Producing Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L. cv. ‘Kuching’) Rootstock in a Deep-Water Culture Hydroponic System

Stem cutting is the common planting material for black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) farmers mainly because the method is cheap, easy to obtain, and produces satisfactory number of new plantlets, which are relatively genetically uniform to their parent. However, soil propagation of stem cuttings renders both the stem and developing roots susceptible to soil borne pathogens, ultimately compromising the quality of the plant. Good quality rootstock of the new plant promotes faster, safer, and better black pepper plant establishment. Hydroponic farming thus offers a good platform for producing quality rootstock of the new plants and has gained importance to many farmers due to its flexibility in manipulating plant growth conditions and timely pathogen management, thus safer, healthier, and faster growth. This study investigated the growing media suitable for rootstock growth of P. nigrum L. cv. ‘Kuching’ and compared the rooting ability between stem cuttings with adventitious roots at the time of planting and stem cuttings without any root at the time of planting. In a laboratory setting, a total of 210 stem cuttings were hydroponically planted in seven nutrient compositions, with each nutrient composition containing an equal number of stem cuttings with adventitious roots at the time of planting and stem cuttings without any root at the time of planting. Hoagland solution supplemented with 0.005 mM potassium silicate solution (T4) and Hoagland solution supplemented with 2 mM salicylic acid solution (T6) showed faster root initiation whereas T1 (Hoagland solution only) produced the highest increment in root length followed by T6. The least suitable nutrient composition was T5 [T4 + 6 mL of 1 M Ca (NO3)2.4H2O solution]. The total number of roots was highest in plants from stem cuttings which had some adventitious roots at the time of planting, whereas roots in plants from stem cuttings which did not have any root at the time of planting, increased in root length faster than plants withstem cuttings which had adventitious roots at the time of planting.

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PENYEBAB DAN SERANGGA VEKTOR PENYAKIT KERITING PADA TANAMAN LADA

Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri ◽

10.21082/jlittri.v8n1.2002.7-11 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

RODIAH BALFAS ◽

SUPRIADI SUPRIADI ◽

T. L. MARDININGSIH ◽

ENDANG SUGANDI

Keyword(s):

Disease Transmission ◽

Black Pepper ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Planococcus Citri ◽

Pepper Plant ◽

Insect Vectors ◽

University Of Minnesota ◽

Similar Disease ◽

Toxoptera Aurantii ◽

Pepper Plants

The cause of stunting disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Indonesia has not yet been confirmed cither due o a virus or mycoplaam. However, similar disease found on black pepper plants in the Southeast Asia is caused by Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMV) which is transmitted by Planococcus citri. This expeiments was aimed o examine the cause of the stunting disease and its insect vectors. The expeiment were conducted from October 1998 to May 2001. Diseased vegetative materials of black pepper plants showing stunting disease were collected from Sukamulya, Sukabumi. The potential insect vectors were collected from black pepper plants in Bogor, IP Sukamulya (Sukabumi), Lampung and Bangka. The insects were fed on the diseased plants obtained from Lampung, Bogor and IP Sukamulya, then transferred o the healthy plants. The healthy plants were produced rom true seeds and cutings oiginated rom Bogor and IP Sukamulya. The tested plants were incubated at the green house and examined for disease development. Diseased leaf samples collected rom black pepper plant rom IP. Sukamulya and the transmitted plants were sent to the University of Minnesota, USA for Ihe virus (PYMV) by using ISEM (immunosorbent electron microscope). The result snowed that the leaves samples rom IP. Sukamulya were infected by PYMV. The morphology and size of the virus were similar to those caused stunting disease in the South East Asia. Potential insects vectors found on the diseased black pepper plants were two mealybugs, P. minor and Ferrisia virgata (Hemiptera; Coccoidca: PaaidbcoccidaeX aa well as an aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Aphididae). The first tial on disease transmission by using P. minor, previously reared on the potato tubers, showed one out of ten tested plants produced disease sympom. The subsequent trial using P minor, bred on healthy black pepper seedlings, showed thee out often tested plants developed disease symptoms. None of the aphid transmitted plants developed Ihe disease. This study confirmed thai PYMV b the cause of stunting disease on black pepper in IP Sukamulya and Lampung and P. minor as the insect vecor of the disease.

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UJI LAMA PERENDAMAN STEK LADA (PIPER NIGRUM L) PADA EKTRAK TAUGE TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN AKAR DAN TUNAS

AGRICA ◽

10.37478/agr.v12i2.310 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 70-82

Author(s):

Murdaningsih ◽

Philipus N Supardi ◽

Fransiskus Soge

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Growth Response ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Pepper Plant ◽

Root Weight ◽

Natural Growth ◽

Speed Up ◽

Number Of Leaves

The study was intended to determine the growth response of the pepper plant steak due to an extended 3 hours of Tauge extracting with a concentration of 300 ml/l. The design used in this study is a completely random design with a single factory based pattern of P1 (1 hour), P2 (2 hours), P3 (3 hours), P4 (4 hours), P5 (5 hours). Variable observations in this study are the number of shoots (strands), length of shoots (cm2), number of leaves (strands), amount of roots (cm2), length of roots (cm2), fresh shoots (gram), shoots dry weights (gram), root fresh weights (gram), root dry weights (gram), root dry weights (gram). Studies indicate that extended snorting time of pepper on and Tauge extracting gives very real influence to the growth variable of sprouts (50,66%), root length (32,96%), leaves (58,88%), root length (45,14%), root weight (57,72%), shoots (71,43%), shoots dry weight (65,73%). Thus the treatment of Tauge extracts as one of the natural growth regulator plants in seeding with a concentration of 300 m/l water would be best submerged for 3 hours to speed up the growth and remove the roots to achieve the best quality of the steed growth.

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The Effect of Ammonium Nitrate Ratio and Support Types on the NPK Uptake and Growth of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Field Conditions

Poljoprivreda ◽

10.18047/poljo.27.2.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 25-33

Author(s):

Issukindarsyah Issukindarsyah ◽

◽

Endang Sulistyaningsih ◽

DidikIndradewa Indradewa ◽

Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Black Pepper ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Pepper Plant ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Npk Uptake

The study’s objective was to determine the effect of the NO3-: NH4+ratio and types of support on NPK uptake and pepper plant growth in field conditions. The study used a completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was the type of support, being the deadwood and living supports in the form of Gliricidia sp. and Ceiba pentandra. The second factor was the ratio of N fertilizer forms, which were 100% NO3-, 100% NH4+, 50% NO3-:50% NH4+, 75% NO3-:25% NH4+ and 25% NO3-:75% NH4+. The results have demonstrated that the uptake of N, P, and K, as well as the plant growth, were not affected by the interaction of the N fertilizer form ratio with the types of support. In field conditions, the black pepper prefers the N fertilizer in the form of 50% NO3-:50% NH4+. The pepper plants that were given N fertilizer in a combination of 50% NO3-:50% NH4+ have demonstrated an N, P, and K uptake, and morphology and plant dry weight were higher than the ratio of other forms of N fertilizers.

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UJI LAMA PERENDAMAN STEK LADA (PIPER NIGRUM L) PADA EKTRAK TAUGE TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN AKAR DAN TUNAS

AGRICA ◽

10.37478/agr.v12i2.210 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 71-85

Author(s):

Murdaningsih Murdaningsih ◽

Philipus N Supardi ◽

Fransiskus Soge

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulator ◽

Root Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Pepper Plant ◽

Natural Growth ◽

Speed Up ◽

Number Of Leaves

The study was intended to determine the growth responseof the pepper plant steak due to an extended 3 hours of Tauge extracting with aconcentration of 300 ml/l. The design used in this study is a completely randomdesign with a single factory based pattern of P1 (1 hour), P2 (2 hours), P3 (3hours), P4 (4 hours), P5 (5 hours). Variable observations in this study are thenumber of shoots (strands), length of shoots (cm2), number of leaves (strands),amount of roots (cm2), length of roots (cm2), fresh shoots (gram), shoots dryweights (gram), root fresh weights (gram), root dry weights (gram), root dryweights (gram). Studies indicate that extended snorting time of pepper on andTauge extracting gives very real influence to the growth variable of sprouts(50,66%), root length (32,96%), leaves (58,88%), root length (45,14%), rootweight (57,72%), shoots (71,43%), shoots dry weight (65,73%). Thus thetreatment of Tauge extracts as one of the natural growth regulator plants inseeding with a concentration of 300 m/l water would be best submerged for 3hours to speed up the growth and remove the roots to achieve the best quality ofthe steed growth.

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Physiological responses of photosynthesis in black pepper plants under different shade levels promoted by intercropping with rubber trees

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/1413-70542018425020418 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 513-526 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marcos Góes Oliveira ◽

Gleison Oliosi ◽

Fábio Luiz Partelli ◽

José Cochicho Ramalho

Keyword(s):

Physiological Responses ◽

Black Pepper ◽

Photosynthetic Performance ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Pepper Plant ◽

Gas Exchanges ◽

Leaf Gas Exchanges ◽

Southern Side ◽

Lower Temperature ◽

Pepper Plants

ABSTRACT Plants of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) may display changes in their photosynthetic activity as a result of environmental seasonal changes. Intercropping with tree species may represent an alternative to mitigate the impacts of climatic changes on crops. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological responses of photosynthesis in black pepper plants under different shade levels promoted by intercropping with rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg. The photosynthetic performance in black pepper along the day was evaluated under full sun and five shade levels. The resulted showed that variations positives in leaf gas exchanges were not exclusively dependent on the shade promoted by the distance in relation with the line of rubber trees in the field, but also fluctuate depending on the period of the day, the orientation (Northern or Southern), relating the line of trees and the season of the year. This study showed that shaded intercropped plants displayed some advantage in a few cases (black pepper plants located at 2 m, and 5 m between rubber trees, southern side) as regards the photosynthetic rate at midday and afternoon, and especially in summer, when compared to pepper plants cultivated in full sunlight condition, That would be likely related to the to the maintenance of somewhat lower temperature and higher relative humidity in the atmosphere close to the black pepper plant implying some advantage for such consortium system to mitigate the possible effects of future climate changes, like warming.

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PENULARAN PENYAKIT KERDIL PADA TANAMAN LADA OLEH TIGA JENIS SERANGGA VEKTOR

Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri ◽

10.21082/jlittri.v13n4.2007.136-141 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 136

Author(s):

RODIAH BALFAS ◽

SAMSUDIN SAMSUDIN ◽

SUKAMTO SUKAMTO ◽

IRWAN LAKANI

Keyword(s):

Disease Transmission ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Aphis Gossypii ◽

Black Pepper ◽

Mottle Virus ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Pepper Plant ◽

Stunted Growth ◽

Yellow Mottle ◽

Transmission Test

ABSTRAK Penyakit kerdil merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada tanaman lada (Piper nigrum L.), yang disebabkan oleh dua jenis virus, yaitu Piper Yellow Mottle Virus (PYMV) yang ditularkan oleh kutu putih (Planococcus minor dan Ferrisia virgata); dan Cucumo Mosaic Virus (CMV) yang pernah dilaporkan ditularkan oleh Aphis gossypii. Penelitian tentang penyakit ini telah dilakukan di laboratorium dan rumah kaca untuk mengetahui kemampuan serangga vektor P. minor, F. virgata dan A. gossypii dalam menularkan penyakit. Serangga tersebut diberi makan selama 24 jam pada tanaman lada yang terserang penyakit kerdil, kemudian serangga dipindahkan ke bibit lada sehat selama 24 (A. gossypii) dan 48 jam (P. minor dan F. virgata). Pada setiap jenis serangga diuji 1, 3, 7 dan 10 ekor per tanaman. Dengan cara yang sama dilakukan pula pengujian lanjutan penularan dengan A. gossypii (sebanyak 10 ekor serangga per tanaman) dengan menggunakan tiga sumber tanaman sakit yang berbeda (tanaman sakit asal Bangka, asal Sukabumi dan Bogor). Selain itu dilakukan penularan secara mekanik dengan menggunakan ketiga sumber inokulum. Tanaman yang telah diperlakukan diinkubasikan di rumah kaca. Deteksi virus dilakukan dengan ELISA dengan menggunakan antiserum dari Agdia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa P. minor dan F. virgata dapat menularkan penyakit kerdil ke tanaman lada hingga 100%, sedangkan penularan dengan A. gossypii tidak menunjukkan gejala, tetapi pada pengujian lanjutan dengan A. gossypii memperlihatkan beberapa tanaman bergejala. Dari penelitian ini terungkap kutu putih merupakan serangga vektor PYMV yang sangat efisien, sedangkan A. gossypii dapat berperan sebagai vektor CMV dengan kemampuan penularan masih terbatas. Kata kunci : Piper nigrum L., penyakit kerdil, Ferrisia virgata, Planococcus minor, Aphis gossypii, CMV dan PYMV, penularan ABSTRACT Transmission of stunted growth disease on black pepper by three insect vectors Stunted growth disease is one of the most important diseases on black pepper caused by Piper Yellow Mottle Virus (PYMV) transmitted by Mealybugs (Planococcus minor and Ferrisia virgata) and Cucumo Mosaic Virus (CMV) transmitted by Aphis gossypii. These experiments were conducted at laboratory and green house to examine the capability of the insects in transmitting the disease. The insects were fed on black pepper plant for 24 hours, then transferred to healthy black pepper seedlings for 24 hours (A. gossypii) and 48 hours (P. minor and F. virgata). Each plant was treated with 1, 3, 7 and 10 insects. Other disease transmission test with A. gossypii was carried out using the similar method, but each plant was treated with 10 insects and used three source plants (disease plant from Bangka, Sukamulya/Sukabumi and Bogor). Disease mechanical transmission was also carried out to black pepper plant using the three sources of disease plant treated plants were incubated in the glass house. ELISA was used for disease confirmation with antiserum from Agdia. The results showed that high transmission rate (up to 100%) were obtained in transmission with P. minor and F. virgata . No disease symptoms were shown in black pepper seedlings treated with A. gossypii. In the other transmission test, however, some plants showed symptoms. The similar symptoms were also seen on black pepper plants which were mechanically inoculated. The ELISA showed that the plants were positive for CMV. These experiments suggested that P. minor and F. virgata are very efficient vectors for PYMV, Whereas A. gossypii was confirmed as vector of CMV of black pepper with limited ability in transmitting the disease. Key words : Black pepper, stunted growth disease, Ferrisia virgata, Planococcus minor, Aphis gossypii, CMV, PYMV, transmissio

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Diversity of black pepper plant (Piper nigrum) in Bangka Island (Indonesia) based on agro-morphological characters

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210230 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Gigih Ibnu Prayoga ◽

Ropalia Ropalia ◽

Sitti Nurul Aini ◽

Eries Dyah Mustikarini ◽

Yuniar Rosalin

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Black Pepper ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Survey Method ◽

Pepper Plant ◽

Stem Segment ◽

Leaf Margin ◽

Pepper Plants

Abstract. Prayoga GP, Aini SN, Mustikarini, ED, Rosalin Y. 2020. Diversity of black pepper plant (Piper nigrum L.) in Bangka Island (Indonesia) based on agro-morphological characters. Biodiversitas 21: 652-660. Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) production in Bangka Belitung Islands Province continued to decrease in 2014-2017. Efforts to increase black pepper production was carried out by providing superior varieties that began with an increase in the genetic diversity of black pepper plants. Increasing the genetic diversity of black pepper can be done through black pepper germplasm exploration activities followed by characterization. The research aimed to obtain the agro-morphological characteristics of black pepper plants in Bangka island. Exploration was carried out by survey method in four regencies in Bangka Island. The research method used a survey method with convenience sampling technique. Observation of agro-morphological characters was carried out in accordance with the descriptor for black pepper from IPGRI (1995). The results of exploration of black pepper plants in Bangka Island have found 9 accessions of black pepper plants, consisting of 5 cultivars were Lampung Daun Lebar (LDL), Lampung Daun Kecil (LDK), Chunuk, and Jambi and 4 landraces namely Bogor, Peremis, Keriwil, and Merapin Daun Kecil (MDK). There were morphological differences in 9 accessions of black pepper plants, namely leaf lamina shape, leaf vein, leaf margin, lateral branch habit, leaf base shape, ripe fruit color, hanging vines, ground vines, and stem shape. Agro-morphological relationship of 9 accessions of black pepper plants can be divided into 5 clusters at a 50% similarity level. Based on this study, black pepper breeding program on Bangka Island could be done accessions of Peremis, Bogor, Nyelungkup, and Jambi as genetic sources. Furthermore, selection would be better to use length of petiole, length of stem segment, fruit size, percentage of perfect fruit, weight of 1000 fruits, and the weight of 1000 dried seeds as the selection criteria.

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First Report of Anthracnose Disease of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Caused by an Unknown Species of Colletotrichum

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-93-2-0199a ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 93 (2) ◽

pp. 199-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

V. Jayakumar ◽

G. Kannamma Usha Rani ◽

N. Amaresan ◽

S. Rajalakshmi

Keyword(s):

Sequence Data ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Black Pepper ◽

Species Level ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Pepper Plant ◽

Conidial Suspension ◽

Anthracnose Disease ◽

Classic Symptom ◽

Pale Green

Black pepper is cultivated in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India as a spice crop. During a survey performed in June of 2007 in South Andaman, two kinds of leaf anthracnose symptoms were observed. The classic symptom, angular to irregular or circular brownish lesions with a chlorotic halo and pinhead size acervuli on the leaves, was consistent with the disease previously reported on pepper caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (2). This symptom also caused splitting and the production of hollow berries. The new symptom was novel, with leaves initially exhibiting pale green or yellowish green lesions. As the disease progressed, lesion margins became brown to black with slightly raised areas containing numerous acervuli. Unlike the classic symptom, the new symptom was characterized as leaf lesions that rarely caused defoliation; berries showed no lesions. The foliar disease incidence was up to 15%, but direct economic loss of berries was not noticed. This new symptom was similar to symptoms caused by C. dracaenophilum, a species identified as a pathogen on lucky bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana) (1). A fungus was isolated in pure culture from the pale green lesions and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). At room temperature (28 ± 2°C), fungal growth on PDA was slow and mycelium appeared whitish at the margin with pale pink centers. A pinkish color was observed on the reverse side of the plate, reflecting profuse sporulation. The conidia were hyaline, broadly clavate to cylindrical, and measured 12.5 to 15 × 5 to 7.5 μm (average 14 × 7.5 μm). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the fungal DNA was amplified, sequenced, and submitted to NCBI GenBank (Accession No. EU744584). The specimen was deposited in the MTCC of IMTECH, Chandigarh, India (Accession No. MTCC9344). Pathogenicity was tested in five replications on 15- to 20-day-old pepper plants and repeated twice. A 1-ml conidial suspension (108 spores/ml) of the fungus was brushed on two intact leaves of each pepper plant and incubated for 2 weeks in a glasshouse at 28°C and 70% relative humidity with natural daylight conditions. Plants brushed with sterile water served as control. Similar pale green symptoms were observed only on treated leaves and the same organism was reisolated from lesions. BLAST searches of the GenBank using the ITS sequence revealed that this fungus was a member of the genus Colletotrichum, but a species level identification could not be made with these data. The fungus was most similar in sequence to unnamed endophytic strains of Colletotrichum (96% sequence identity) and phytopathogenic isolates of C. dracaenophilum (93% sequence similarity). Although the symptomatology and sequence data were most closely matched with those documented for C. dracaenophilum (1), the morphological and cultural characteristics of the black pepper anthracnose fungus differed from C. dracaenophilum and other known species of Colletotrichum (3). Together these morphological and molecular data suggest that this form of anthracnose disease on black pepper may be caused by a novel, undescribed species of Colletotrichum. Further investigations will be required to characterize this organism to the species level. References: (1) S. G. Bobev et al. Plant Dis. 92:173, 2008. (2) P. Santha Kumari and A. Sanker. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 33:329, 2003. (3) B. C. Sutton. In: Colletotrichum. Biology, Pathology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, 1992.

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UJI LAMA PERENDAMAN STEK LADA (PIPER NIGRUM L) PADA EKTRAK TAUGE TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN AKAR DAN TUNAS

AGRICA ◽

10.37478/agr.v1i2.310 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 70-82

Author(s):

Murdaningsih ◽

Philipus N Supardi ◽

Fransiskus Soge

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Growth Response ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Pepper Plant ◽

Root Weight ◽

Natural Growth ◽

Speed Up ◽

Number Of Leaves

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Prospect of The Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) as Natural Product Used to an Herbal Medicine

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2021.7113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (F) ◽

pp. 563-573

Author(s):

Ahasan Ullah Khan ◽

Mohammad Samiul Ahsan Talucder ◽

Mitali Das ◽

Sana Noreen ◽

Yunita Sari Pane

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Volatile Oil ◽

Black Pepper ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Pepper Plant ◽

Active Components ◽

Radical Scavenging Properties ◽

Main Component

Black pepper ( Piper nigrum L.) is a popular spice that is grown as tropical and subtropical plant throughout the world. The leaf, flower, fruit, and root are the most important elements of the plant. Asexual or vegetative propagation is becoming highly popular, although the sexual approach is still used for pepper vine cultivation. For mass production of the pepper plant, in vitro culture is also used. The bioactive components contained in them are extremely important because of their therapeutic potential against a number of diseases. They are usually classed as functional foods because, in addition to providing basic nutrition, provide physiological benefits and help to avoid chronic illness. The main component of black pepper is piperine. It has a complex phyto-chemistry includes: Volatile oil, alkaloids, and oleoresins. Because of its free-radical scavenging properties, black pepper and its active components can be prevention and control of tumor growth. Piperine, which can bind and inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes the sickness, is present in black pepper and has antibacterial and antiviral effects. Piperine, a key alkaloid component of black pepper, it also helps to cognitive brain function, nutritional absorption, and gastrointestinal health. Black pepper is known as the “King of Spices” as well as the “King of Medicinal Agents,” since it includes a wide variety of bioactive compounds with nutraceutical and pharmacological applications. An overview of the most common applications for black pepper, along with a strong evidence is present in this review.

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