Progress of Wearable and Flexible Electrochemical Biosensors With the Aid of Conductive Nanomaterials

Conductive nanomaterials have recently gained a lot of interest due to their excellent physical, chemical, and electrical properties, as well as their numerous nanoscale morphologies, which enable them to be fabricated into a wide range of modern chemical and biological sensors. This study focuses mainly on current applications based on conductive nanostructured materials. They are the key elements in preparing wearable electrochemical Biosensors, including electrochemical immunosensors and DNA biosensors. Conductive nanomaterials such as carbon (Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene), metals and conductive polymers, which provide a large effective surface area, fast electron transfer rate and high electrical conductivity, are summarized in detail. Conductive polymer nanocomposites in combination with carbon and metal nanoparticles have also been addressed to increase sensor performance. In conclusion, a section on current challenges and opportunities in this growing field is forecasted at the end.

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Wide-Range Many-Core SoC Design in Scaled CMOS: Challenges and Opportunities

IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems ◽

10.1109/tvlsi.2021.3061649 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 843-856

Author(s):

Sriram Vangal ◽

Somnath Paul ◽

Steven Hsu ◽

Amit Agarwal ◽

Saurabh Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wide Range ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Many Core ◽

Scaled Cmos

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Layered Manufacturing: Challenges and Opportunities

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-758-ll1.4 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 758 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Khershed P. Cooper

Keyword(s):

Science Research ◽

Scientific Activity ◽

Layered Manufacturing ◽

Full Potential ◽

Local Composition ◽

Photosensitive Polymers ◽

Wide Range ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Future Direction

ABSTRACTLayered Manufacturing (LM) refers to computer-aided manufacturing processes in which parts are made in sequential layers relatively quickly. Parts that are produced by LM can be formed from a wide range of materials such as photosensitive polymers, metals and ceramics in sizes from a centimeter to a few meters with sub-millimeter feature resolutions. LM has found use in diverse areas including biomedical engineering, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, defense, electronics and design engineering. The promise of LM is the capability to make customized complex-shaped functional parts without specialized tooling and without assembly. LM is still a few years away from fully realizing its promise but its potential for manufacturing remains high. A few of the fundamental challenges in materials processing confronting the community are improving the quality of the surface finish, eliminating residual stress, controlling local composition and microstructure, achieving fine feature size and dimensional tolerance and accelerating processing speed. Until these challenges are met, the applicability of LM and its commercialization will be restricted. Sustained scientific activity in LM has advanced over the past decade into many different areas of manufacturing and has enabled exploration of novel processes and development of hybrid processes. The research community of today has the opportunity to shape the future direction of science research to realize the full potential of LM.

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Using chemical biology to assess and modulate mitochondria: progress and challenges

Interface Focus ◽

10.1098/rsfs.2016.0151 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 20160151 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Angela Logan ◽

Michael P. Murphy

Keyword(s):

Mitochondrial Function ◽

Chemical Biology ◽

Biomedical Sciences ◽

Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽

Wide Range ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Future Challenges ◽

The Many ◽

Opening Up

Our understanding of the role of mitochondria in biomedical sciences has expanded considerably over the past decade. In addition to their well-known metabolic roles, mitochondrial are also central to signalling for various processes through the generation of signals such as ROS and metabolites that affect cellular homeostasis, as well as other processes such as cell death and inflammation. Thus, mitochondrial function and dysfunction are central to the health and fate of the cell. Consequently, there is considerable interest in better understanding and assessing the many roles of mitochondria. Furthermore, there is also a growing realization that mitochondrial are a promising drug target in a wide range of pathologies. The application of interdisciplinary approaches at the interface between chemistry and biology are opening up new opportunities to understand mitochondrial function and in assessing the role of the organelle in biology. This work and the experience thus gained are leading to the development of new classes of therapies. Here, we overview the progress that has been made to date on exploring the chemical biology of the organelle and then focus on future challenges and opportunities that face this rapidly developing field.

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Electrochemical Biosensors - Ways to Improve Sensor Performance

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews ◽

10.1080/02648725.1996.10647931 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 237-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ulla Wollenberger

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Biosensors ◽

Sensor Performance

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Tourism 2025: an industry perspective

Journal of Tourism Futures ◽

10.1108/jtf-12-2014-0021 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 53-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Simon Wallace ◽

Steve Riley

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

Collective Actions ◽

Content Type ◽

Stakeholder Support ◽

Wide Range ◽

Framework Model ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Small Industry ◽

Global Tourism

Purpose Tourism 2025 – Growing Value Together/Whakatipu Uara Ngatahi is a framework to unite New Zealand's large and diverse tourism industry and ignite strong, aspirational economic growth. Its goal is to see the tourism industry contribute $41 billion a year to the New Zealand economy by 2025, up from $24 billion now. It provides vital context for some collective actions by big or small industry clusters and for thousands of actions individual businesses will take each year. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach A wide range of tourism industry stakeholders were consulted over an 18‐month period to ensure the project was being developed on a solid, evidence‐based foundation. There was strong stakeholder support for a framework which the private sector takes ownership of and responsibility for, but which also recognises that public sector support is vital. The project team developed a “straw‐man” growth framework model which resulted in carrying out detailed investigations and consultation to test and, where necessary, adjust that model into its final form. Findings There were four major forces shaping the global tourism market. There was one positive force for New Zealand countered by three tough challenges. The strawman growth framework comprised five separate yet inter‐connected “cycle of growth” themes. These themes are relatively consistent with global national tourism plans that were studied. Used intelligently and in harmony, with the industry fully understanding the inter‐relationships and inter‐dependencies within the “cycle of growth”, the key themes enable the tourism industry to successfully come to grips with the challenges and opportunities ahead. Originality/value Tourism 2025 is aimed at aligning the industry on a pathway towards aspirational growth.

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Fixel-based Analysis of Diffusion MRI: Methods, Applications, Challenges and Opportunities

10.31219/osf.io/zu8fv ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Thijs Dhollander ◽

Adam Clemente ◽

Mervyn Singh ◽

Frederique Boonstra ◽

Oren Civier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diffusion Mri ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Specific Information ◽

Analysis Framework ◽

Wide Range ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

P Diffusion ◽

Modelling Techniques ◽

The Rich

Diffusion MRI has provided the neuroimaging community with a powerful tool to acquire in-vivo data sensitive to microstructural features of white matter, up to 3 orders of magnitude smaller than typical voxel sizes. The key to extracting such valuable information lies in complex modelling techniques, which form the link between the rich diffusion MRI data and various metrics related to the microstructural organisation. Over time, increasingly advanced techniques have been developed, up to the point where some diffusion MRI models can now provide access to properties specific to individual fibre populations in each voxel in the presence of multiple "crossing" fibre pathways. While highly valuable, such fibre-specific information poses unique challenges for typical image processing pipelines and statistical analysis. In this work, we review the "fixel-based analysis" (FBA) framework that implements bespoke solutions to this end, and has recently seen a stark increase in adoption for studies of both typical (healthy) populations as well as a wide range of clinical populations. We describe the main concepts related to fixel-based analyses, as well as the methods and specific steps involved in a state-of-the-art FBA pipeline, with a focus on providing researchers with practical advice on how to interpret results. We also include an overview of the scope of current fixel-based analysis studies (until August 2020), categorised across a broad range of neuroscientific domains, listing key design choices and summarising their main results and conclusions. Finally, we critically discuss several aspects and challenges involved with the fixel-based analysis framework, and outline some directions and future opportunities.

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Making Sense of “Nonsense” and More: Challenges and Opportunities in the Genetic Code Expansion, in the World of tRNA Modifications

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms23020938 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 938

Author(s):

Olubodun Michael Lateef ◽

Michael Olawale Akintubosun ◽

Olamide Tosin Olaoba ◽

Sunday Ocholi Samson ◽

Malgorzata Adamczyk

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Genetic Code ◽

Protein Design ◽

Side Chains ◽

Vast Number ◽

Trna Modifications ◽

Wide Range ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Code Extension ◽

Genetic Code Expansion

The evolutional development of the RNA translation process that leads to protein synthesis based on naturally occurring amino acids has its continuation via synthetic biology, the so-called rational bioengineering. Genetic code expansion (GCE) explores beyond the natural translational processes to further enhance the structural properties and augment the functionality of a wide range of proteins. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomal machinery have been proven to accept engineered tRNAs from orthogonal organisms to efficiently incorporate noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with rationally designed side chains. These side chains can be reactive or functional groups, which can be extensively utilized in biochemical, biophysical, and cellular studies. Genetic code extension offers the contingency of introducing more than one ncAA into protein through frameshift suppression, multi-site-specific incorporation of ncAAs, thereby increasing the vast number of possible applications. However, different mediating factors reduce the yield and efficiency of ncAA incorporation into synthetic proteins. In this review, we comment on the recent advancements in genetic code expansion to signify the relevance of systems biology in improving ncAA incorporation efficiency. We discuss the emerging impact of tRNA modifications and metabolism in protein design. We also provide examples of the latest successful accomplishments in synthetic protein therapeutics and show how codon expansion has been employed in various scientific and biotechnological applications.

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Chemical Weapons in the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). 1. Iraq Preparing for Chemical War

Journal of NBC Protection Corps ◽

10.35825/2587-5728-2019-3-1-40-64 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 40-64

Author(s):

Supotnitskiy M.V. Kovtun V.A.

Keyword(s):

Iraq War ◽

Middle Eastern ◽

Future Research ◽

Chemical Weapons ◽

Technical Documentation ◽

Industrial Base ◽

Chemical Agents ◽

Third World Country ◽

Wide Range ◽

Modern Chemical

The Iraqis became the first nation to use chemical weapons on the modern battlefield during the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). There are no general reviews and research available on this issue in Russian. It also puts the Russian researchers in an unequal position in comparison with their Western and Middle Eastern colleagues, who have such information from a wide range of sources. This lack of knowledge limits our ability to understand the secret mechanisms that trigger modern chemical wars in the Middle East. The analysis in the present study is based on different Western sources, UN and CIA materials. The article shows that Iraq – a third world country with the population of 16,3 million people in 1980-ies and relatively low educational level – could start its chemical weapons program only due to the Western aid and assistance (supplies of the precursors, technologies and technical documentation, education of specialists, diplomatic support ect). Only due to this assistance the Iraqi`s chemical weapons program could become successful. The industrial production of chemical agents and chemical munitions of various tactical purposes was established by the Iraqis in less than 10 years. By the end of the 1980-ies, the Iraqi chemists laid the foundations of the future research in the sphere of toxic chemicals. The industrial base for the production of CW have also been established. For Russia, the success of the Iraq`s chemical weapons program is a warning. It means that technically backward, but oil rich quasi-state can acquire chemical weapons in a few years with the clandestine support of the same «sponsors», and use it both for provocations and for conducting combat operations in the regions, vital for Russia`s interests.

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Biomineralization and biotransformations of actinide materials

MRS Bulletin ◽

10.1557/mrs2010.711 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 35 (11) ◽

pp. 849-857 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Mary P. Neu ◽

Hakim Boukhalfa ◽

Mohamed L. Merroun

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Waste ◽

Material Science ◽

Molecular Complexes ◽

Research Area ◽

Science Methods ◽

Wide Range ◽

Modern Chemical ◽

Environmental Bacteria ◽

Chemical Conditions ◽

New Research

Microorganisms moderate local chemical conditions and alter forms of metals indirectly or directly to meet their cellular, species, and consortia needs. The diversity of microorganisms and the complexity of biogeochemical systems ensures that bacterially mediated processes yield a wide range of products, which await discovery by material scientists. Few types of materials produced by environmental bacteria have been analyzed by modern chemical and material science methods. Research on actinide biomaterials has focused on the biomineralization of a few chemical forms of uranium, neptunium, and plutonium. The materials produced are molecular complexes, microcrystalline minerals (most commonly oxides and phosphates) within cells and biofilms, and mineral adsorbates. The actinide biomaterials that emerge from this new research area will impact nuclear waste isolation and increase our understanding of environmental and geological metal cycles and may yield new bioremediation methods and industrially useful materials.

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