scholarly journals A Holistic Systems Approach to Characterize the Impact of Pre- and Post-natal Oxycodone Exposure on Neurodevelopment and Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Odegaard ◽  
Victoria L. Schaal ◽  
Alexander R. Clark ◽  
Sneh Koul ◽  
Jagadesan Sankarasubramanian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Postnatal Exposure ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Lower Pain ◽  
Pain Testing ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Background: Increased risk of oxycodone (oxy) dependency during pregnancy has been associated with altered behaviors and cognitive deficits in exposed offspring. However, a significant knowledge gap remains regarding the effect of in utero and postnatal exposure on neurodevelopment and subsequent behavioral outcomes.Methods: Using a preclinical rodent model that mimics oxy exposure in utero (IUO) and postnatally (PNO), we employed an integrative holistic systems biology approach encompassing proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), electrophysiology, RNA-sequencing, and Von Frey pain testing to elucidate molecular and behavioral changes in the exposed offspring during early neurodevelopment as well as adulthood.Results:1H-MRS studies revealed significant changes in key brain metabolites in the exposed offspring that were corroborated with changes in synaptic currents. Transcriptomic analysis employing RNA-sequencing identified alterations in the expression of pivotal genes associated with synaptic transmission, neurodevelopment, mood disorders, and addiction in the treatment groups. Furthermore, Von Frey analysis revealed lower pain thresholds in both exposed groups.Conclusions: Given the increased use of opiates, understanding the persistent developmental effects of these drugs on children will delineate potential risks associated with opiate use beyond the direct effects in pregnant women.

scholarly journals Prenatal Developmental Origins of Future Psychopathology: Mechanisms and Pathways

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Monk ◽  
Claudia Lugo-Candelas ◽  
Caroline Trumpff
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Distress ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Fetal Origins ◽  
Behavior Development ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis applied to neurodevelopmental outcomes asserts that the fetal origins of future development are relevant to mental health. There is a third pathway for the familial inheritance of risk for psychiatric illness beyond shared genes and the quality of parental care: the impact of pregnant women's distress—defined broadly to include perceived stress, life events, depression, and anxiety—on fetal and infant brain–behavior development. We discuss epidemiological and observational clinical data demonstrating that maternal distress is associated with children's increased risk for psychopathology: For example, high maternal anxiety is associated with a twofold increase in the risk of probable mental disorder in children. We review several biological systems hypothesized to be mechanisms by which maternal distress affects fetal and child brain and behavior development, as well as the clinical implications of studies of the developmental origins of health and disease that focus on maternal distress. Development and parenting begin before birth.

Suicide and assisted dying in dementia: what we know and what we need to know. A narrative literature review

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1247-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Diehl-Schmid ◽  
R. Jox ◽  
S. Gauthier ◽  
S. Belleville ◽  
E. Racine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Assisted Dying ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Narrative Literature ◽  
Narrative Literature Review ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Risk Factors For Suicide

ABSTRACTBackground:Evidence-based data on prevalence and risk factors of suicidal intentions and behavior in dementia are as scarce as the data on assisted dying. The present literature review aimed on summarizing the current knowledge and provides a critical discussion of the results.Methods:A systematic narrative literature review was performed using Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PSYNDEX, PSYCINFO, Sowiport, and Social Sciences Citation Index literature.Results:Dementia as a whole does not appear to be a risk factor for suicide completion. Nonetheless some subgroups of patients with dementia apparently have an increased risk for suicidal behavior, such as patients with psychiatric comorbidities (particularly depression) and of younger age. Furthermore, a recent diagnosis of dementia, semantic dementia, and previous suicide attempts most probably elevate the risk for suicidal intentions and behavior. The impact of other potential risk factors, such as patient's cognitive impairment profile, behavioral disturbances, social isolation, or a biomarker based presymptomatic diagnosis has not yet been investigated. Assisted dying in dementia is rare but numbers seem to increase in regions where it is legally permitted.Conclusion:Most studies that had investigated the prevalence and risk factors for suicide in dementia had significant methodological limitations. Large prospective studies need to be conducted in order to evaluate risk factors for suicide and assisted suicide in patients with dementia and persons with very early or presymptomatic diagnoses of dementia. In clinical practice, known risk factors for suicide should be assessed in a standardized way so that appropriate action can be taken when necessary.

scholarly journals Does Exposure to Type 1 Diabetes In Utero Increase the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome, Especially Abdominal Obesity, in Young Adults?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1692-1692
Author(s):  
Suzanne Summer ◽  
Jane Khoury ◽  
Katherine Bowers ◽  
Taylor Lima ◽  
Jennifer Hunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of metabolic abnormalities including abdominal obesity that can lead to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and stroke. Exposure to maternal diabetes in utero increases MetS risk in offspring. Consuming a healthy diet may reduce the risk. The MetS severity z-score (MetS-z) is a sex- and race-specific score developed by Gurka et al. to indicate MetS risk or severity on a continuous scale. We sought to examine if offspring of mothers with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) have greater risk or severity of MetS, particularly with respect to abdominal obesity, compared to subjects from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods The Transgenerational Effects of Adult Morbidity (TEAM) study is a prospective cohort study investigating the impact of gestational exposure to maternal T1D on metabolic health of offspring. To date, 100 young adult (24–42 y) offspring of mothers with T1D have been enrolled. TEAM participants were compared to a population sample of ∼1:2 age-, sex- and race-matched controls from NHANES 2015–2016. Abdominal obesity was assessed by sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), an indicator of abdominal visceral fat. Usual diet was estimated by averaging intake from multiple 24-hour diet recall interviews. MetS-z was calculated with equations specific for sex, age, and race, and diet quality was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 score. Descriptive and regression analyses were employed to compare TEAM and NHANES participants on MetS-z and SAD. HEI score was examined as a covariate and a potential moderator. Results SAD was higher in TEAM than NHANES participants (23.4 vs 21.8 cm, P = 0.005). No material differences in MetS-z (–0.02 vs −0.17, P = 0.18) or HEI score (51.3 vs 48.9, P = 0.26) were observed. SAD and MetS-z were highly correlated (r = 0.72, P < 0.001). HEI score exhibited a weak inverse correlation with both SAD and MetS-z (r = −0.19 and r = −0.17). HEI was not found to modify the association between cohort membership and MetS-z or SAD. Conclusions We observed higher SAD in offspring of mothers with T1D compared to NHANES participants and this effect persisted after controlling for HEI. SAD is associated with increased risk for MetS, yet no material difference in MetS z-score was observed between the groups. Funding Sources NIH, NIDDK R01DK109956; 5UL1TR001425–04.

scholarly journals The epigenetics of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and effects on child development

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1377-1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie S. Knopik ◽  
Matthew A. Maccani ◽  
Sarah Francazio ◽  
John E. McGeary
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Maternal Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractThe period of in utero development is one of the most critical windows during which adverse intrauterine conditions and exposures can influence the growth and development of the fetus as well as the child's future postnatal health and behavior. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy remains a relatively common but nonetheless hazardous in utero exposure. Previous studies have associated prenatal smoke exposure with reduced birth weight, poor developmental and psychological outcomes, and increased risk for diseases and behavioral disorders later in life. Researchers are now learning that many of the mechanisms whereby maternal smoke exposure may affect key pathways crucial for proper fetal growth and development are epigenetic in nature. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy has been associated with altered DNA methylation and dysregulated expression of microRNA, but a deeper understanding of the epigenetics of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy as well as how these epigenetic changes may affect later health and behavior remain to be elucidated. This article seeks to explore many of the previously described epigenetic alterations associated with maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and assess how such changes may have consequences for both fetal growth and development, as well as later child health, behavior, and well-being. We also outline future directions for this new and exciting field of research.

scholarly journals What is the impact of birth weight corrected for gestational age on later onset asthma: a meta-analysis

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Zeyi Zhang ◽  
Ou Chen
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Gestation Age ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Asthma is a common multifactorial disease affecting millions worldwide. The Barker hypothesis postulates an association between later onset disease risk and energy exposure in utero. Birth weight corrected for gestational age is better for measuring the infant size, which reflects energy exposure in utero. Findings on asthma and birth weight corrected for gestational age have been inconclusive. We conducted a meta-analysis to further clarify the relationship between birth weight corrected for gestational age and later onset asthma. Methods A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases up to January 2021 was conducted. The subject terms were used as follows: “asthma”, “allerg*”, “respiratory”, “birth weight”, “gestational age”, “birth outcomes”, “intrauterine growth retardation”, and “fetal growth restriction”. Results We included 12 articles with data from a total of 6,713,596 people. Compared with non-SGA infants, infants small for gestation age (SGA) were not associated with an increased risk of asthma (OR = 1.07; 95% CI 0.94–1.21). However, in the subgroup analysis, we found an increased risk of later onset asthma among SGA in studies conducted in Asia, with a large sample size, and defined asthma through medical records rather than questionnaires. Large for gestational age (LGA) was not associated with an increased risk of asthma when non-LGA or appropriated for gestational age (AGA) infants were used as the reference (OR = 1.02; 95% CI 0.90–1.16; OR = 1.01; 95% CI 0.88–1.15). Conclusion These results indicated that neither SGA nor LGA was associated with an increased risk of asthma. However, considering the limitations of the research, these results should be interpreted with caution.

scholarly journals A Systematised Review of the Health Impact of Urban Informal Settlements and Implications for Upgrading Interventions in South Africa, a Rapidly Urbanising Middle-Income Country

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (19) ◽  
pp. 3608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Weimann ◽  
Tolu Oni
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Informal settlements are becoming more entrenched within African cities as the urban population continues to grow. Characterised by poor housing conditions and inadequate services, informal settlements are associated with an increased risk of disease and ill-health. However, little is known about how informal settlement upgrading impacts health over time. A systematised literature review was conducted to explore existing evidence and knowledge gaps on the association between informal settlement characteristics and health and the impact of informal settlement upgrading on health, within South Africa, an upper-middle income African country. Using two databases, Web of Science and PubMed, we identified 46 relevant peer-reviewed articles published since 1998. Findings highlight a growing body of research investigating the ways in which complete physical, mental and social health are influenced by the physical housing structure, the psychosocial home environment and the features of the neighbourhood and community in the context of informal settlements. However, there is a paucity of longitudinal research investigating the temporal impact of informal settlement upgrading or housing improvements on health outcomes of these urban residents. Informal settlements pose health risks particularly to vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and people with suppressed immune systems, and are likely to aggravate gender-related inequalities. Due to the complex interaction between health and factors of the built environment, there is a need for further research utilising a systems approach to generate evidence that investigates the interlinked factors that longitudinally influence health in the context of informal settlement upgrading in rapidly growing cities worldwide.

Exploring the Relationships between Sense of Hopelessness, Worry, Self-rated Oral Health Status, and Behavior in a Romanian Adult Population

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandrina L. Dumitrescu ◽  
Makoto Kawamura
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Oral Health Status ◽  
Financial Problems ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Aim The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of psychological states, self-rated oral health, and oral health behavior on hopelessness. Methods and Materials A cross-sectional study design was used. Data were collected between September and November 2006. The sample consisted of 233 Romanian adults (mean age 47.3 years; 65.6% women; 65.8% married). The questionnaire included information about demographic, psychological, self-reported oral health, and oral health related behavior items. Results ‘Hopeless’ participants were more likely to self-evaluate their dental health as poor/very poor (P<0.001), to be less satisfied by the appearance of their teeth (P<0.05), to report more non-treated caries (P<0.01), to brush their teeth less than twice per day (P<0.01), and never use mouthrinse (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed ‘hopeless’ participants were apt to have a lower educational level, brush less frequently, have higher financial problems as the reason for not visiting the dentist, and report higher anxiety (odds ratio = 5.4, 4.2, 2.6, and 12.6, respectively). Forty-seven (73.4%) of 64 ‘hopeless’ participants and 90 (80.4%) of 112 ‘non-hopeless’ participants were correctly predicted by the above four variables. Conclusion The results of this study found impaired oral health and financial problems may pose an increased risk for hopelessness. Clinical Significance Poor oral health can be regarded as a risk marker for the level of hopelessness. Citation Dumitrescu AL, Kawamura M. Exploring the Relationships between Sense of Hopelessness, Worry, Self-rated Oral Health Status, and Behavior in a Romanian Adult Population. J Contemp Dent Pract 2009 March; (10)2:034-041.

scholarly journals Adipose Tissue Inflammation: Developmental Ontogeny and Consequences of Gestational Nutrient Restriction in Offspring

Endocrinology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (8) ◽  
pp. 3913-3920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Sharkey ◽  
Michael E. Symonds ◽  
Helen Budge
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
The Impact

Increasing adiposity predisposes to the development of the metabolic syndrome, in part, through adipose tissue dysregulation and inflammation. In addition, offspring nutrient-restricted (NR) in utero can exhibit an increased risk of early-onset insulin resistance and obesity, although the mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to: 1) define adipose tissue ontogeny of key proinflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum stress gene expression from late fetal to early adult life and 2) examine the impact on these genes in gestational nutrient restriction. Pregnant sheep were fed 100% (control) or 50% (NR) of their nutritional requirements between early to mid (28–80 d, term ∼147 d) or late (110–147 d) gestation. In control offspring, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and the macrophage marker CD68, peaked at 30 d of life before declining. IL-18 peaked at 6 months of age, whereas the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 peaked at birth and subsequently declined through postnatal life. TLR4 and CD68 positively correlated with relative adipose tissue mass and with each other. Early to midgestational NR offspring had decreased abundance of IL-18 at 6 months of age. In late gestational NR offspring, CD68 was significantly lower at birth, a pattern that reversed in juvenile offspring, coupled with increased TLR4 abundance. In conclusion, the in utero nutritional environment can alter the adipose tissue inflammatory profile in offspring. This may contribute to the increased risk of insulin resistance or obesity, dependent on the timing of nutrient restriction. Establishing the optimal maternal diet during pregnancy could reduce the burden of later adult disease in the offspring.

scholarly journals The Role of Chronic Stress in Anxious Depression

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 247054701668947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Ross ◽  
Simmie L. Foster ◽  
Dawn F. Ionescu
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Anxious Depression ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Targeted Treatments ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

Depression is a heterogeneous disease with many different subtypes. Patients with the anxious depression—a common subtype of major depression—are at an increased risk for treatment-resistance to standard antidepressants, with resultant increases in morbidity. However, the underlying pathophysiology of anxious depression remains unknown. Without such knowledge, the development of targeted treatments towards this specific depression subtype will likely remain elusive. One method by which research into the neurobiology of anxious depression may prove fruitful is with the research domain criteria (RDoC). RDoC provides a framework for investigation into the underlying pathophysiology of mental illness. By studying disorders in terms of RDoC constructs—such as the sustained threat construct of the negative valence system—new insights may be gained into neurobiological mechanisms of disease. These mechanisms may be useful for the development of novel antidepressants that are based on specific brain targets. Specifically, we review the impact that sustained threat—or chronic stress—has on the eventual development of depression (especially anxious depression) through pathological changes to molecules, cells, neurocircuitry, physiology, and behavior.

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