scholarly journals AGRO-ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF CREATION AND LONG-TERM INTENSIVE USE OF EARLY- AND MEDIUM-RIPENING CEREALS GRASS STANDS

Author(s):  
Natalya Zhezmer

The agro-energy assessment showed the high efficiency of the creation and long-term three-mowing use of cereal grass stands. The collection of metabolizable energy on agrocenoses of different ripening was 58–69 GJ/ha on average over 27 years. In the structure of its production, the main part (60–66%) is provided by natural factors.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Zhezmer

The results of the agro-energy assessment of the creation and long-term haymaking use (for 27 years) of different-ripening cereal grasses are presented. The total costs of anthropogenic energy were recouped by the collection of metabolic energy by 2,8–3,3 times. In the structure of metabolic energy production, renewable natural factors accounted for 64–70%.


Author(s):  
А.А. Кутузова ◽  
Д.М. Тебердиев ◽  
В.М. Косолапов ◽  
Л.С. Трофимова ◽  
А.В. Родионова ◽  
...  

Исследования проводили в ФНЦ «ВИК им. В. Р. Вильямса» на базе трёх долголетних полевых экспериментов: в опыте 1 изучали многоукосное использование ранних и среднеспелых злаковых травостоев в среднем за 28 лет (1993–2020 годы), в опыте 2 — люцерно-злаковые травостои для позднего звена укосного конвейера в среднем за 7 лет пользования (2013–2020 годы), в опыте 3 проведено сравнение четырёх технологических систем создания и использования травостоев за последние 28 лет (в среднем за 47–74-й годы пользования, 1993–2020 годы). Цель исследований — определение агроэнергетической эффективности 15 технологий по созданию усовершенствованных злаковых и бобово-злаковых травостоев, а также шести систем ведения долголетних сенокосов при производстве сырья для заготовки высококачественного сена и сенажа. Применение нового метода агроэнергетической оценки антропогенных затрат не только подтверждает высокую экономическую эффективность создания сеяных травостоев на лугах, но и впервые в конкретных (цифровых) показателях устанавливает роль разнообразных природных факторов. На долголетних злаковых травостоях (в течение 28 лет жизни трав) обеспечивается производство сырьевой массы для заготовки объёмистых кормов (сена и сенажа) первого и второго классов. Совокупные антропогенные затраты энергии на этих травостоях в среднем за 28 лет составили 16,3–17,1 ГДж/га при двухукосной и 23,2–23,6 ГДж/га — при трёхукосной технологии, на люцерно-злаковых травостоях при двух укосах в среднем за 7 лет — 5,2–5,8 ГДж/га. Затраты окупались сбором обменной энергии на ранних и среднеспелых агроценозах с доминированием корневищных злаковых видов в 2,8–3,3 раза, а на люцерно-злаковых травостоях — в 10,6–11,0 раз. В структуре производства обменной энергии основная её часть обеспечивалась за счёт возобновляемых природных факторов: 67–70% — на злаковых травостоях и 90% — на бобово-злаковых долголетних травостоях. The research took place at the Federal Williams Research Center of Fodder Production and Agroecology and consisted of three long-term field trials. The trial 1 was aimed at studying the multi-cut use of short- and mid-season gramineous for 28 years (1993–2020). The trial 2 tested alfalfa-gramineous swards for late cutting for 7 years (2013–2020). The trial 3 compared four technological systems of sward development and cultivation for the last 28 years (1993–2020). The aim of this research was to determine the energy efficiency of 15 cultivation technologies for optimization of gramineous and legume-gramineous swards as well as six systems of long-term hayfield cultivation to obtain high-quality hay and haylage. New method evaluating anthropogenic costs proved high economic efficiency of sown swards but also showed the impact of various natural factors. Long-term gramineous swards (28 years of life) provided raw material for bulk feed production (hay and haylage) of the first and second grade. For such swards total anthropogenic costs amounted to 16.3–17.1 GJ ha-1 under two cuts and 23.2–23.6 GJ ha-1 — under three cuts for 28 years. For alfalfa-gramineous swards total anthropogenic costs amounted to 5.2–5.8 GJ ha-1 for 7 years. The costs were paid back by 2.8–3.3 times through the exchange energy yield from short- and mid-season ecosystems with higher proportion of rootstock grasses, from alfalfa-gramineous swards — by 10.6–11.0 times. The great part of exchange energy was provided through renewable natural factors: 67–70% — from gramineous swards and 90% — from the legume-gramineous ones.


Author(s):  
V. A. Spirin ◽  
V. E. Nikol’skii ◽  
D. V. Vokhmintsev ◽  
A. A. Moiseev ◽  
P. G. Smirnov ◽  
...  

At steel production based on scrap metal utilization, the scrap heating before charging into a melting facility is an important way of energy efficiency increase and ecological parameters improving. In winter time scrap metal charging with ice inclusions into a metal melt can result in a considerable damage of equipment and even accidents. Therefore, scrap preliminary drying is necessary to provide industrial safety. It was shown, that in countries with warm and low-snow climate with no risk of scrap metal icing up during its transportation and storing in the open air, the basic task being solved at the scrap drying is an increase of energy efficiency of steelmaking. InRussiathe scrap metal drying first of all provides the safety of the process and next - energy saving. Existing technologies of scrap metal drying and heating considered, as well as advantages and drawbacks of technical solutions used at Russian steel plants. In winter time during scrap metal heating at conveyers (Consteel process) hot gases penetrate not effectively into its mass, the heat is not enough for evaporation of wetness in the metal charge. At scrap heating by the furnace gases, a problem of dioxines emissions elimination arises. Application of shaft heaters results in high efficiency of scrap heating. However, under conditions of Russian winter the upper scrap layers are not always heated higher 0 °С and after getting into a furnace bath the upper scrap layers cause periodical vapor explosions. The shaft heaters create optimal conditions for dioxines formation, which emit into atmosphere. It was shown, that accounting Russian economic and nature conditions, the metal charge drying and heating in modified charging buckets by the heat of burnt natural gas or other additional fuel is optimal. The proposed technical solution enables to burnt off organic impurities ecologically safely, to melt down ice, to evaporate the wetness in the scrap as well as to heat the charge as enough as the charging logistics enables it. The method was implemented at several Russian steel plants. Technical and economical indices of scrap metal drying in buckets under conditions of EAF-based shop, containing two furnaces ДСП-100, presented.


Author(s):  
S.V. Borshch ◽  
◽  
R.M. Vil’fand ◽  
D.B. Kiktev ◽  
V.M. Khan ◽  
...  

The paper presents the summary and results of long-term and multi-faceted experience of international scientific and technical cooperation of Hydrometeorological Center of Russia in the field of hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring within the framework of WMO programs, which indicates its high efficiency in performing a wide range of works at a high scientific and technical level. Keywords: World Meteorological Organization, major WMO programs, representatives of Hydrometeorological Center of Russia in WMO


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hajba ◽  
A. Guttman

: Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is one of the most promising viral gene delivery vectors with long-term gene expression and disease correction featuring high efficiency and excellent safety in human clinical trials. During the production of AAV vectors,there are several quality control (QC)parameters that should be rigorously monitored to comply with clini-cal safety and efficacy. This review gives a short summary of the most frequently used AVV production and purification methods,focusing on the analytical techniques applied to determine the full/empty capsid ratio and the integrity of the encapsidated therapeutic DNA of the products.


Author(s):  
Gilles Duruflé ◽  
Thomas Hellmann ◽  
Karen Wilson

This chapter examines the challenge for entrepreneurial companies of going beyond the start-up phase and growing into large successful companies. We examine the long-term financing of these so-called scale-up companies, focusing on the United States, Europe, and Canada. The chapter first provides a conceptual framework for understanding the challenges of financing scale-ups. It emphasizes the need for investors with deep pockets, for smart money, for investor networks, and for patient money. It then shows some data about the various aspects of financing scale-ups in the United States, Europe, and Canada, showing how Europe and Canada are lagging behind the US relatively more at the scale-up than the start-up stage. Finally, the chapter raises the question of long-term public policies for supporting the creation of a better scale-up environment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaozhi Xu ◽  
Jiajie Wang ◽  
Awu Zhou ◽  
Siyuan Dong ◽  
Kaiqiang Shi ◽  
...  

AbstractMembrane-based gas separation exhibits many advantages over other conventional techniques; however, the construction of membranes with simultaneous high selectivity and permeability remains a major challenge. Herein, (LDH/FAS)n-PDMS hybrid membranes, containing two-dimensional sub-nanometre channels were fabricated via self-assembly of unilamellar layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets and formamidine sulfinic acid (FAS), followed by spray-coating with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) layer. A CO2 transmission rate for (LDH/FAS)25-PDMS of 7748 GPU together with CO2 selectivity factors (SF) for SF(CO2/H2), SF(CO2/N2) and SF(CO2/CH4) mixtures as high as 43, 86 and 62 respectively are observed. The CO2 permselectivity outperforms most reported systems and is higher than the Robeson or Freeman upper bound limits. These (LDH/FAS)n-PDMS membranes are both thermally and mechanically robust maintaining their highly selective CO2 separation performance during long-term operational testing. We believe this highly-efficient CO2 separation performance is based on the synergy of enhanced solubility, diffusivity and chemical affinity for CO2 in the sub-nanometre channels.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2281
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Sarhaddi ◽  
Iman Azimi ◽  
Sina Labbaf ◽  
Hannakaisa Niela-Vilén ◽  
Nikil Dutt ◽  
...  

Pregnancy is a unique time when many mothers gain awareness of their lifestyle and its impacts on the fetus. High-quality care during pregnancy is needed to identify possible complications early and ensure the mother’s and her unborn baby’s health and well-being. Different studies have thus far proposed maternal health monitoring systems. However, they are designed for a specific health problem or are limited to questionnaires and short-term data collection methods. Moreover, the requirements and challenges have not been evaluated in long-term studies. Maternal health necessitates a comprehensive framework enabling continuous monitoring of pregnant women. In this paper, we present an Internet-of-Things (IoT)-based system to provide ubiquitous maternal health monitoring during pregnancy and postpartum. The system consists of various data collectors to track the mother’s condition, including stress, sleep, and physical activity. We carried out the full system implementation and conducted a real human subject study on pregnant women in Southwestern Finland. We then evaluated the system’s feasibility, energy efficiency, and data reliability. Our results show that the implemented system is feasible in terms of system usage during nine months. We also indicate the smartwatch, used in our study, has acceptable energy efficiency in long-term monitoring and is able to collect reliable photoplethysmography data. Finally, we discuss the integration of the presented system with the current healthcare system.


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