explained in this research. Understanding Islam and their willingness to perform Jihad as was carried out in Afghanistan has had a significant impact on today’s militants. Finally, this research suggests the best methods for overcoming radicalism and diffusing KMM and JI’s threat in Southeast Asia.</p>

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 297-300
Author(s):  
Hannah Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Radical Politics ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century

This book ends in 1750 but its preoccupations can be traced into the early nineteenth century. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars against France between 1793 and 1815 saw two decades of warfare. Fears of popular revolution dominated the 1790s and 1800s, with radical groups being fiercely suppressed. The government’s concern over radical politics and the politics of class extended to the army. It was remarked that military service abroad had led to soldiers becoming vehement democrats; troops were even alleged to have been reading that working-class radical text ...

Early Devonian (415–400 Ma) A-type granitoids and diabases in the Wuyishan, eastern Cathaysia: A signal of crustal extension coeval with the separation of South China from Gondwana

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 2295-2317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujia Xin ◽  
Jianhua Li ◽  
Lothar Ratschbacher ◽  
Guochun Zhao ◽  
Yueqiao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Melting ◽  
South China ◽  
Crustal Extension ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
The South ◽  
Early Devonian ◽  
Enriched Mantle ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Tethys Ocean ◽  
T Values

Abstract The evolution of the South China continental crust and its linkage to the assembly and rifting of eastern Gondwana are key issues in the understanding of the early Paleozoic evolution of eastern Asia. We report U-Pb zircon ages and geochemical and Lu-Hf isotopic data for the South Fufang and Yingshang granitoids and the Mayuan diabases from the Wuyishan of eastern South China. The zircons yielded U-Pb ages of ca. 414–404 and ca. 409–401 Ma for the granitoids and diabases, respectively. Petrographic and geochemical features indicate that the granitoids are peraluminous A-type granites, expressed by high Ga/Al ratios and high Zr, Nb, Ce, Y, and rare earth element contents. They show negative zircon εHf(t) values (–15.4 to –5.8), consistent with the derivation from a crustal source. The granitoids likely originated from partial melting of dry granulite residues in the lower crust. The diabases show depletion in Ti, and negative correlations between FeOt and Mg#, and SiO2 and TiO2/FeOt, reflecting clinopyroxene, olivine, and Fe-Ti oxide fractionation. Their negative zircon εHf(t) values (–4.5 to –0.4) indicate an ancient enriched-mantle origin. The diabases likely originated from partial melting of a sub-continental lithospheric mantle. We interpret these A-type granitoids and diabases as post-orogenic, formed during extensional collapse of thickened crust. Their generation indicates that South China experienced crustal extension during the Early Devonian. The extension occurred coevally with global rifting that led to the separation of the continental blocks of eastern Asia from eastern Gondwana, which was associated with the Early Devonian opening of the paleo–Tethys Ocean.

“Kennst du das Land?” The Uncertainty of Galicia in the Age of Metternich and Fredro

Slavic Review ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cultural Perspectives ◽  
Political Perspective ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Ideological Tensions

During the Napoleonic wars the future existence of Habsburg Galicia was regarded as uncertain, and in the period following the Congress of Vienna the identity of the province was likewise unclear. The eighteenth-century creation of Galicia gave way to the nineteenth-century attempt to create Galicians and to discover a non-national provincial meaning of “Galicia,“ capable of reconciling and transcending national, religious, and linguistic differences. In this article Larry Wolff juxtaposes the political perspective of Metternich and the literary perspective of dramatist Aleksander Fredro in order to analyze the imperial and provincial dynamics of the idea of Galicia, with fürther attention to the public sphere of newspapers and journals, and the cultural perspectives of Galicians like Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (the son of the great composer) and Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński (founder of the Ossolineum library in Lviv). This article traces the evolving cultural meanings of Galicia up until 1835, the year of the death of Habsburg Emperor Franz and the year that Fredro was denounced by a Polish critic as a “non-national” writer. Especially in Fredro's celebrated comedies, it is possible to discern the submerged ideological tensions of empire and province that shaped Galician identity in the early nineteenth century.

REGIONAL SECURITY COMPLEX IN ASEAN: Neutrality and Centrality at Brink in the South China Sea Issue

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Arfin Sudirman
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
International System ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
East Asia Region

The South China Sea conflict has been a highly sensitive issue for the last 5 years in ASEAN. China and the US have been using the South China Sea as the New Cold War Arena of power and military hegemonic competition in the South East Asia region. This has been a major challenge for ASEAN as the only regional organization in the South East Asia region that has direct in the area must take major role in managing and resolving the dispute peacefully even though ASEAN has no defense pact like NATO. This paper argues that ASEAN, at this moment, must maintain its role as a mediator and independent-negotiator in the region but at the same time apply its principle of gradually adapting with the new international system. This article also suggests that in the future, ASEAN can take a major role in the governance of the South China Sea and the South East Asia region.

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